云南省松墨天牛适生性空间模拟

根据影响松墨天牛生长发育的主要生态因子年均气温及≥10.8℃积温,建立松墨天牛适生性空间分布模型;利用云南省常规气象站点历史数据以及其它环境变量因子,建立云南省年均气温空间模拟模型;借助GIS空间分析及建模功能,完成云南全境的年均气温≥10.8℃积温的空间连续化模拟与表达.最后以90 m×90 m空间尺度,实现了云南省松墨天牛空间适生性计算、空间分布模拟与可视化表达.结果表明:松墨天牛适生性较广,云南北部雪线附近及雪线以上的高山地区为不适宜区,滇西北及滇东北的高山区域为低适宜区之外,云南大部分为松墨天牛的高适生区或较高适生区,适生性明显与生态区位相关.以定量化、精细化及可视化方式进行松墨天牛适生性研究,能获取山头地块的适生级别,从而为森防部门的预警及风险评估发布、基层单位开展有针对性防治提供决策依据.     

基于MaxEnt的中国无患子属适生区区划及生态特征

【目的】基于我国无患子属空间分布数据,探索无患子属的适生区区划及主要生态特征,为无患子属种子调拨、种质资源多样性保护、引种栽培、合理选址提供科学依据。【方法】基于我国17省(区、市)无患子属226份种质资源空间分布数据,叠加分析后筛选133份代表性分布数据,结合24个生态因子,采用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)开展无患子属适生区区划并建立与生态因子的关系模型,运用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)检测模型精度,刀切法(Jackknife)筛选主导生态因子;结合Arc GIS系统实现我国无患子属适生区可视化。【结果】MaxEnt模型模拟结果可信度高,无患子属适生区区划结果 ROC曲线训练集和测试集AUC值均达到0.990以上;无患子属适生区面积为248.71万km2,占国土面积的25.81%,其中无患子为240.66万km2(占国土面积的24.99%)、川滇无患子为78.99万km2(占国土面积的8.20%)、毛瓣无患子为100.40万km2(占国土面积的10.42%);显著影响无患子适生区区划的生态因子为最暖季降水量(贡献率为57.1%)和等温性(贡献率为22.6%),川滇无患子为最暖季降水量(贡献率为37.9%)、最冷季平均气温(贡献率为15.9%)、海拔(贡献率为12.8%)和降水量变异系数(贡献率为11.2%),毛瓣无患子为年均温度变化范围(贡献率为19.6%)、最暖季降水量(贡献率为17.8%)、根系的氧气有效性(贡献率为11.9%)和等温性(贡献率为11.1%)。【结论】我国无患子属生态适生区广泛分布于华中和华南地区;无患子极适生区主要分布于我国福建省、广西壮族自治区、贵州省、重庆市、广东省北部、江西省南昌和赣州及四川盆地,川滇无患子极适生区集中于四川盆地、云南省昆明和曲靖,毛瓣无患子极适生区集中于云南省南部的玉溪、普洱、红河哈尼彝族自治州和文山壮族自治州;最暖季降水量是决定无患子属及各种适生区区划的最显著生态因子;无患子适宜在最暖季降水量400～800 mm、等温性为24%～35%的区域分布,川滇无患子适宜在海拔1 200～3 000 m、最冷季平均气温4～11℃的区域生存,毛瓣无患子更适合在年均温度变化范围较小(14～24℃),最暖季降水量较高(550～1 550 mm)的热带地区分布。     

基于MaxEnt模型的中国构树潜在适生分布研究

构树是桑科构树属植物,基于良好的经济价值和生态价值,2015年构树被确定为国家精准扶贫树种,构树扶贫成为国家战略,为了解构树在我国的潜在适生区,采用Maxent生态位模型,结合ArcGIS技术对构树在国内的潜在适生分布区域进行模拟预测。结果表明:(1)预测结果的精度采用ROC曲线法检测,结果显示数据精度为0.935,预测结果极准确,获得了较好的预测结果。(2)模型预测认为构树适生区域面积为307.104万km~2,适生区域占国土面积比例为31.99%;高适生区和极高适生区面积为178.752万km~2,占比为18.62%,长江流域、四川盆地、云贵高原和黄河流域部分地区为高适生区域。(3)降水和温度是影响构树潜在分布的气象要素。构树潜在适生区的研究对了解构树生物学特性具有重要意义,能够为合理制定构树扶贫开发政策提供参考。     

基于GIS的云南省薇甘菊潜在适生区研究

利用全球1 172个薇甘菊分布点、27个环境因子及Max Ent模型,预测并定量分析云南省薇甘菊不同等级适生区域及其面积。结果表明,云南省薇甘菊适生区主要分布于北纬25°以南地区,普洱市、德宏州、红河州有大范围高适生区;临沧市、西双版纳州和文山州有大范围的中等适生区;玉溪市、楚雄州、大理州有较大面积的低适生区。云南省薇甘菊适生区等级划分采用阈值较为合理,等级划分结果符合云南省实际情况。高适生区基本都是现有薇甘菊发生的地区,不同适生区等级气候生态条件与薇甘菊生长需求的层次也很吻合。本研究利用全世界1 172个薇甘菊发生点数据既包括了原产地中、南美洲,也包括了云南省被入侵地德宏州、保山市、普洱市等,提高了薇甘菊在云南省潜在分布区域预测的可靠性。     

云南省松材线虫适生区的精细化评估

以90 m×90 m为最小面积单元,评估了云南省松材线虫的适生性.按高度适生、适生、中度适生、不适生4个水平,给出了全云南省每一个栅格单元水平上的适生性分布地图.结果表明高度适生区土地面积在70%以上的县有13个,在50%～70%之间的县有17个,在25%～50%之间的县有27个,在5%～25%之间的县有26个,5%以下县有26个.在像素点水平上建立空间模型进行适生区分析或风险区分析是一种新的技术方法,能为基层单位的病虫害防治提供精细化的空间数据.     

基于GIS图谱法的雷公山自然保护区交密站闽楠适生区研究

闽楠适生区的研究是保护野生闽楠的一个重要前提,可为闽楠的管理繁育提供借鉴。利用GIS对影响闽楠分布的生态因子进行空间叠加分析,得到闽楠高度适生区、中度适生区、低度适生区和不适生区分布图,各适生区面积分别占研究区域面积的7.89%、17.90%、46.54%和27.67%。将分级图与现存闽楠分布叠加分析,在高度适生区有72.76%的闽楠分布,不适生区没有分布。     

云南省迁入型黄脊竹蝗迁飞路径及适生区分布

为明确迁入型黄脊竹蝗在云南省的迁飞路径及潜在适生区分布,基于2020年云南省黄脊竹蝗监测防治区数据结合云南省地形,利用拉格朗日混合单粒子(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, HYSPLIT)在线轨迹分析模型,模拟分析黄脊竹蝗在云南省的迁飞轨迹;采用云南省黄脊竹蝗的位点分布和全球气候数据库(WorldClim)历史气候数据,利用最大熵生态位模型MaxEnt,预测黄脊竹蝗在云南省的潜在适生分布情况。结果显示：黄脊竹蝗在云南特有的高山河谷地形因素的影响下和西南季风的助力下,由南部低海拔地区沿着河流及衍生地带逐渐向北迁移扩散,主要路径为勐腊和江城—宁洱—墨江—元江—新平—双柏;黄脊竹蝗可在云南大部分地区生存,高适生区主要位于滇南及主要的河谷或峡谷(怒江、澜沧江、礼社江、元江、金沙江、南盘江、云岭山脉南段)周边。结果表明：温度是影响黄脊竹蝗在云南省的适生分布的限制生态因子;云南特有高山河谷地形地貌特征及其气候因子对迁入型黄脊竹蝗迁移过程的时空分布格局产生了深刻影响,西南季风助推了迁飞型黄脊竹蝗深入云南内地。     

深红龙胆的潜在分布区预测及适生性分级

深红龙胆具有很高的观赏价值和药用价值,但因其生境特殊,引种栽培非常困难,目前对其利用全部为野生资源。本研究利用MaxEnt和ArcGIS软件对深红龙胆的适生区进行生态位模拟。结果表明,深红龙胆的最佳适生区主要集中在贵州、四川、重庆等地,适生区几乎覆盖华中、华南及华东的大部分省市。对环境变量进行刀切法发现,在19个环境变量中,最冷季平均温度对分布模型的贡献率达50.2%,最热季平均温度、最热季降雨量、最湿季降雨量、最湿季平均温度和极端最高温5个环境变量对分布模型的贡献率不超过0.1%。研究结果将为深红龙胆引种、驯化、栽培及其他相关研究提供参考。     

油茶象的潜在分布区预测

利用油茶象的分布点数据和环境因子数据,通过MaxEnt生态位模型预测油茶象在中国的潜在分布区域。结果表明:油茶象的潜在分布区主要集中于我国南方省份;在ArcGIS中进行显示与风险等级划分,按栅格数值的大小将油茶象的适生范围分为4级,分级标准为:高适生区、中适生区、低适生区、非适生区,经ROC曲线分析法验证,MaxEnt生态位模型的AUC值为0.979(非常接近1),表明预测获得了较好的效果。     

气候变化情景下流苏香竹潜在分布区预测

流苏香竹（Chimonocalamus fimbriatus）是云南特有珍稀竹种，主要分布于云南西南部。文章以野外调查获取的流苏香竹分布信息为主，运用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）同时结合地理信息系统（ArcGIS），基于19个气候因子，预测其在当前及未来气候变化情景下的潜在分布区。结果表明：当前流苏香竹的高适生区和中适生区主要分布于德宏州、保山市和临沧市等地，除迪庆州、丽江市和昭通市外，云南其他区域均有低适生区零星分布。在未来2050s和2070s的2个时间段，基于2种不同共享社会经济路径（SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5），流苏香竹的高适生区面积呈减少的趋势，尤其是SSP5-8.5路径下，高适生区面积仅为当前的12.51%（2050s）和18.63%（2070s）；中、低适生区在SSP1-2.6路径下，显著扩张（2050s）或略微扩张（2070s），在SSP5-8.5路径下，则大幅收缩。流苏香竹野外实际分布区及其潜在分布区均以斑块状为主，可能与云南特殊的地形、地貌有关。影响流苏香竹分布的主导气候因子为最湿月份降水量、最暖月份最高温度、最干季度降水量和平均气温日较差。流苏香竹对气候变化比较敏感，根据其野外分布状况，建议以就地保护为主、迁地保护为辅，在其潜在适生区内适当引种栽培。     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophiostoma</Emphasis> species associated with bark beetles infesting three <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies</Emphasis> species in Nikko,Japan

Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis attacked by the beetles in Nikko, Tochigi, central Honshu, Japan. One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated from each species of bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum was the most common associate of Cryphalus montanus. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as O. subalpinum was a common fungus associated with Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D. autographus as one of the common associates. Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S were frequently isolated from D. autographus and D. striatus, respectively. These fungi seem to have specific relationships with particular bark beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S have unique morphological characteristics and appear to be new species. Five trees of A. veitchii, approximately 43 years old, were inoculated with five Ophiostoma species to assess the relative virulence of the fungi. Ophiostoma subalpinum, Ophiostoma sp. B, and O. europhioides had relatively higher virulence than the other species studied.     

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia

Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline.     

Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants

The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)].     

A new norlignan from Taxodium ascendens

A new norlignan, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydropyran (1), together with 9 known compounds were isolated from the branches and leaves of Taxodium ascendens. Their structures were mainly determined on the basis of MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectral evidences. Methanol extract showed inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase II with an IC₅₀ value of 4.27 µg/ml, acetone extract and methanol extract inhibited activity of cathepsin B with IC₅₀ values of 2.12 and 3.71 µg/ml, respectively.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Dry matter production and allocation in Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus argophloia seedlings in response to soil water deficits

Effects of soil water availability on seedling growth, dry matter production and allocation were determined for Gympie (humid coastal) and Hungry Hills (dry inland) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. and for E. argophloia Blakely (dry inland) species. Seven-month-old seedlings were subjected to well-watered (100% field capacity, FC), moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) soil water regimes in a glasshouse environment for 14 wk. There were significant differences in seedling growth, biomass production and allocation patterns between species. E. argophloia produced twice as much biomass at 100% FC, and more than three times as much at 70% and 50% FC than did either E. cloeziana provenance. Although the humid provenance of E. cloeziana had a greater leaf area at 100% FC conditions than did the dry provenance, total biomass production did not differ significantly. Both E. cloeziana provenances were highly sensitive to water deficits. E. argophloia allocated 10% more biomass to roots than did E. cloeziana. Allometric analyses indicated that relative biomass allocation patterns were significantly affected by genotype but not by soil water availability. These results have implications for taxon selection for cultivation in humid and subhumid regions.     

Pinus contorta growth in northern Sweden as affected by soil scarification

The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of different soil scarification methods on tree growth. Soil scarification influenced stem volume and stem biomass yield of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in a 17-year-old field trial in boreal Sweden. Soil scarification (disc trenching, mounding and ploughing) resulted in an average stem volume yield of 3.1 and 34.2 m³ ha^–1 on the poor and intermediate sites, respectively, while corresponding values for no soil scarification were 0.9 and 16.7 m³ ha^–1. In comparison to no scarification, ploughing increased volume yields by 500% on the poor site and by 200% on the intermediate sites. The ranking according to stem volume yield was ploughing > disc trenching = mounding no soil scarification. Averaged over the two sites, the mean annual increment of stem biomass was 219% and 145% higher (in d.w., 0.26 kg and 0.34 kg per sample tree) after ploughing compared with no soil scarification, for the average and dominant sample trees, respectively. Although not significant, the increased growth rate after soil scarification decreased the average stem basic wood density of the sample trees with 1.6% and 5.3%, at the poor and intermediate sites, respectively. In conclusion, soil scarification significantly increased the 17-year stem volume yield compared with no scarification. The results also indicate that the difference in stem biomass yield between ploughing and the other methods, especially no soil scarification, will increase even more in the near future.