凝固参数对DZ125合金叶片类铸件微观组织和性能的影响

应用高速凝固定向凝固方法研究凝固工艺参数(抽拉速度、模壳保温温度)对DZ125高温合金铸件组织及性能的影响。结果发现,升高模壳保温温度可大幅度提高温度梯度,并制备出晶粒挺直度更为优良的铸件。枝晶组织及γ′析出相在壁厚较大部位更为粗大,且均随着抽拉速率及模壳保温温度的提高得到细化。显微偏析随抽拉速率的增加先减轻后加重,随模壳保温温度的提高部分元素偏析加重,部分元素减轻;γ+γ'共晶含量随抽拉速率的增大和模壳保温温度的提高而减少。铸件经标准热处理后,枝晶组织模糊不清,γ'析出相由于凝固参数变化而引起的差异显著减轻,且共晶组织几乎全部消除。抽拉速率变化对热处理态铸件性能无显著影响,但温度梯度的提高改善了铸件晶粒的挺直度,减小了晶粒偏离轴向的角度,提高了铸件性能。     

型壳预热及浇注温度对某联体叶片铸造成形性的影响

通过对一种多联体导向叶片型壳保温包覆方式、型壳预热温度和浇注温度的调整,完成了某航空发动机用多联体导向器叶片的精密铸造工艺探索。研究结果表明,当仅包覆型壳外表面时,叶片出现冷隔、浇不足问题。当对横浇道及型壳外表面均包覆保温毡后,铸件的成形性较好,但叶身出现裂纹。通过调整型壳预热温度、浇注温度和降低冷却速度的方法使叶片的合格率稳定在80%左右。采用不同的保温包裹方式铸造的多联体叶片微观组织形貌相同,合金性能均能满足铸件标准要求。     

一种窄槽薄叶片交替出现熔模铸件的工艺设计

针对燃烧器喷头精密铸件的窄缝以及薄叶片交替出现、且难以成形的结构特点,制定了熔模铸造方案,在试错试验时蜡模成形使用整体陶瓷芯、分体蜡件组合成形工艺;型壳薄叶片处包裹针刺毯保温、高温焙烧型壳,高温倾斜浇注工艺。降低了工人技能水平的要求以及劳动强度,提高了铸件的生产效率和质量稳定性。     

精铸支架浇不足缺陷解决方案

针对某支架产品浇不足缺陷,分析了其产生的原因,发现缺陷部位最后充型,而又最先凝固。采用提高型壳温度和浇注温度,在铸件容易产生浇不足处的型壳外表面粘贴保温棉,减少型壳层次以增加型壳透气性,有效解决了该铸件浇不足的问题。     

钛合金框架铸件铸造变形和应力的数值模拟

基于ProCAST软件对框架型钛合金铸件铸造过程中的温度场、应力场及铸造变形进行了数值模拟。在应力计算初期将石墨型壳设为RIGID模型,后期设为VACANT模型。模拟结果显示铸件上部及内部框架处温度较低,下部浇道处温度较高;铸件两侧尖部有沿-Y方向的弯曲变形;内部框架结构的转角处会出现应力集中。实际尺寸测量结果与模拟结果吻合较好,验证了模拟的准确性。     

熔模铸件孤立热节热型壳局部水淬试验

对熔模铸件孤立热节热型壳进行了浇注前及浇注后局部水淬激冷试验。试验结果表明，浇注前热型壳局部水淬能有效提高铸件孤立热节处的凝固冷却速度，有效防止热节处产生缩孔（松），而浇注后铸件型壳组局部水淬虽也能有效防止孤立热节处产生缩孔（松），但由于水淬时产生大量水气的内侵而形成大量麻点、麻坑类铸造缺陷。     

型壳保温方式对一种等轴晶镍基铸造高温合金组织和力学性能的影响

通过设计型壳保温方式改变合金凝固冷却速率,分析了凝固冷却速率对一种等轴晶镍基铸造高温合金K4750显微组织和室温拉伸性能的影响。设计的四种型壳保温方式包括填砂、试棒不包保温毡、包单层保温毡和包双层保温毡,型壳试棒处的凝固冷却速率大小顺序为：试棒不包保温毡≥填砂＞＞包单层保温毡≥包双层保温毡。标准热处理后,型壳填砂的试棒室温抗拉强度最高(1115MPa),试棒不包保温毡次之(1095MPa),包单层保温毡与包双层保温毡最差(分别为950MPa和952.5MPa)。室温屈服强度、延伸率和断面收缩率变化规律与室温抗拉强度相同。采用OM、SEM以及EBSD等方法表征合金显微组织,发现型壳填砂、试棒不包保温毡、包单层保温毡和包双层保温毡的试棒晶粒均为等轴晶,平均晶粒尺寸分别为176μm、167μm、325μm、315μm。填砂和试棒不包保温毡合金凝固冷速较快,形成的细小等轴晶在应力条件下易于协调变形,凝固过程形成的MC型一次碳化物更细小且主要呈块状,有利于抑制变形时微孔洞、裂纹的扩展,显著提高了合金室温拉伸性能。相反,型壳包单层和双层保温毡的合金凝固冷速较慢,形成的大尺寸等轴晶不利于晶粒间的协调变形,析出的大尺寸长条状MC型一次碳化物促进孔洞、微裂纹的萌生与扩展,使合金室温强度和塑性均显著下降。     

Cu-Fe合金凝固过程的温度场数值模拟

基于有限体积法,利用MATLAB软件对非稳态热传导微分方程进行数值求解,模拟了圆柱形铜模铸造下Cu-30%Fe合金铸件内的温度场分布及冷却速度。结果表明:对于不同尺寸的圆柱形铸件,随着圆柱直径的增大,铸件内部的温度梯度增大,同时冷却速度和固相率增长变小。当铸件直径为10 mm时,铸件内最大(下边缘点处)的冷却速率达到103℃/s数量级,而当铸件直径大于10 mm时,铸件内最大冷却速度为102℃/s数量级,随着铸件温度的降低,其内部的热量不断释放,冷却速度也逐渐减小。     

定向凝固用陶瓷型壳高温力学性能研究现状

简述了高温合金定向凝固用陶瓷型壳的工况,重点介绍了在浆料中添加矿化剂和粒度小于10 μm超细氧化铝粉等提高型壳材料的化学反应活性以促进型壳中莫来石的形成,进而提高陶瓷型壳的高温强度和抗蠕变性能的措施.还有采用非连续纤维和连续纤维强化型壳,提高其强度和抗蠕变性能的方法.并通过提高型壳孔隙率和在面层形成阻挡层的方法提高型壳的抗热震性能.同时,指出了定向凝固用陶瓷型壳存在的一些问题,论述了其发展方向.     

介绍一种熔模铸造新模料

要使熔模铸件的尺寸精确,必须解决三个方面的问题,即:蜡模的变形;壳型强度和保温性能;合金的浇注温度和铸件的冷却速度。用中温模料作蜡模,停放时容易变形,夏天尤为严重,影响了熔模铸件的质量。沈阳黎     

不同铸型对钛合金微观组织及力学性能的影响

为了研究陶瓷和石墨铸型对ZTC4钛合金微观组织机理的影响,采用数值模拟与实验分析相结合的方法,研究了2种铸型的试样在凝固传热过程中的冷却速度、凝固速度、凝固时间对微观组织和力学性能影响。结果表明:与陶瓷型试样相比,石墨型的散热效果好、冷却速度快、凝固速度高,且石墨型的冷却速度提高了52.04%,使得微观组织为急冷生成的细小板条马氏体α,晶粒较小、取向较多、凝固厚度大,导致力学性能中的屈服强度、抗拉强度、硬度分别提高了6.7%、2.6%和4.2%,但伸长率和断面收缩率分别降低了11.62%和34.5%。同时同种铸型的不同位置对冷却速度快慢的影响依次为:中间底部顶部。     

铝微粉对刚玉-莫来石基质性能的影响

对刚玉-莫来石基质在1550～1700℃烧成4 h,研究其α-Al2O3添加量对刚玉-莫来石基质性能的影响规律.研究结果表明,刚玉-莫来石基质是通过液态SiO2和原料中SiO2与α-Al2O3反应生产的莫来石相进行致密,1650℃是基质的烧成温度转折点,超过此温度,莫来石相发生分解形成无定性SiO2,将影响基质的结构及性能.基质的体积密度和强度随烧成温度和α-Al2O3添加量的增加而增大,并高于刚玉-莫来石窑具材料.随着α-Al2O3添加量的增加,基质的主要断裂方式由穿晶断裂向沿晶断裂方式转变.基质的抗热震性能随烧成温度和α-Al2O3添加量的增加而降低,烧成温度和α-Al2O3添加量是基质抗热震性能主要影响因素.     

Effect of thermophysical property and coating thickness on microstructure and characteristics of a casting

A new improved investment casting technology(IC) has been presented and compared with the existing IC technology such as lost foam casting(LFC). The effect of thermophysical property and coating thickness on casting solidification temperature field, microstructure and hardness has been investigated. The results show that the solidification rate decreases inversely with the coating thickness when the coating contains silica sol, zircon powder, mullite powder and defoaming agent. In contrast, the solid cooling rate increases as the coating thickness increases. However, the solidification rate and solid cooling rate of the casting produced by the existing IC and the improved IC are very similar when the coating thickness is 5 mm, so the microstructure and hardness of a container corner fitting produced by the improved IC and the existing IC are similar. The linear regression equation for the grain size(d) and cooling rate(v) of the castings is d= –0.41v+206.1. The linear regression equation for the content of pearlite(w) and solid cooling rate(t) is w=1.79 t + 6.71. The new improved IC can greatly simplify the process and decrease the cost of production compared with the existing IC. Contrasting with LFC, container corner fittings produced by the new improved IC have fewer defects and better properties. It was also found that the desired microstructure and properties can be obtained by changing the thermophysical property and thickness of the coating.     

ZL114A铝合金铸件力学性能的计算机预测

为保证大型铝合金铸件的质量,本研究采用数值模拟方法对其力学性能进行了预测。试验中测定了对应于不同冷却速度的铸件各部位微观组织中的枝晶二次臂间距(DAS)和孔隙率(fv),通过数学回归推导得它们与力学性能关系的数学模型,从而在浇注前即可预测铸件的力学性能。铸件的计算机预测结果与实际浇注结果一致。     

Mullite shell mould for casting of advanced CG and SX components in nickel based superalloys

Abstract

Mullite base shell mould system is used for casting of superalloys in columnar and single crystal grains in temperature range of 1480–1550°C. The colloidal silica gel+mullite filler with and without fine alumina slurries was prepared followed by two shell moulds: one without alumina (shell system I) and the other with alumina (shell system II). Shell made with slurry system II resulted in increase in green strength by 10% and fired (950°C) strength by 125% respectively. Sag resistance capability was observed more for shell system II for tested temperatures from 1500 to 1650°C. Dimensional stability of low pressure turbine blade cast at 1550°C was also studied. No shell bulging effect was observed for both shell moulds. The importance of mullite filler material for shell mould to be used for investment casting and its capability to withstand high temperature without metal mould reaction have been highlighted.     

发动机用钛合金部件精密铸造工艺的研究

对发动机用钛合金部件精密铸造工艺进行了研究,主要研究了蜡模的制备;低反应活性氧化物陶瓷型壳的制备;Ti-Al-Zr合金组织与性能。结果显示氧化物陶瓷型壳的性能,Ti-Al-Zr合金的组织与性能都达到了预期要求。     

Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled Ductile Iron Castings

This article addresses the effect of cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties as determined by changing molding media and section size. The research was conducted for thin-walled iron castings with 2-5-mm wall thickness and for the reference casting with 13-mm wall thickness, using different molding materials (silica sand and insulating sand “LDASC”) to achieve various cooling rates. Thermal analysis was performed to determine the real cooling rate at the beginning of the graphite eutectic solidification. In general, it was found that the predictions based on theoretical analysis of the solidification process of ductile iron are in good agreement with the experimental outcomes. Finally, the present study provides insights into the effect of cooling rate on the graphite nodule count, the ferrite fraction and mechanical properties of thin-walled ductile iron castings. The study shows that the cooling rate of thin-walled castings varies in a wide range (80-15 °C/s) when changing the wall thickness from 2 to 5 mm, accompanied by significantly changing the mechanical properties of ductile iron. The cooling rate can be effectively reduced by applying an insulating sand to obtain the desired properties of thin-walled castings practically in the whole range of ductile iron grades in accordance with the ASTM Standard.     

大型铸钢件的热处理数值模拟与实验验证

对一重量为3323kg的大型车轮铸钢件的预备热处理过程进行了数值模拟分析。介绍了铸件的结构尺寸和铸件材料的热物性参数，以及数值模拟所需的初始条件和边界条件。模拟得到了热处理工艺的CCT曲线和铸件某些位置的冷却曲线，计算了铸件在整个热处理工艺中不同阶段的温度场、金相组织和力学性能的变化和分布状态。在铸件进行了实际热处理后测试了力学性能指标，实测结果与模拟结果基本吻合。实践证明，数值模拟技术是确定和优化热处理工艺参数的有效工具，能有效缩短工艺设计周期，降低生产成本，保证热处理质量，这对于单件小批量生产的大型热处理件具有更加实际的意义。     

Advanced Superalloy Airfoils

Significant progress has recently been made with regard to the elements that compose a modern gas turbine airfoil. These aspects include alloy, casting, coating, and internal cooling design. Current single-crystal super-alloy turbine airfoils represent a significant improvement in temperature capability over their predecessors, polycrystal and columnar crystal alloys. Single-crystal superalloy technology has combined the design of alloys for exclusive use in single-crystal form with advances in directional solidification to produce single-crystal castings with complex internal cooling passages. In addition, metallic and ceramic coatings have been developed to provide even greater temperature capability.     

钠磷变质ZL108合金圆柱体铸件中的晶粒尺寸

通过对钠，磷变质ＺＬ１０８合金圆柱体断面各测试点的取样，观测，对其显微组织晶粒尺寸及宏观缩孔，缩松的定量分析，并加以比较，认为磷变质的组织晶粒，缩孔和缩松对冷却速度要比钠变质的敏感得多。因此，在冷却速度大时（如金属型铸造或薄壁铸件）应采用磷变质；反之，对于冷却速度小的厚壁大件宜采用钠变质。