碳纤维增强水泥基复合材料的发展与研究

传统的水泥混凝土材料由于功能单一、脆性大、自重大、抗拉强度和抗弯强度差,在一些特殊领域中的应用受到了很大限制.碳纤维由于具有高比强度、高比模量、密度小、耐腐蚀、导电性好、对人畜无害等优异性能而颇受材料科学工作者的青睐,被视为许多复合材料的优良增强体.将碳纤维加入到水泥基体中,制成碳纤维增强水泥基复合材料,不仅可改善水泥自身力学性能的缺陷,使其具有高强度、高模量、高韧性,更重要的是能把普通的水泥建筑材料变成对温度和应力敏感、具有自感知内部应力和损伤及一系列电磁屏蔽性能的智能材料.     

Towards ultrastrong glasses

The development of new glassy materials is key for addressing major global challenges in energy, medicine, and advanced communications systems. For example, thin, flexible, and large-area glass substrates will play an enabling role in the development of flexible displays, roll-to-roll processing of solar cells, next-generation touch-screen devices, and encapsulation of organic semiconductors. The main drawback of glass and its limitation for these applications is its brittle fracture behavior, especially in the presence of surface flaws, which can significantly reduce the practical strength of a glass product. Hence, the design of new ultrastrong glassy materials and strengthening techniques is of crucial importance. The main issues regarding glass strength are discussed, with an emphasis on the underlying microscopic mechanisms that are responsible for mechanical properties. The relationship among elastic properties and fracture behavior is also addressed, focusing on both oxide and metallic glasses. From a theoretical perspective, atomistic modeling of mechanical properties of glassy materials is considered. The topological origin of these properties is also discussed, including its relation to structural and chemical heterogeneities. Finally, comments are given on several toughening strategies for increasing the damage resistance of glass products.     

What is the tensile strength of a ceramic to be used in numerical models for predicting crack initiation?

Criteria for predicting initiation of cracks in brittle materials like ceramics are based on two parameters: the material fracture toughness and the tensile strength. Standardized experiments exist to estimate the former. However, the tensile strength is often taken from experiments (mainly uniaxial bending) on specimens with various geometries and surface finish, usually tested under ambient conditions at a given loading rate. The reported strength is commonly the Weibull characteristic strength, which scatters due to the critical defect size distribution on the tested specimen. In this work, we propose a definition of the “inherent” or “intrinsic” tensile strength to be used in numerical models, making a distinction between extrinsic defects due to manufacturing and intrinsic ones relying on the microstructure. Our approach is based on the Finite Fracture Mechanics theory and the Coupled Criterion applied to small surface flaws and its influence on the measured (extrinsic) strength. Numerical results are compared with experiments on alumina reported in the literature. In addition, a model for the Petch law (strength vs. grain size) in polycrystalline materials is proposed using the Coupled Criterion, which predicts an initial crack length of increasing numbers of grains as the grain size decreases.     

Mechanical property evaluation of sisal–jute–glass fiber reinforced polyester composites

The composite materials are replacing the traditional materials, because of its superior properties such as high tensile strength, low thermal expansion, high strength to weight ratio. The developments of new materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. Natural fiber composites such as sisal and jute polymer composites became more attractive due to their high specific strength, lightweight and biodegradability. Mixing of natural fiber with Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRPs) are finding increased applications. In this study, sisal–jute–glass fiber reinforced polyester composites is developed and their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength are evaluated. The interfacial properties, internal cracks and internal structure of the fractured surfaces are evaluated by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the incorporation of sisal–jute fiber with GFRP can improve the properties and used as a alternate material for glass fiber reinforced polymer composites.     

纳米微晶纤维素应用于水泥基材料研究综述

由于纳米微晶纤维素(nanocrystalline cellulose,NCC)具有高模量、极高长径比和大比表面积等特性,近几年来NCC在水泥基材料中的应用成为了研究前沿和热点。虽然NCC在水泥基材料中的应用研究还处于初级阶段,但却为改善水泥基材料性能提供了一个新的研究方向。本文综述了近几年国内外对NCC在水泥基材料中的应用研究,主要介绍了NCC在水泥基材料中的存在形式,及其对水泥基材料的流变性、水化、力学性能和耐久性的影响。最后,分析了NCC在研究中存在的问题,并对NCC今后的研究方向给出了可行性建议。     

Strength weakening by nanocrystals in ceramic materials

A key question in nanomechanics concerns the grain size effects on materials' strength. Correct solution to this question is critical to design and tailor the properties of materials for particular applications. The full map of grain sizes-hardness/yield stress relationship in metals has been built. However, for ceramic materials, the similar studies and understandings are really lacking. Here we employed a novel technique to comparatively study the mechanical features of titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) with different crystallite sizes. On the basis of peak profile analysis of the X-ray diffraction data, we determined yield strength for nanocrystalline and bulk TiO(2). Our results reveal a remarkable reduction in yield strength as the grain size decreases from 30-40 microm to approximately 10 nm, providing the only evidence of a strength weakening by nanocrystals relative to their bulk counterparts. This finding infers an inverse Hall-Petch effect, the first of its kind for ceramic materials, and a dramatic strength weakening after the breakdown of classic Hall-Petch relation below a characteristic grain size.     

强度理论的发展和展望

强度是各种地上、地下、水下和上天结构的共同的最基本要求。强度理论是研究材料在复杂应力下屈服和破坏规律的学科。由于各种土木、水利、机械、航空、军工等工程结构中的材料,大多处于复杂应力作用下,因此强度理论得到广泛的研究和应用。强度理论是各种工程结构强度计算和设计必需的基础理论。它们也是固体力学、材料强度学研究从弹性到塑性,从弹性到软化或硬化,从弹性到脆塑性,以及从线性到非线性的开始。对材料在复杂应力状态下强度理论(屈服准则、破坏准则等)的发展进行了总结。给出了 80 多种准则的方程式,反映出强度理论研究的“百花齐放,百家争鸣”。讨论了各种准则的分类和它们之间的关系,以及在研究和工程应用中的合理选择破坏准则问题。还总结了三大系列强度理论、统一屈服准则、统一强度理论和其他各种强度理论。 最后讨论了强度理论的发展展望,包括:真三轴试验和假三轴试验;强度理论的经济效益;各向异性材料和复合材料的破坏准则;多孔隙材料和多相材料的破坏准则;其它各种特殊材料的强度理论;安定性、多轴疲劳、蠕变、损伤、断裂和相关现象;强度理论的计算机程序实施和角点奇异性;特殊环境下的强度理论问题;强度理论的美;强度理论研究的不同层次。 在连续介质和工程应用的框架下     

A practical model for efficient anti-fatigue design and selection of metallic materials:Ⅰ.Model building and fatigue strength prediction

The high cost and low efficiency of fatigue tests are bottleneck problem for the anti-fatigue design of metallic materials.For this problem,a theoretical fatigue model is proposed in this study,the possible applications have also been discussed.Specific results would be introduced in two serial papers,in which the first paper focuses on the model building and the applications on fatigue strength prediction;the second paper put emphasis on the influencing factors of the model parameters and the applications on fatigue strength improvement.In this first paper,a theoretical model is proposed considering both the strength and plastic restrictions of fatigue strength.As the model builds up a brief relationship among yield strength(Y),tensile strength(T)and fatigue strength(F),it is named as the Y-T-F model.Through the verification with fatigue strength data covering various kinds of metallic materials and loading condi-tions,this Y-T-F model exhibits both generality and accuracy.With the Y-T-F model,the efficient fatigue strength prediction could be conducted by brief linear fitting and calculation,just through yield strength,tensile strength and several known fatigue strength data.Moreover,through its deduced Y-F model,the analytical formula of fatigue strength continuously changing with materials strengthening can be obtained,as well as the maximum value of fatigue strength and corresponding critical yield strength.In summary,the Y-T-F model would be useful for reducing the fatigue tests,thus providing new possibilities on the efficient anti-fatigue design and selection of metallic materials.     

A new approach to the positive mean stress diagram in mechanical design

The Gerber, modified Goodman, Soderberg, Bagci, ASME‐elliptic and Clemson diagrams are proposed for estimating mechanical element fatigue strength under positive mean and alternating stresses. However, all of these diagrams are either conservative or have fields containing stress greater than yield strength of mechanical element materials. The aim of this study was to propose a new simple diagram with an exponential power k for various types of mechanical element materials. Exponential power k values of steel and Al‐alloy materials were about 0.80 and 0.45, respectively. The proposed diagram (Sekercioglu line) had a minimum average absolute deviation (X_m) of 8.56 %, lower than the Bagci, ASME‐elliptic and Clemson diagrams. The Sekercioglu line can be successfully used in fatigue design processes because of its simple structure and its less conservative nature.     

Correlating plastic shrinkage cracking potential of fiber reinforced cement composites with its early-age constitutive response in tension

It is well understood that the early-age properties of cementitious materials influences its long-term performance. Cementitious materials experience high moisture loss at early age resulting in volumetric shrinkage. When this shrinkage is restrained, tensile stresses develop resulting in cracking of the material. This issue is more pronounced at early-age when the tensile strength of cementitious materials is not fully developed. There are many methods and models available to predict the drying shrinkage of concrete. However, the relationship between early age uniaxial tensile strength and restrained shrinkage cracking characteristics at early age is not well understood. Uniaxial tests were conducted on dog-bone specimens made using various fiber types including glass, cellulose and three types of synthetic fibers. Tensile characteristics including stress versus strain plots for all the specimens along with stress at peak, post crack strength at 2 mm deflection along with elongation at peak are calculated and presented in this paper. Plastic shrinkage cracking results obtained using an innovative test developed by the authors were correlated to these tensile strength results. Results indicate that post crack residual tensile strength at early-age is inversely proportional to the total crack area resulting from restrained shrinkage. The effectiveness of various fiber types is also discussed in the paper.     

镁合金的生物医用研究

镁是可被人体吸收的常量元素,且具有较高的比强度和比刚度,在医用植入材料领域具有广阔的应用前景.综述了镁及镁合金作为医用植入材料的研究现状,并对医用镁及镁合金的表面改性技术进行了简单叙述.     

Strength characterization of fibers and fibrous materials: Experimental-reliability based novel approach

Fibers and fibrous materials are not isotropic and, therefore, posseses diverse mechanical properties in different directions, there is no specific strength, value to represent their mechanical properties. It is important to define the fibers and fibrous materials with its reliability based mechanical properties for the design of parts. In present work the simulation program is developed using Two Parameter Weibull Distribution and method of Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TPWDUMLE) to find the Weibull parameters for strength characterization in fiber and fibrous materials using experimental-reliability based novel approach. The fracture strength of glass fiber, banana fiber and glass–polyester composite are experimentally (ASTM: D3039/3039M-08) determined and statistically analyzed by the TPWDUMLE. The reliability in terms of its fracture strength presented as reliability plot and it is observed that Weibull distribution allows to describe the fracture strength of a fiber/composite material in terms of a reliability function. It also provides composite material manufacturers with a tool that will enable them to present the necessary mechanical properties with certain confidence to end users.     

埋入光纤对CFRP抗弯性能影响实验研究

埋入光纤传感器的碳纤维复合材料作为一种智能材料,集智能,耐腐蚀及比强度高等优异性能于一体而倍受关注.其应用的前提是二者的相容性.在应用中,CFRP主要承担弯曲载荷,所以在我们的实验中,仅对埋入光纤对CFRP弯曲性能的影响作研究.通过埋入不同直径光纤,不同光纤埋入方向,不同光纤涂层以及不同光纤根数等对CFRP弯曲强度影响的试验,以确定埋入光纤对CFRP弯曲性能影响的程度以及如何使之减到最小,为工程优化应用提供依据.     

Performance of composite soil reinforced with barley straw

The shortage of low cost and affordable housing in Algeria has led to many investigations into local low cost construction materials. Earth construction is widespread in desert and rural areas but suffers from shrinkage cracking, low strength and lack of durability. The use of natural and vegetable fibres could improve its performance. This paper reports on an experimental study to investigate a composite soil reinforced with chopped barley straw, using four different soils. The effect of fibre length and fibre fraction on shrinkage, compressive strength, flexural strength and shear strength was investigated. Preliminary tests to enhance durability by using different waterproof renders are also briefly reported.     

NiAl基金属间化合物研究现状与前景

介绍了ＮｉＡｌ基金间化合物研究的现状与前景。ＮｉＡｌ由于具有高熔点、低密度和良好的抗氧化性等性能而被认为是下一代的高温结构材料，然而ＮｉＡｌ在室温时塑性低和高温时强度低限制了它作为工程材料的应用。对ＮｉＡｌ的晶体结构和缺陷、力学性能进行研究，采用合金化、控制显微结构和改进加工技术等方法使ＮｉＡｌ的室温塑性和高温强度都得到了提高。     

基于响应面法的复合材料疏散平台轻量化设计

在城市轨道交通中,疏散平台是在列车故障或其他异常情况下能够确保迅速、有序地从隧道内组织乘客尽快疏散至安全区域必备的安全通道。复合材料具备轻质、高强、可设计性强和防火等优异性能,因此被逐步应用于疏散平台上。鉴于工程应用中对复合材料轻量化要求的不断提高,在满足材料强度和结构变形的基础上,达到减轻结构质量的目的,本研究根据现有的复合材料疏散平台,对其变形和强度进行了分析,据此定义优化变量,以其质量、强度和整体变形为目标函数,基于响应面法多目标寻优思想,探讨了目标函数和优化指标的函数关系,经比较选出合适的方案,并对选取的方案做了进一步的验证。结果表明,结构优化后复合材料疏散平台在保证强度和整体变形的情况下,质量显著减少。      

铜基集成电路引线框架材料的发展概况

阐述了集成电路的发展及其对引线框架材料的要求。综述了国内外目前使用铜基集成电路引线框架材料的现状及所开发的高强度高导电铜基引线框架材料的特性，并指出了今后的发展方向。     

Stress,strength, and durability analysis of gradient-structured hardmetal products

We present results of finite-element analysis of stressed state in a percussive-rotary drilling bit fitted with hardmetal inserts during its contact interaction with rock, allowing for brazing-induced stresses. The most likely fracture zones in inserts have been identified. Based on the proposed criterion for fatigue strength of structurally inhomogeneous materials, the binder composition of the inserts has been optimized for the longest service life. It is demonstrated that the formation of a gradient structure in a hardmetal, whereby the material preserves its initial mechanical properties in the main volume but has an increased ultimate tensile strength in zones where tensile stresses are involved, results in a longer service life of the hardmetal products and a noticeably diminished dependence of their cyclic strength on the scale factor. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 2, pp. 15–31, March–April, 2007.     

MoSi2及MoSi2基材料的强韧化

MoSi2以其较高的熔点、适中的密度和优异的高温抗氧化性能而成为近年来倍受关注的金属间化合物,但其室温脆性和低的高温强度是限制其应用的主要原因. 从合金化和复合化等方面对MoSi2及MoSi2基高温结构材料的强韧化作了概述.     

Bond of steel reinforcement with microwave cured concrete repair mortars

This paper investigates the effect of microwave curing on the bond strength of steel reinforcement in concrete repair. Pull-out tests on plain mild steel reinforcement bars embedded in four repair materials in 100 mm cube specimens were performed to determine the interfacial bond strength. The porosity and pore structure of the matrix at the steel interface, which influence the bond strength, were also determined. Test results show that microwave curing significantly reduces the bond strength of plain steel reinforcement. The reduction relative to normally cured (20 °C, 60% RH) specimens is between 21 and 40% with low density repair materials and about 10% for normal density cementitious mortars. The corresponding compressive strength of the matrix also recorded similar reduction and microwave curing resulted in increased porosity at the interface transition zone of the steel reinforcement. A unique relationship exists between bond strength and both compressive strength and porosity of all matrix materials. Microwave curing reduced shrinkage but despite the wide variation in the shrinkage of the repair mortars, its effect on the bond strength was small. The paper provides clear correlations between the three parameters (compressive strength, bond strength and porosity), which are common to both the microwave and conventionally cured mortars. Therefore, bond-compressive strength relationships used in the design of reinforced concrete structures will be also valid for microwave cured elements.