非地转湿Q矢量在云南冬季强降水中的分析应用

应用非地转湿Q矢量理论对2003年1月5～6日云南冬季的一次强降水过程进行诊断分析，结果表明：500hPa青藏高原横切变、快速东移的南支槽、低层700hPa西南急流、地面强冷锋是此次云南冬季强降水的主要影响系统；非地转湿Q矢量流场的辐合中心(辐合线)与强降水区吻合；近地面800hPa锋生函数场正值区的变化较好地反映了锋面的强度，锋生函数正值区范围与降雪区域对应较好；700hPa非地转湿Q矢量散度场辐合区与云南冬季强降水的产生及强度正相关。     

低空急流在一次初春混合强对流天气过程中的作用

利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站资料、强天气监测资料以及NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,从影响系统、环境场条件以及低空急流对混合强对流天气的水汽、热力、动力影响的诊断分析入手,对2019年3月4—5日贵州大范围雷雨大风、冰雹、短时强降水和暴雨等混合强对流天气过程进行综合分析。结果表明:低空急流建立并呈爆发式增强,使中低层水汽输送和辐合加强,大气上干冷、下暖湿的特征更显著,中低空能量锋区加强,垂直风切变增大,动力辐合加强,同时"低层辐合、高层辐散"的抽吸结构长时间维持,为混合强对流天气的发生发展提供了重要条件。超前的500 hPa温度槽叠加在中低空强暖湿气流之上,触发锋前暖区强对流天气,强对流天气发生在低空急流发展增强至最强盛期间,主要分布在700 hPa和850 hPa温度脊区附近强暖湿不稳定区;4日夜间南支槽配合低空切变线和活跃的静止锋,共同触发锋后冷区强降水天气,强降水主要发生在低空急流和水汽辐合达到最强之后,强降水主要分布在低空急流左前侧、850 hPa切变线南侧及850 hPa和700 hPa饱和湿区重叠区内。     

2011年3月云南连续两次强倒春寒天气过程对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°6 h再分析资料,对2011年3月中、下旬云南两次强倒春寒天气过程(分别简称过程Ⅰ和过程Ⅱ)进行对比分析。结果表明,两次过程的影响系统不同,其造成的地面降温原因不同;垂直上升运动的厚度和强度不同,雨雪的强度和范围大小有明显差别。中低层水汽通量的增加和水汽辐合是云南大范围强降雪的必备条件,而降水对水汽通量和水汽辐合强度的要求低于降雪。过程Ⅰ水汽辐合发展高度高于过程Ⅱ,其无论降水还是降雪的强度和范围均超过过程Ⅱ。能量锋区附近不稳定能量水平梯度越大,能量积聚越多,其触发后强烈释放,带来的天气现象也越剧烈。倒春寒发生前,过程Ⅱ云南省的位势不稳定强于过程Ⅰ;倒春寒爆发后,过程Ⅱ的雷暴范围大于过程Ⅰ。低层露点锋抬升作用可触发中层强不稳定能量释放,等露点温度(Td)线分布区域对降雨(雪)及雷暴分布具有一定的指示意义。     

鄂西南山区一次罕见的秋季暴雨转暴雪天气成因分析

利用常规的地面观测资料、micaps卫星资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对2016年11月7到9日发生在湖北西南山区一次大范围暴雨转暴雪灾害天气的成因进行了分析。结果表明：此次极端雨雪灾害天气,是东移南下强冷空气与西南强暖湿气流共同作用的结果。低空急流的形成与维持,南支槽前正涡度的加强,以及中层正好处于冷暖气流交汇区,这种高层辐散、低层辐合的有利配置,是7到8日产生大范围大雨,局部暴雨的主要天气背景。8日夜间到9日的暴雪产生,除中层西南暖湿气流加强对降雪增幅的贡献外,还主要受东、西两路冷空气汇合加强共同影响;动力锋生产生的正、反两支锋面次级环流是造成降雪最直接的中尺度系统;此次雨雪持续期间,水汽充沛,并伴有强的水汽辐合上升运动,在强降雪影响期间,影响区上空存在NE-SW带状动力结构,这种锋面斜压性特征,加强了暖湿气流沿冷空气垫的爬升;针对秋季雨雪转换的温度层结特点,重点关注中层逆温和近地层气温变化。综合相关文献及本次研究结果,针对湖北地区降雪,850 hPa在0℃或以下,地面气温在2℃或以下,可作为雨转雪或雨夹雪的温度指标。中层逆温不是降雪必备条件,但对于产生强降雪需要适宜的中层逆温,本次降雪逆温出现在-1℃附近,该指标也可作为秋季降雪的参考指标。     

Q矢量在陕南大暴雨天气过程中的分析应用

应用非地转湿Q矢量理论对2007年7月5日的大暴雨过程进行诊断分析,结果表明;500hPa快速东移的小槽,低层700hPa关中横切变、西南急流,地面弱冷锋是此次强降水的主要影响系统;非地转湿Q矢量流场的辐合线南侧与强降水区吻合;近地面850hPa锋生函数场正值区的变化较好地反映了锋面的强度,锋生函数正值区范围与降水区域对应较好;850hPa非地转湿Q矢量散度场辐合区与强降水的产生及强度正相关。     

2020年内蒙古东南部一次特大暴雪伴冻雨灾害天气特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP逐6 h和逐日再分析资料、FY 2G卫星云图资料，从环流形势、水汽条件、动力条件及层结特征方面对2020年11月18—19日内蒙古自治区东南部罕见的特大暴雪伴冻雨过程进行分析。结果表明：①大气环流异常是造成此次灾害性天气的主要环流背景，500 hPa西风槽和南支槽、700 hPa西南低空急流及切变线、850 hPa以下东北急流、地面气旋是此次过程的主要影响系统，具有回流暴雪的天气特征；②低空偏南和偏东急流两支水汽输送路径及水汽强烈辐合为极端暴雪提供了充足的水汽，850 hPa和700 hPa比湿最大分别为5 g〖DK〗·kg-1 和4 g〖DK〗·kg-1；③低空偏南急流代表的暖空气与北方的冷空气剧烈交汇，暖湿空气在低层“冷垫”上爬升，加剧上升运动的发展，导致该区域降雪迅速加强；④非绝热加热项〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗3对锋面生消作用最小，水平运动项〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗1是锋生函数变化的主要贡献项，锋生函数〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗变化与降水强度变化一致，在〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗＞10的较强锋生区都出现暴雪，因此锋面的强迫抬升对暴雪的增幅作用不容忽视；⑤锋区的维持使得低层维持低温天气，锋上逆温，暖湿空气沿锋面抬升，900 hPa 以下“冷垫”与之上的“暖盖”长时间存在，导致暴雪发生并持续；⑥锋上逆温且逆温区存在融化层，这种垂直结构变化有利于降水相态转化，高层和低层为低于0 ℃的冷层，中间形成温度高于0 ℃的暖层，符合融化类冻雨的层结特征。     

贵州铜仁一次罕见暴雪过程分析

本文将利用常规探测资料、NCEP再分析资料和多普勒雷达资料,对2018年12月29～30日铜仁市暴雪过程的环流形势特征与成因进行分析,结果表明：此次暴雪过程发生在高空南支槽、多波动槽东移、700hPa西南暖湿急流输送及850hPa东北回流冷垫的环流背景下,表现出持续时间长、范围广、强度大、积雪深的特征;强降雪阶段对流层低层有来自孟湾的源源不断的水汽输送,湿层厚度增强,且有较强的水汽辐合;700hPa较强的垂直上升运动及对流层中低层较强的垂直风切变利于暴雪天气的发生;强降雪时刻暴雪区800hPa以上位于高层冷平流、低层暖平流的叠加区域,为不稳定大气;此次降雪具有对流性和持续性特征,雷达反射率回波云团具有列车效应。     

2000年以来云南4次强降雪过程的对比分析

通过对2000年以来云南出现的4次强降雪过程进行分类对比分析和诊断分析, 结果表明:横槽型和北脊南槽型是4次强降雪的主要中高纬环流形势, 3次有南支槽配合, 1次无南支槽活动, 其中2次横槽型造成的强降雪范围广、强度大; 4次强降雪过程云南西侧都有充沛的水汽输送, 水汽通量增大 (即水汽的增加) 是云南强降雪的必备条件, 强降雪出现在较强水汽通量辐合区中, 且落区在辐合中心的偏东一侧、θ_se线陡立区附近以及暖湿不稳定区域; 强降雪在多普勒雷达上显示为20~30 dBz左右的层状云回波, 对流层中下层的高空冷暖平流和高空西南急流是有南支槽影响的强降雪天气的主要大尺度特征, 而低层偏东急流是无南支槽影响的强降雪的主要特征, 因此高低空急流的形成是强降雪的关键。     

2020年初内蒙古一次暴雪天气过程的成因分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP（1°x1°）再分析资料，对2020年2月发生在内蒙古的一次地面回流与倒槽共同作用下的暴雪天气过程进行详细分析。结果表明：本次暴雪过程的主要影响系统是高空槽、700hPa切变线、高低空急流、地面冷高压、倒槽和冷锋。在高空下沉气流及1000~800hPa上东北急流的共同作用下，干冷气流形成“冷垫”，迫使暖湿空气沿冷垫抬升，同时不断的有干冷空气向中低层暖湿气流下方入侵，与中高层的西南急流形成深厚的锋生区和锋面次级环流，二者的正反馈作用为暴雪提供增幅作用。700hPa西南急流不断输送水汽，暴雪区位于比湿、水汽通量和水汽通量散度辐合的大值区。低层辐合高层辐散，配合显著的上升气流，有利于水汽积聚与输送和上升运动。强锋生落区与暴雪区域相对应，其中水平变形作用项对锋生的贡献最大，垂直运动项对锋生的贡献最小。湿位涡在强降雪落区内MPV1>0, MPV2<0，有利于本次暴雪过程的发生，高空下传的正MPV1会引起低层冷空气加强，冷暖空气对比度加大，有利于锋生，同时湿斜压性增强，诱发气旋式环流，进一步增强降雪。     

鲁南初冬一次罕见特大暴雪的成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP/NCAR逐6 h再分析资料,对2015年11月23—24日山东南部出现的一次罕见特大暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：1）这是一次典型的回流形势降雪,850 hPa东南风急流影响的鲁南地区降雪强度较大,而东北风急流影响的区域降雪强度较弱。2）700 hPa强西南低空急流、850 hPa东南低空急流为鲁南地区降雪提供了充沛的水汽,水汽通量的强辐合区域即为大暴雪的发生区域。3）暴雪区上空散度呈现出弱辐散—强辐合—强辐散的垂直结构;暴雪落区与高空的强辐合中心以及强上升运动中心吻合度较高。4）暴雪期间,850～925 hPa之间维持一个逆温层;强冷空气使得925 hPa以下边界层温度锐降导致降雨迅速转雪,降雪持续时间长是鲁南地区产生异常强降雪的重要原因。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on