国际植物保护公约秘书处中国项目运作现状及建议

国际植物保护公约(IPPC)在保护植物资源免受有害生物侵害、促进贸易便利方面发挥着重要作用。中国政府资助国际植保公约秘书处正在实施"联合国粮农组织和中国南南合作框架下,提升国际植物保护公约发展中国家缔约方履行公约及其制定的国际植物检疫措施标准能力项目",对该项目的由来、进展和未来工作计划做了介绍,并针对项目后续实施和未来国际植物保护领域的合作规划提出建议。     

国际植保公约重点工作及国际植物检疫发展趋势

本文介绍了国际植物保护公约近年的重点工作,包括制定《国际植保公约战略框架(2020-2030)》,发布植检委建议,开展国际标准的制定,促进贸易便利化,建立电子证书交换系统,注重对电子商务的检疫管理,加强对海运集装箱管理,突发有害生物的紧急应对,规范授权第三方实体开展植物检疫,举办国际植物检疫健康年等,充分体现了公约对规划引领、标准制定、风险管理、贸易促进、能力建设、沟通宣传工作的高度重视,反映了国际植物检疫的发展趋势。     

我国植物保护国际合作的新起点

2005年10月20日,我国正式加入了经1997年修订的《国际植物保护公约》(IPPC,以下简称《公约》),成为《公约》第141个缔约方。《公约》是由联合国粮农组织(FAO)制订的关于防止有害生物随植物及其产品贸易扩散和传播的国际合作协定,也是世界贸易组织《实施卫生和植物卫生措施协定》(WTO-SPS协定)规定制定国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPMs)的机构。加入《公约》对提升我国植物保护工作水平,促进植物保护领域的国际合作将发挥重要作用。1《公约》在人类与有害生物的斗争中产生和完善外来植物有害生物的传播为害,使人们认识到植物检疫国际合作的…     

中国加入国际植物保护公约

本刊讯2005年10月20日,经国务院批准,我国驻联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)代表向FAO递交了关于加入经1997年修订的《国际植物保护公约》(以下简称《公约》)的加入书,成为公约第141个缔约方。《公约》在我国的官方联络点设在农业部。《公约》是由FAO制订的关于防止有害生物随植物及其产品贸易扩散和传播的国际合作协定,该《公约》是世界贸易组织《实施卫生和植物卫生措施协定》(SPS协定)规定行使制定国际植物检疫措施标准的机构。加入《公约》后,我国可作为缔约国参加《公约》框架下的国际合作与交流,共享其他缔约方提供的有害生物信息,参…     

国际植物保护公约运作现状及我国履约情况概述

基于我国"农业走出去"的战略需求和提高植物检疫国际事务履约能力的现实需要,简述了国际植物保护公约(IPPC)的职责和管理运作机制发展现状,重点介绍了核心附属机构标准委员会和常务机构IPPC秘书处的构成及运行现状,以及区域植物保护组织和国家植物保护组织在不同地区的组建、分布、履约现状。从缔约方数量、国际植物检疫措施标准制定和开展国际植物保护项目等方面,评述了IPPC成立65年来取得的发展与成就。我国在2005年加入IPPC后,建立起履约部级联络协调小组等管理机制,并通过参加会议、标准制定和区域合作等方式不断提升自身的履约能力,但也存在着机构分散、支持欠缺和人才匮乏等问题。针对履约能力不足之处,提出了完善国家履约组织机构、主导标准制修订和培养人才队伍等建议。     

示范推广IPM技术全面替代三氯杀螨醇之实践

《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》(POPs公约)是旨在保护人类健康和生态环境,防止持久性有机污染物(POPs)破坏环境的国际公约.公约于2004年11月11日正式对我国生效.2007年4月,国务院批准《中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约国家实施计划》(NIP).该计划明确了中国将在2009年之前努力停止一切可接受的用途之外的滴滴涕生产和使用.在中国,73％的滴滴涕用于三氯杀螨醇的生产.     

关于启用船舶入出境检查单证新格式的通知

经修正的《1965年便利国际海上运输公约》已于3月17日对我国生效。为了切实履行好公约,便利船舶、旅客入出境,我们根据公约规定的统一单证格式,结合我国的具体实际情况,提出我国口岸检查机关(即中华人民共和国港务监督、海关、边检、卫检、动植检)对船舶、船员、旅客实施入出境检查所需的单证和填报要求。我国船舶航行至使用公约单证的缔约国国家港口时,也须使用公约单证进行申报。船舶代理部门或船公司向我国检查机关报送单证时,     

FAO修改国际植物保护公约

ＦＡＯ修改国际植物保护公约１９９７年１１月,联合国粮农组织（ＦＡＯ）第２９届会议通过了关于修改国际植物保护公约（ＩＰＰＣ）的决议。修改后的公约包括序言、２２条正文和一个附件,包括公约的宗旨和职责、术语定义、公约与其他国际协约的关系、缔约方国家植物保护...     

国际压载水管理及对策研究

随着《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理公约》的生效,各国围绕压载水管理的办法也陆续出台。本文对压载水公约及各国管理状况进行了介绍,对国际压载水管理特点进行分析,并结合我国口岸压载水管理现状分析,提出相关建议,为我国海关部门积极应对压载水管理提供参考。     

国际植保公约履约研讨会在海口市召开

2011年12月17～18日,全国农技中心在海南省海口市组织召开了国际植保公约履约研讨会。会议介绍了《国际植保公约》(IPPC)相关情况及我国加入IPPC以来履约情况,重点研讨了有害生物监测准     

Scientific issues arising from the use of the International Plant Protection Convention definition of a quarantine pest

This paper examines some of the issues arising from the use of the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest. Using hypothetical case studies of pathogens and their hosts, the authors examine some of the potentially contentious issues that are likely to arise from the application of the definition. Proposals for resolving these issues are suggested. To further simplify the application of the IPPC definition in international plant quarantine, the authors present diagrams setting out the decision-making pathways that can be followed.     

Invasive alien plants in plant health: a review of the past ten years

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides the background for National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) to regulate and control invasive alien species that are harmful to plants. This subject was specifically discussed for the first time 10 years ago at IPPC level, and further explored by an IPPC open‐ended working group. The resulting concept was considered at EU level, and the EU Council supported the suitability of the plant health framework for these species, requesting the EU Commission to further analyse the needs for regulatory work in the EU plant health regime. Subsequently the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) started a new working programme. The international conference ‘Invasive alien species and the IPPC’ set a signal for IPPC contracting parties to encourage their NPPOs to enforce actions on invasive alien species. IPPC standards on pest risk analysis (PRA) were adapted so as to include invasive alien species harmful to plants, and a memorandum of cooperation was adopted between the Secretariats of the IPPC and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). At present, the EU Commission, DG Environment is developing a European strategy on invasive alien species. The EU Plant Health Regulatory System is currently subjected to a major evaluation process in which a clearer inclusion of invasive alien species into the system is one of the strategic discussions.     

Procedures for the settlement of disputes concerning phytosanitary measures

The situation regarding the resolution of phytosanitary disputes has changed considerably with the introduction of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on SPS Measures and the approval of the 1997 revised IPPC by the 29th FAO Conference. In understanding the issues involved in dispute settlement, it is helpful to consider: a general outline of dispute resolution procedures; the problems inherent in the mechanics of dispute settlement and the technicalities of phytosanitary measures in resolving phytosanitary disputes; the current means of resolving phytosanitary disputes, including the use of consultation and a committee of experts, as described in the 1997 revised IPPC, and the dispute settlement body of the WTO; the ways of dealing with the problems, including consideration of the level and nature of the dispute, the international character of such disputes, the nature of the decision (recommendatory or binding), the organization of the resolution system and the systems available. It is suggested that the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures could take a role in this area, with a committee on dispute resolution that considered dispute resolution procedures, to aid parties in dealing with the difficulties involved in the resolution of phytosanitary disputes.     

PM 7/95 (2): Xiphinema americanum sensu lato

Specific scope

This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Xiphinema americanum sensu lato 1 . This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/76 Use of EPPO diagnostic protocols. Terms used are those in the EPPO Pictorial Glossary of Morphological Terms in Nematology 2 .

Specific approval and amendment

Approved in 2009‐09. Revised in 2017‐01. This revision was prepared on the basis of the IPPC Diagnostic Protocol adopted in 2016 (Annex 11 to ISPM 27, IPPC, 2016). This EPPO Diagnostic Standard differs in terms of format but it is consistent with the content of the IPPC Standard. However, since the adoption of the IPPC Protocol 5 new species have been added into the group and are included in this version of the EPPO Protocol.     

PM 7/87 (2) Ditylenchus destructor and Ditylenchus dipsaci

Specific scope

This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Ditylenchus destructor and Ditylenchus dipsaci. 1 This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/76 Use of EPPO diagnostic protocols. Terms used are those in the EPPO Pictorial Glossary of Morphological Terms in Nematology. 2

Specific approval and amendment

Approved in 2008‐09. This revision was prepared on the basis of the IPPC Diagnostic Protocol adopted in 2015 on D. dipsaci and D. destructor (Annex 8 to ISPM 27 Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests). The EPPO Diagnostic Protocol is consistent with the text of the IPPC Standard for morphological identification for this species. For comparison with other species the IPPC table includes Ditylenchus africanus whereas the EPPO table includes Ditylenchus convallariae due to the different distribution of the species. The molecular tests for which there is experience in the EPPO region are described in full in the appendices (some of these are additional tests to those in the IPPC protocol). Reference is given to the IPPC protocol for tests for which there is little experience in the EPPO region. DNA barcoding is also included. Revision approved in 2017‐04.     

A methodology for preparing a list of recommended regulated non‐quarantine pests (RNQPs)

The concept of ‘regulated non‐quarantine pest’ (RNQP) was introduced in the revised text of the FAO International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) approved in 1997. Measures against quarantine pests (exclusion, eradication, containment) aim to prevent unacceptable economic, environmental and social impacts resulting from the introduction and/or spread of these pests. On the contrary, the concept of RNQPs is intended to prevent an unacceptable economic impact on the intended use of plants for planting by pests that are already present in the area. RNQPs have been introduced in the new EU plant health regulation, in line with available international standards. This regulation entered into force in December 2016 and will be implemented in the following 3 years. In this context, EPPO agreed to undertake a 2‐year project on RNQPs: the EU Quality Pest Project. The objective of this project was to develop a methodology and then to apply this methodology to a list of about 1400 pest–host combinations to identify which should be recommended as RNQPs. This methodology is presented in this paper, as well as the main issues discussed during its development.     

PM 7/39 (2) Aphelenchoides besseyi

Specific scope

This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Aphelenchoides besseyi. This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/76 Use of EPPO diagnostic protocols. Terms used are those in the EPPO Pictorial Glossary of Morphological Terms in Nematology a .

Specific approval and amendment

Approved in 2003‐09. Revised in 2017‐04. This revision was prepared on the basis of the IPPC Diagnostic Protocol adopted in 2016 on Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides fragariae and Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Annex 17 to ISPM 27; IPPC, 2016 ). The EPPO Diagnostic Protocol only covers A. besseyi. It differs in terms of format but it is consistent with the content of the IPPC Standard for morphological identification for this species. With regard to molecular methods, one real‐time PCR test available in the region is included as well as DNA barcoding.     

基于GIS的内蒙古土地资源生产潜力与未来人口承载力

本文采用改进的农业生态区位法,利用GIS技术,以1km×1km栅格为基本单元,计算了内蒙古自治区栅格与县域尺度的土地资源生产潜力;在此基础上,以旗县为单元,定量评价了内蒙古的土地资源承载力,结果表明:温度与水分是内蒙古粮食生产的主要限制性因子;内蒙古县域土地资源生产潜力均值为4.37 t/hm2.a,大兴安岭—阴山—贺兰山一线以东、以南地区生产潜力较高,以西、以北潜力较低。整体而言,内蒙古基于粮食安全的人口发展仍有较大空间,旗县差异显著。     

干旱区水资源开发及合理利用的几个问题

在我国实施西部大开发战略中,西北干旱区必须合理开发利用水资源才能确保经济发展和生态安全,因此,必须重视和解决好以下几个问题：（１）提高水资源的利用效益;（２）适度开发利用地下水;（３）在有条件地区建设山区水利枢纽;（４）确保生态用水;（５０防治水质盐休和污染;（６）从长远考虑还需进行跨流域调水。     

International and regional standards for diagnosis of regulated pests*

For the last 8 years, EPPO has run a European Panel on diagnostics, which has developed regional standards on diagnostic protocols. Nearly 60 such standards have now been approved, and are in active use in EPPO countries. In 2004, the Interim Commission for Phytosanitary Measures (ICPM) of FAO, in reviewing global needs for International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), recognized that there is a strong interest in developing diagnostic protocols for all IPPC contracting parties. Such protocols would support the harmonization of detection and identification procedures worldwide, contribute to greater transparency and comparability in the diagnostics of regulated pests, and assist in the resolution of disputes between trading partners. In addition, such protocols would constitute a very good material for technical assistance. In 2004, the ICPM adopted a mechanism for more rapid development of ISPMs in specific areas, suitable particularly for diagnostic protocols. A Technical Panel to develop protocols for specific pests was also established and met for the first time in September 2004. A format for international diagnostic protocols was prepared, together with a list of priority pests.