大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的二型性

成年哺乳动物的某些脑区存在性别差异,即二型性,但中脑黑质是否存在性分化目前不清楚。本文旨在探讨成年大鼠中脑黑质是否存在二型性。将60只成年大鼠分成5组：（1）正常雌鼠对照组：（2）正常雄鼠对照组：（3）去卵巢组;（4）去睾丸组;（5）去卵巢后回补雌激素组,该组大鼠在去卵巢后的第7天开始连续3d给予生理剂量的雌激素回补。所有大鼠在右侧黑质埋置记录电极,在清醒和安静的生理状态下连续14d记录黑质的P50听觉诱发电位（P50）,之后作黑质酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）免疫组织化学染色,检查TH阳性（TH^＋）细胞数量和形态变化。结果表明,正常成年雄鼠黑质的TH^＋细胞数量较雌鼠少22．47％（P〈0．05）,P50的T／C值也低34．72％（P〈0．01）,提示正常成年大鼠黑质在结构和功能上存在二型性。与正常雄鼠相比,去睾丸大鼠黑质的TH^＋细胞数量、形态和P50的T／C值无显著性变化（P〉0．05）。与正常雌鼠相比,去卵巢大鼠黑质TH^＋细胞数量减少28．09％（P〈0．01）,P50的T／C值降低30．85％（P〈0．01）。在大鼠去卵巢后的短时间内给予3d生理剂量的雌激素,15-20d后可观察到其黑质TH^＋细胞数量、形态和P50的T／C值基本恢复到去卵巢前水平。结果提示,大鼠中脑黑质的多巴胺能神经元在数量、结构和功能活动上存在性别差异：内源性雌激素在维持黑质多巴胺系统完整性及调节其功能活动中起重要作用。     

雌激素对多巴胺能神经元功能调节作用的研究进展

帕金森病（Parkinson‘s disease,PD)是中枢神经系统多巴胺（Dopamine,DA) 能神经元退行性疾病,其发病率具有明显的性别差异。性腺类固醇激素,尤其是雌激素,可在垂体、下丘脑、中脑边缘系统和黑质－纹状体（nigrostriatal,NS)系统等水平影响DA能神经递质系统的功能。而且,雌激素的使用剂量和时间的不同,可影响DA能神经元的活性。本文就雌激素与DA的关系及PD发病具有性别差异方面的新近进展作简要概述。     

脂多糖诱导黑质多巴胺能神经元变性中小胶质细胞的反应

目的探讨小胶质细胞活化规律与脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导黑质多巴胺(DA)能神经元变性的关系。方法脑立体定位注射LPS入大鼠脑黑质后,采用特异性抗体0x．42标记不同时间点小胶质细胞的激活情况;酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine-hydroxylase,TH)免疫组织化学观察DA能神经元损害变化。结果小胶质细胞在LPS注入黑质6h后开始出现部分激活。12h大部分激活,为“灌木丛样”小胶质细胞;24h已完全激活,呈现“阿米巴样”,在随后的30d内,基本维持在此形态。而TH阳性细胞数在第3d开始出现下降,与对照组相比下降达45％,14d时下降至5～10％,至30d时几乎完全消失。结论小胶质细胞的激活先于DA能神经元变性,其激活介导的炎症反应在PD发病中具有重要的神经破坏作用。     

毕赤酵母表达的neurturin对恒河猴帕金森氏病模型中黑质多巴胺能神经元的保护作用

帕金森氏病(PD)是由于多巴胺能神经元变性、坏死,导致黑质-纹状体系统的多巴胺含量下降而引起的一种神经系统退行性疾病,目前还没有一种很好的方法能使之治愈.Neurturin（NTN）能特异地作用于中脑多巴胺能神经元,对该类神经元具营养和保护作用.经静脉注射1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)诱导恒河猴产生帕金森氏病模型,并在NTN治疗组,注射MPTP之前48 h脑室内注射重组毕赤酵母表达的人NTN 1 mg. 结果表明：模型组猴均逐渐出现了PD症状,而NTN治疗组猴,PD症状比较轻或不明显;荧光分光光度法测定MPTP模型组猴黑质、壳核和尾状核多巴胺（DA）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）和5-羟吲哚乙酸（5-HIAA）的含量结果与正常对照组相比均显著降低,NTN治疗组猴的黑质、壳核和尾状核中的DA、5-HT和5-HIAA与对照组相比无显著性差异,而与模型组相比,DA、5-HT和5-HIAA含量均明显增加;光镜检查MPTP模型组猴黑质神经元细胞明显脱失,而NTN治疗组猴黑质神经元细胞丢失不明显,与正常对照组猴无差别.上述结果表明,制备的重组人NTN在恒河猴体内能保护中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元不受MPTP的损伤,使其DA含量及多巴胺能神经元维持正常,在MPTP存在下没有发生PD症状.     

6-羟基多巴胺损毁大鼠内侧前脑束早期黑质-纹状体系统的铁水平与多巴胺能神经元退变的关系

应用快速周期伏安法(fast cyclic vohammetry,FCV)、原子吸收分光光度法及免疫组织化学方法,观察了6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)单侧损毁大鼠内侧前脑束(medial forebrain bundle,MFB)早期黑质(sub-stantia nigra,sN)铁水平与多巴胺(dopamine,DA)神经元损伤的变化,以及纹状体(striatum,Str)的DA释放。结果如下：6-OHDA单侧损毁大鼠MFB1d和3d后,SN的酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)阳性细胞分别下降了45％和66％;与正常鼠和未损毁侧相比,损毁侧SN的铁染色增强,铁浓度增加,而Str的DA释放量不变;6-OHDA损毁后1d与3d组相比,损毁侧的铁染色、铁浓度及DA释放量差别无显著性。上述结果表明,6-OHDA单侧损毁大鼠MFB的早期阶段,SN的DA能神经元数目中等程度减少时,铁染色及铁浓度即有增加,由于DA能神经系统有强大的代偿功能,使得Str的DA释放量仍趋于正常。     

6-OHDA制备的帕金森病大鼠黑质神经元的超微结构改变

目的观察6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)单侧注射制备的帕金森病(PD)大鼠多巴胺(DA)能神经元的超微结构改变。方法单侧微量注射6-OHDA制备PD大鼠模型,用免疫荧光组织化学方法观察正常侧与6-OHDA注射侧黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经细胞及神经纤维的变化;并利用免疫电镜技术观察大鼠正常侧与注射侧黑质致密部DA能神经元的超微结构。结果免疫荧光法显示注射侧黑质致密部TH阳性细胞数和网状部TH阳性纤维面积与正常侧的百分比平均值分别为21.83%,23.19%。免疫电镜显示:TH免疫反应阳性产物表达于PD大鼠正常侧DA能神经元的高尔基复合体质膜面及胞质内,电子密度较高,注射侧很少见或几乎未见,且注射侧线粒体嵴有不同程度的溶解,呈空泡样变或髓样变,粗面内质网脱颗粒。结论6-OHDA可引起DA能神经元发生凋亡的超微结构改变。     

诺米芬新对甲基苯丙胺依赖大鼠多巴胺能神经元毒性的保护作用

目的:探索诺米芬辛(Nomifensine)对甲基苯丙胺依赖大鼠多巴胺能神经元毒性的保护作用并探讨其作用机制。方法:Wistar雄性大鼠30只,随机分为生理盐水组、甲基苯丙胺组(MA组)和甲基苯丙胺加诺米芬辛组三组。每晚8时分别腹腔注射Nacl10mg/kg、MA 10mg/kg和MA 10mg/kg+Nomifensine 2mg/kg,连续四天。通过观察动物的刻板行为和条件位置偏爱实验(CPP实验),建立甲基苯丙胺依赖大鼠模型。最后一次给药后的24小时处死各组实验动物,用免疫组织化学染色法(S-P法)和荧光分光光度计法检测大鼠脑内黑质、纹状体内多巴胺神经元细胞的形态和数量的变化,对神经纤维进行灰度值分析。结果:1.生理盐水组分别与甲基苯丙胺组、甲基苯丙胺加诺米芬辛组在刻板行为评分和持续时间上比较呈显著性差异;甲基苯丙胺加诺米芬辛组和甲基苯丙胺组在刻板行为评分和持续时间上比较呈显著性差异;甲基苯丙胺加诺米芬辛组和甲基苯丙胺组在CPP实验结果上比较呈显著性差异。2.通过脑内黑质、纹状体内多巴胺神经元细胞计数、神经纤维灰度值和TH含量荧光分光光度计测量,结果显示甲基苯丙胺加诺米芬辛组神经系统损伤轻于阳性对照组。结论:诺米芬辛对甲基苯丙胺中毒大鼠多巴胺能神经元有保护作用。     

多巴胺能神经元线粒体的氧化损伤与帕金森病

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)的一个主要病理特征就是中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元的丧失,目前研究认为该病理变化与多种因素有关,包括蛋白质异常积聚、泛素蛋白酶体系统功能异常、神经炎症、线粒体损伤和氧化应激。在帕金森病人和动物模型中,中脑黑质有着明显的氧化改变。帕金森病的遗传和环境因素均会作用于线粒体,尤其对线粒体呼吸链复合体I有着抑制作用,造成线粒体损伤,产生活性氧(ROS)。活性氧的大量产生造成脂类、蛋白质和DNA的氧化,从而加剧多巴胺能神经元的线粒体和细胞损伤。多巴胺代谢过程中会产生活性氧,该自身代谢特点决定了多巴胺能神经元存在有较高的氧化应激,易受环境因素的影响。因而,线粒体的氧化损伤在帕金森病病理发生中起着重要作用。     

人参皂甙Rg1对去卵巢帕金森病模型大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的保护作用

目的：探讨人参皂甙Rg1对6-羟基多巴（6-OHDA）制备的去卵巢（OVX）帕金森病（PD）模型大鼠黑质（SN）多巴胺能神经元的保护作用及其可能机制。方法：应用6-OHDA制备的OVX PD模型大鼠,侧脑室给予Rg1或雌激素。免疫组织化学染色酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）阳性神经元和Bcl-2蛋白。Perls’铁染色检测SN铁含量。结果：①Rg1或雌激素可抑制阿朴吗啡诱导的PD大鼠旋转行为;②在损毁侧SN,Rg1或雌激素用药组TH阳性神经元数量较6-OHDA组显著增多;③6-OHDA组损毁侧SN内铁含量较健侧明显升高,应用Rg1或雌激素后,SN铁含量较模型组明显减少;④与6-OHDA模型组相比,Rg1及雌激素均可增加损毁侧大鼠SN内Bcl-2蛋白表达。结论：人参皂甙Rg1具有类雌激素样作用,对OVX PD模型大鼠黑质DA能神经元有明显的保护作用,其作用机制可能与降低铁负载和抗凋亡有关。     

多巴胺能神经细胞慢性损伤过程中RET的表达变化

目的:为了检测RET在多巴胺能神经细胞损伤过程中中脑黑质部位的表达变化,并探索其在多巴胺能神经细胞损伤中的可能作用.方法:本实验将C57BL/6 d、鼠分为三组:MPTP组、NS组和空白对照组,采用MPTP腹腔注射建立小鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经细胞慢性损伤模型,设立第一周到第六周六个时间点(1w-6w),检测小鼠行为学变化,并采用免疫荧光染色和western blotting等方法检测中脑黑质部酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和PET的表达情况.结果:行为学结果显示,随给药次数及时间延长,悬挂实验中,MPTP组悬挂评分逐渐下降,MPTP组第三周给药以后与NS组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);跳台实验中,小鼠受电击后跳上跳台的时间逐渐延长,错误次数逐渐增多.免疫荧光双标结果显示,在检测的各时间点,在小鼠中脑黑质一直有RET阳性细胞存在,且与TH阳性细胞共表达;western blotting结果显示,TH在给予MPTP后第三周表达开始降低,RET在给予MPTP后第一周和第二周持续高表达,并且也从第三周开始,其表达量明显降低.结论:这种表达变化提示RET的表达与多巴胺能神经细胞损伤有关.     

Peripheral iron dextran induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in rat substantia nigra

Iron accumulation is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. To demonstrate the relationship between peripheral iron overload and dopaminergic neuron loss in rat substantia nigra (SN), in the present study we used fast cyclic voltammetry, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry, Perls' iron staining, and high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection to study the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and increased iron content in the SN of iron dextran overloaded animals. The findings showed that peripheral iron dextran overload increased the iron staining positive cells and reduced the number of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the SN. As a result, dopamine release and content, as well as its metabolites contents were decreased in caudate putamen. Even more dramatic changes were found in chronic overload group. These results suggest that peripheral iron dextran can increase the iron level in the SN, where excessive iron causes the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The chronic iron overload may be more destructive to dopaminergic neurons than the acute iron overload.     

Inhibition of thrombin-induced microglial activation and NADPH oxidase by minocycline protects dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in vivo

The present study shows that activation of microglial NADPH oxidase and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with thrombin-induced degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Seven days after thrombin injection in the rat substantia nigra (SN), tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry showed a significant loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. This cell death was accompanied by localization of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated fluorecein UTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining within dopaminergic neurons. This neurotoxicity was antagonized by the semisynthetic tetracycline derivative, minocycline, and the observed neuroprotective effects were associated with the ability of minocycline to suppress NADPH oxidase-derived ROS production and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, including interleukin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase, from activated microglia. These results suggest that microglial NADPH oxidase may be a viable target for neuroprotection against oxidative damage.     

Differentiation gradient of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of rat

The chemical differentiation featured by the appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the distribution pattern of the dopaminergic cells of rat substantia nigra (SN) were studied with combined immunocytochemical and electronmicroscopic techniques. Under the light microscope, the earliest TH-positive cells at embryonic day 13 are localized at the ventral part of rostral midbrain. Later appearing TH-positive cells join the earlier ones dorsally and caudally. As to the stain intensity and morphology of the labeled cells in the region of the SN, there exists a ventral to dorsal and lateral to medial spatiotemporal gradient, namely the cells in the ventral and lateral parts, compared with the dorsal and medial ones, have more intense staining, larger cell bodies with smaller nuclei and more and longer processes. The earliest nigrostriatal projection fibers stem from the most laterally located SN cells. Under electron microscope, rough endoplasmic reticula are always seen within the positively stained cells. With the progression of development, the cells show more intense staining and contain more rough endoplasmic reticula and other organelles. Together with the results reported on the neurogenesis and migration of the SN cells, the present study indicates that the chemical differentiation of SN cells, with a spatiotemporal gradient, starts after the completion of cell migration, a process paralleling to their morphological differentiation.     

Subtype selective antagonism of substantia nigra pars compacta Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors protects the nigrostriatal system against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo

Evidence suggests that increased glutamatergic input to the substantia nigra pars compacta as a result of hyperactivity of subthalalmic nucleus output pathways may contribute to the progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurones in Parkinson's disease (PD), a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder which affects approximately 1% of people aged over 65. Substantial electrophysiological evidence suggests that the excitation of nigral dopaminergic neurones is regulated by the activation of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), comprising mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes. As activation of these receptors by endogenous glutamate may promote multiple cascades leading to excitotoxic neuronal death, it may be hypothesised that functional antagonism of Group I mGluR should be neuroprotective and could form the basis of a novel neuroprotective treatment for PD. To investigate this hypothesis, the neuroprotective potential of the selective competitive mGlu1 antagonist (+)-2-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine ((S)-(+)-alpha-amino-4-carboxy-2-methlybenzeneacetic acid; LY367385) and the selective allosteric mGlu5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) was tested in a rodent 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD in vivo. Both acute and subchronic intranigral administration of either LY367385 or MPEP resulted in significant neuroprotection of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cell bodies, which correlated closely with prevention of striatal monoamine depletion following 6-OHDA lesioning. This neuroprotective action of LY367385 and MPEP displayed a clear concentration-dependent effect, suggesting a receptor-mediated mechanism of action. LY367385 produced robust neuroprotection at all concentrations tested (40, 200 and 1000 nmol in 4 microL), whilst MPEP displayed a bell-shaped neuroprotective profile with significant neuroprotection at low concentrations (2 and 10 nmol in 4 microL) but not at higher concentrations (50 nmol). Importantly, subchronic intranigral administration of MPEP and LY367385 appeared to slow the degeneration of remaining nigral dopaminergic neurones and prevented further striatal dopamine depletion in animals with established 6-OHDA induced nigrostriatal lesions, suggesting that these compounds may significantly influence disease progression in this model.     

Firing properties of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in freely moving rats

Single unit recordings were obtained from putative dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of awake, freely moving rats. The cells exhibited waveforms, range of firing rates and types of firing patterns identical to those of identified DA neurons of anesthetized or paralyzed rats. Two firing patterns were observed: single spike activity and a bursting mode with spikes of progressively diminished amplitude and increased duration within each burst. The degree of burst firing varied considerably among the cells and individual cells sometimes switched from one pattern of firing (e.g. predominantly single spike) to another (e.g. bursting), although the determinants of these transitions are, at this time, unclear. Putative DA neurons were inhibited by i.v. apomorphine and excited by i.v. haloperidol. Haloperidol also reversed the apomorphine-induced inhibition of firing. Inhibitions and excitations were associated with a reduction and elevation, respectively, in burst firing. The effects of the two drugs were identical to their effects in immobilized rats. In several cases, a putative DA neuron was observed to fire all of its spikes in near coincidence with at least one other cell with identical electrophysiological characteristics. This form of interaction (i.e. presumed electrical coupling) between DA cells is only rarely observed in anesthetized or paralyzed rats and may play a significant role in the normal functioning of the nigrostriatal DA system.     

环加氧酶-2对帕金森病小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响

目的和方法 :选用C5 7BL种系环加氧酶 2 (cyclooxygenase 2 ,COX 2 )缺陷小鼠 ,腹腔注射 1 甲基 4 苯基 1,2 ,3,6 四氢吡啶 (MPTP)制备帕金森病小鼠模型 ,用免疫组织化学方法观察COX 2对帕金森病小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响。结果 :行为学及免疫组织化学观察显示 ,野生型帕金森病小鼠的死亡率明显高于COX 2缺陷杂合子帕金森病小鼠 (P <0 .0 1) ,野生型帕金森病小鼠黑质致密部酪氨酸羟化酶 (tyrosinehydroxylase,TH)免疫反应阳性神经元数目较杂合子帕金森病小鼠明显减少 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :COX 2可能与帕金森病时黑质多巴胺能神经元的损伤有关     

Specific infection and destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra by Theiler's virus.

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus was stereotaxically inoculated unilaterally into the substantia nigra of the mouse brain. Virus specifically infected tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and spread rostrocaudally throughout this subpopulation of neurons, resulting in impaired function and degeneration of the substantia nigra. The spread of the virus to other areas of the brain was minimal and rare.     

CEP11004, a novel inhibitor of the mixed lineage kinases, suppresses apoptotic death in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra induced by 6-hydroxydopamine

There is much evidence that the kinase cascade which leads to the phosphorylation of c-jun plays an important signaling role in the mediation of programmed cell death. We have previously shown that c-jun is phosphorylated in a model of induced apoptotic death in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra in vivo. To determine the generality and functional significance of this response, we have examined c-jun phosphorylation and the effect on cell death of a novel mixed lineage kinase inhibitor, CEP11004, in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of induced apoptotic death in dopamine neurons. We found that expression of total c-jun and Ser73-phosphorylated c-jun is increased in this model and both colocalize with apoptotic morphology. CEP11004 suppresses apoptotic death to levels of 44 and 58% of control values at doses of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. It also suppresses, to approximately equal levels, the number of profiles positive for the activated form of capase 9. CEP11004 markedly suppresses striatal dopaminergic fiber loss in these models, to only 22% of control levels. We conclude that c-jun phosphorylation is a general feature of apoptosis in living dopamine neurons and that the mixed lineage kinases play a functional role as up-stream mediators of cell death in these neurons.