Association of PD-L1 gene rs4143815 C>G polymorphism and human cancer susceptibility: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1) mediated immune escape play important roles in the development of cancer. The gene polymorphism of PD-L1, in particular rs4143815 C?>?G, has been associated with the cancer risks, but with conflicting results. Therefore, this meta-analysis was aimed to assess the association between rs4143815 C?>?G and cancer susceptibility. A systematic literature search was performed to select the studies and the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the strength of association. Eleven eligible studies containing 3711 cases and 3704 controls were enrolled in the meta-analysis. The results suggested that there is a strong association between rs4143815 C?>?G and the cancer risks (G vs. C: OR?=?1.386, 95% CI: 1.132–1.696, p?=?0.002; GG vs. CG?+?CC: OR?=?1.843 95% CI: 1.300–2.613, p?=?0.002; GG?+?CG vs. CC: OR?=?1.280, 95% CI: 1.040–1.576, p?=?0.020). Subgroup analysis based on cancer type suggested that PD-L1 rs4143815 C?>?G might increase the susceptibility to gastric cancer (G vs. C: OR?=?1.842, 95% CI: 1.403–2.418, p?<?0.001) and bladder cancer (G vs. C: OR?=?2.015, 95% CI: 1.556–2.608, p?<?0.001), and genotype GG carriers of PD-L1 rs4143815 C?>?G might have higher risks of HCC (GG vs. CG?+?CC: OR?=?2.226 95% CI: 1.562–3.172, p?<?0.001). PD-L1 rs4143815 C?>?G might confer an increased cancer risk, indicating this SNP may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer and might be used as a potential biomarker to predict the susceptibility to cancer.     

Altered patterns of the interferon-inducible gene IFI16 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: immunohistochemical study including correlation with retinoblastoma protein, human papillomavirus infection and proliferation index

AIMS: To investigate whether the expression of interferon (IFN)-inducible gene IFI16 is inversely related to proliferative activity in vivo, we compared immunohistochemical reactivity of IFI16 in a series of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) with their proliferation index and the cell cycle regulator pRb. As human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is manifested by changes in the function or expression level of host genes such as IFN-inducible genes, we also investigated the presence of HPV DNA to determine whether head and neck cancers associated with HPV DNA can be distinguished from tumours that are presumably transformed by other mechanisms. METHODS: Thirty-six HNSCCs were evaluated for IFI16, pRb and Ki67 expression by immunohistochemistry. The presence of HPV was also detected by polymerase chain reaction. Nine tumours were located in the oropharynx (tonsillar area) and 27 in the larynx. RESULTS: HPV DNA was found in 14 of 25 (56%) laryngeal SCCs and in five of nine (56%) tonsillar SCC specimens examined; 17 out of the 19 HPV-DNA-positive cases showed high-grade IFI16 expression. Overall, proliferative activity was significantly related to tumour differentiation and histological grading. IFI16 protein expression was significantly inversely correlated with Ki67 (P = 0.039). Low-proliferating tumours positive for IFI16 staining showed a marked expression of pRb and a better prognosis than those whose tumours had low IFI16, pRb levels and a high proliferation index. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first expression analysis of the IFN-inducible IFI16 gene in HNSCC. Low-proliferating tumours positive for IFI16 staining showed a marked expression of pRb and a better prognosis than those whose tumours had low IFI16, pRb levels and a high proliferation index.     

程序性细胞死亡1信号通路与疾病相关性的研究进展

程序性细胞死亡1(PD-1)是由pdcd1基因编码的一个抑制性共刺激分子,为CD28家族成员之一,它的配体是B7家族成员.因为其在维持外周耐受中起着关键性的作用,并在慢性病毒感染、肿瘤免疫及自身免疫性疫病的发生过程中发挥重要的生物学作用而受到广泛的关注.     

HBV转染增强细胞因子上调PD-L表达

目的 研究HBV转染的肝细胞系(HepG2.2.15细胞)在细胞因子作用下能否上调PD-L表达.方法 应用肝细胞系(HepG2细胞和HepG2.2.15细胞)为模型,用IL-4、IFN-α、IFN-γ(终质量浓度均为10 ng/ml,刺激时间为12 h)作用于上述细胞系,采用RT-PCR技术检测细胞因子作用前后PD-L表达情况.结果 无论是否转染HBV,IFN-α和IFN-γ均能诱导肝细胞系(HepG2细胞和HepG2.2.15细胞)PD-L1表达;而IL-4不能诱导PD-L1表达,IL-4、IFN-α、IFN-γ均能诱导转染了HBV的HepG2.2.15细胞PD-L2表达,仅IFN-γ能诱导未转染HBV的HepG2细胞PD-L2表达.结论 IFN-α和IFN-γ有较强诱导肝细胞系(HepG2细胞和HepG2.2.15细胞)PD-L1表达上调的作用,HBV在细胞因子诱导HepG2.2.15细胞PD-L2表达中具有促进作用.     

Immunological Treatment Options for Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) are usually treated by a multimodal approach with surgery and/or radiochemotherapy as the mainstay of local–regional treatment in cases with advanced disease. Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy have the disadvantage of causing severe side effects, while the clinical outcome of patients diagnosed with HNSCC has remained essentially unchanged over the last decade. The potential of immunotherapy is still largely unexplored. Here the authors review the current status of the art and discuss the future challenges in HNSCC treatment and prevention.     

PD-1／PD-L与慢性病毒性肝炎

PD-1／PD—L信号途径在保持对机体自身成分的免疫耐受中发挥作用,同时在对外来抗原的免疫反应中发挥负向调控作用。病毒慢性持续感染、T细胞耗竭、T细胞或其它组织细胞PD-1／PD—L表达的增加常同时俘在。肝脏多种非实质细胞和肝细胞均可表达PD-L1,具有抑制T细胞活性的作用。目前,PD-1／PD—L与慢性病毒性肝炎的发病机制和治疗对策关系的研究方兴未艾。     

Current concepts in PD-L1 testing in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: overview,developments and challenges

Cancer immunotherapy is arguably the biggest success story of personalized medicine in the past two decades. Monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors like PD-1 have shown success in clinical trials in a variety of solid tumours. The histopathologist has a central role in determining patient eligibility for immunotherapy by virtue of the histological assessment of tumours and their characterization of the tumour immune microenvironment. There is now a plethora of companion diagnostic PD-L1 immunohistochemical assays for use across multiple tumour types and platforms. In this era of personalized medicine, there are often competing demands for scarce tissue for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes, and it is vital that the appropriate test is performed on the correct tissue in the appropriate clinical setting. This review aims to demystify as well as simplify PD-L1 testing in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma for the practising pathologist.     

人胎盘源与人骨髓源间充质干细胞的生物学特性的比较及负性协同刺激分子PD-L1的表达

目的:比较人胎盘源间充质干细胞（PMSCs）与人骨髓源间充质干细胞（BMSCs）的生物学特性,研究负性协同刺激分子PD-L1在胎盘源MSCs的表达和生物学意义。方法:采取酶消化法分离人胎盘组织,用密度梯度离心法分离骨髓单个核细胞,分别进行贴壁分离和传代培养,通过倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态,并用免疫荧光标记和流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志的表达做比较性分析。混合淋巴细胞反应,3H-TdR掺入和PD-L1单克隆抗体阻断实验进行免疫功能检测。结果:在贴壁生长、呈成纤维细胞样形态、表达CD29、CD105、CD166和不表达CD34、CD45、CD80、CD86及HLA-DR分子以及向成脂肪细胞方向诱导分化等方面,人PMSCs与BMSCs细胞生物学特性表现相同或相似。表型分析发现PMSCs高表达PD-L1,而BMSCs较低表达PD-L1。PMSCs表达的PD-L1具有对T细胞体外增殖的抑制作用。结论:人胎盘源MSCs与人骨髓源MSCs有相似的细胞生长特性,却有不同的表达负性协同分子PD-L1的特性。     

两种检测头颈部鳞状细胞癌HPV16/18感染状态方法的对比

 目的 比较荧光定量PCR法（RT-PCR）和原位杂交法检测头颈部鳞状细胞癌中HPV（HPV）16/18亚型感染的差异。方法 采用RT-PCR法和原位杂交法对78例头颈部鳞状细胞癌患者的肿瘤组织进行HPV感染状态的检测,评价两种方法的一致性。结果 RT-PCR法检测到62.8%的头颈部鳞癌组织中含有HPV16/18 DNA。原位杂交法检测到47.4%的肿瘤组织中有HPV16DNA。用RT-PCR方法,唇、口腔、口咽及下咽的HPV16/18DNA阳性率分别为33.3%、66.67%、70%和57.14%;用原位杂交方法,唇、口腔、口咽、下咽的HPV16 DNA阳性率分别为33.3%、43.8%、60.0%和57.1%。总体上,两种方法检测HPV16/18DNA具有较高一致性（Kappa=0.595,P<0.001）。 结论 RT-PCR和原位杂交法检测HPV16/18DNA结果的一致性较高。     

小鼠PDL1-Red2融合蛋白真核表达载体的构建、表达及其效应

目的:小鼠跨膜型PD-L1与红色荧光蛋白(RFP)融合基因真核表达载体的构建、表达与鉴定, 及其效应初步研究.方法:应用基因工程技术构建重组载体, 脂质体转染NIT细胞株, 以流式细胞术(FCM)和倒置相差荧光显微镜检测融合蛋白的表达;采用混合淋巴细胞培养, 以FCM测定脾细胞的增殖反应.结果:融合基因在转染的真核细胞中获得表达, 并呈膜分布, 转染PD-L1/pDsRed2-N1的细胞对淋巴细胞增殖反应有一定的抑制作用, 表明PD-L1/pDsRed2-N1融合蛋白中分子标签未影响PD-L1的结构及其生物学活性.结论:PD-L1与DsRed2融合基因载体构建成功, 表达的融合蛋白具有生物学活性.     

树突状细胞表达的PD-L1的研究进展

树突状细胞（DC）是专职的抗原提呈细胞,通过表达多种免疫调节分子在调节T细胞免疫反应中起关键作用。其表达的PD-L1是近年来新发现的B7家族的负性共刺激分子,与其相应受体结合,能够传递负性刺激信号导致T细胞反应无力,抑制细胞因子的分泌,诱导活化T细胞凋亡,最终诱导免疫耐受,介导肿瘤免疫逃逸,并在自身免疫性疾病,病毒,细菌感染等免疫反应中起重要作用。     

PD-L与不同受体结合介导不同的生物学效应

PD L1和PD L2作为新发现的B7超家族成员 ,它们的受体之一是CD2 8超家族成员PD 1,最近研究证实它们还存在第二受体。本文将就其与不同受体结合所起的生物学作用及其与B7家族其他成员之间的关系作一综述。     

程序性死亡受体-1及其配体在乙型肝炎慢性化机制中的作用

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染后容易形成慢性化,多数学者认为其主要机制是宿主对HBV各种抗原产生免疫耐受。程序性死亡受体-1（PD-1）是近年新发现的一个负性共刺激信号分子,其配体为PD—L1和PD—12,同属于CD28／B7家族。PD-1／PD—L通路能削弱、限制和／或终止T细胞和抗原递呈细胞（APC）等细胞的活化及效应功能,在慢性HBV感染的免疫耐受机制中发挥了重要作用。     

抑制性受体PD-1与免疫应答的负性调控

机体的免疫系统在一系列的正性和负性信号的作用下处于一种动态的平衡 ,使免疫反应能够有效地启动、持续并适时地终止。PD 1分子是一个重要的T、B细胞活化的负性调控分子 ,通过与其配体PD L1和PD L2的作用而发挥免疫抑制功能。PD L PD 1信号在免疫反应的起始部位和实质器官组织部位双重抑制T、B细胞的活化 ,对维持机体的外周耐受发挥着至关重要的作用     

Expression of programmed-death receptor ligands 1 and 2 may contribute to the poor stimulatory potential of murine immature dendritic cells

Recent data have revealed that Ag presentation by immature dendritic cells (imDCs) plays a role in establishing and maintaining T-cell tolerance, but the mechanism remains unclear. PD-L1 and PD-L2, ligands for programmed-death receptor 1 (PD-1), members of the expanding B7 family, were highlighted for their inhibitory role in T-cell responses. Here, we show that blockade of PD-1 ligands on imDCs resulted in enhanced T-cell proliferation, which is perhaps due to the enhancement of IL-2 production from DC-stimulated T cells. PD-1 ligands blockade on mDCs did not show a significant stimulatory effect as markedly as imDCs. The inhibitory effects of PD-1 ligands would be dependent on maturation status of DCs, where attenuated positive costimulatory molecules provided the opportunity for PD-1 ligands to exert their strong capacity. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that imDCs have an inhibitory bias, and indicate that PD-L1 and PD-L2 contribute to the poor stimulatory capacity of imDCs.     

人sPD-1-Fc融合蛋白的构建及Cos-7细胞的表达

目的:构建重组人pSG5-Fc-hPD-1嵌合基因质粒,并在真核细胞进行表达,得到分泌性的sPD-1-Fc融合蛋白。为PD-1的生物学活性研究奠定基础。方法:从GenBank里查到人PD-1胞外区的基因序列,设计特异性引物,以人淋巴细胞cDNA为模板PCR扩增得到人PD-1胞外区片段。以pSG5-Fc真核表达质粒为载体,构建得到重组质粒pSG5-Fc-hPD-1。脂质体瞬时转染猴肾成纤维细胞(Cos-7),收取72 h的细胞上清。用Western blot鉴定,并与原核表达的人PD-L1蛋白免疫共沉淀检测生物学活性。结果:通过EcoRⅠ/BamHⅠ双酶切及测序证实构建的重组质粒pSG5-Fc-hPD-1正确。重组质粒在Cos-7细胞中高效表达并分泌融合蛋白sPD-1-Fc到细胞上清,应用Western blot测定到上清中的融合蛋白,且得到的sPD-1-Fc融合蛋白具有与PD-L1结合的生物学活性。结论:通过基因重组方法在真核细胞里得到高效分泌型表达的sPD-1-Fc重组蛋白,为研究PD-1生物学活性奠定了实验基础。