Immunohistochemical localisation of extracellular matrix proteins in the periodontium during cementogenesis in the rat molar

OBJECTIVE: The development of the periodontium involves the coordinated expression of numerous extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules and their receptors (integrins). The aim of this study was to determine the expression of selected hard and soft tissue matrix molecules and the integrin alpha5beta1 in the periodontal tissues, during cementogenesis in the rat molar. METHODS: Using immunohistochemical methods, the distribution of the extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin, tenascin, and bone sialoprotein (BSP), as well as the integrin subunits alpha5 and beta1 were studied in rats aged 3, 5 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: Fibronectin was widely distributed in the gingival epithelium, gingival connective tissue and in the periodontal ligament. Tenascin expression was less marked compared with fibronectin, but was more distinctly associated with cells and peri-cellular areas of the epithelial-connective tissue interface, the gingiva and within the periodontal ligament. The fibronectin-receptor alpha5beta1 integrins were expressed by epithelial cells, periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts. A notable finding was the increased staining intensity of fibronectin, tenascin and alpha5beta1 integrin in all 5-week old molar sections in the periodontal ligament matrix and cells, apical to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) along the alveolar crest (AC) ridge height. Bone sialoprotein was distinctly associated with the hard tissues of the periodontium as acellular cementum and alveolar bone matrix expressed bone sialoprotein throughout all sections, in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the selective distribution of several hard and soft tissue matrix molecules during periodontogenesis. The results highlight the complex nature of interactions of various proteins and molecules during development. The interactions between these molecules and their specific roles in development and regeneration await further investigation.     

Immunohistochemical localization of fibromodulin in the periodontium during cementogenesis and root formation in the rat molar

BACKGROUND: Cementum is essential for periodontal regeneration, as it provides anchorage between the root surface and the periodontal ligament. A variety of macromolecules present in the extracellular matrix of the periodontium, including proteoglycans, are likely to play a regulatory role in cementogenesis. Recently, the small leucine-rich proteoglycan, fibromodulin, has been isolated from bovine periodontal ligament and localized in bovine cementum, as well as in human periodontal ligament. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of fibromodulin during cementogenesis and root formation. METHODS: A standard indirect immunoperoxidase technique was employed, using an antifibromodulin polyclonal antibody on sections of molar teeth from rats aged 3, 5 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity to fibromodulin was evident in the periodontal ligament in all sections. An intense positive stain was observed in the extracellular matrix where the periodontal ligament fibers insert into the alveolar bone and where the Sharpey's fibers insert into the cementum. There was no staining evident in the mineralized cellular and acellular cementum. The intensity of immunoreactivity to the antifibromodulin antibody increased proportionally with increasing tissue maturation. CONCLUSION: The results from this study suggest that fibromodulin is a significant component of the extracellular matrix in the periodontal ligament during development, and may play a regulatory role in the mineralization process or maintaining homeostasis at the hard-soft tissue interface during cementogenesis.     

Immunohistochemical assessment of extracellular matrix components in syndrome and non-syndrome odontogenic keratocysts

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the immunohistochemical distribution of fibronectin, tenascin, laminin and collagen IV in syndrome (SOKC) and non-syndrome odontogenic keratocysts (NSOKC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten cases of SOKC and five of NSOKC were selected and streptoavidin-biotin technique was applied. The specimens were analyzed taking into account the following evaluation parameters: presence, continuity and thickness in the basement membrane and intensity, distribution and association with inflammatory cells in the cyst wall. RESULTS: Differences could be detected regarding tenascin, fibronectin and collagen IV between the SOKC and NSOKC. Tenascin was present in all cases along the basement membrane in SOKC and in five cases of NSOKC predominated negative areas. Furthermore, tenascin distribution was focal in the cyst wall in SOKC whereas in NSOKC it was diffuse. Concerning fibronectin, it was detected as a discontinuous band when present in SOCK and as a continuous band in NSOKC. Collagen IV was not present in the majority of the cases in SOKC. Negative areas for laminin predominated in the basement membrane in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show differences between the immunohistochemical expression of tenascin, fibronectin and collagen IV which might indicate a more aggressive biological behavior of SOKC as compared with NSOKC.     

正畸治疗中牙根发育对牙根吸收影响的临床研究

目的探讨正畸治疗对正畸治疗前不同的牙根发育状况与正畸治疗中出现的牙根吸收的影响。方法120例经固定矫治青少年,检测其前磨牙、尖牙区的744颗牙齿正畸治疗前牙根发育状况及正畸治疗后牙根的等级。按正畸治疗前牙根是否发育完成分为发育完成组和发育未完成组两组。分析正畸治疗后牙根吸收情况。结果正畸治疗前牙根发育未完成的牙齿在正畸治疗中牙齿继续发育完成,牙根根管形态发育正常,无牙根吸收情况。正畸治疗前牙根发育完成的牙齿在正畸治疗后牙根出现不同比例的牙根吸收情况。两组之间有显著的组间差异(P<0.01)。结论 正畸治疗前牙根是否发育完成对正畸治疗中牙根是否出现吸收有显著的影响。     

A study of the relationship between incisor intrusion and root shortening

Apical root shortening is one of the most common complications of orthodontic treatment. Force magnitude has been suggested as an important factor. Studies on the occurrence of root resorption show equivocal results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between intrusion with low forces (25 gm) using utility arches in the bioprogressive technique and root shortening. Age, sex, facial type, treatment time, extraction versus nonextraction therapy, width of the symphysis, and the angle of the incisors to skeletal reference planes also were studied for their relationship to intrusion and root shortening. Root shortening was found to average 1.84 mm for maxillary incisors and 0.61 mm for mandibular incisors subjected to intrusive force. Intrusion of incisors in a population exhibiting growth was found to be one of "holding against growth" and in the upper arch to a change in angulation of the maxillary incisors. Furthermore, when extraction was a part of the orthodontic treatment, it was related to intrusion of maxillary incisors but not to intrusion of mandibular incisors. No relationship was found between the amount of root shortening and degree of intrusion achieved. However, a long treatment time was significantly correlated to root shortening. None of the other characteristics studied were related to either intrusion or root shortening. In the present study, it was found that intrusion with the utility arch type of technique is not related to amount of root shortening. The degree of root shortening was markedly higher in the maxilla than the mandible. In general, treatment time was the most significant factor for occurrence of root shortening.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Changes in the molar relationship between the deciduous and permanent dentitions: a longitudinal study

The purpose of this study was to describe the changes in the molar relationship from the deciduous dentition to the permanent dentition in 121 subjects from the Iowa Longitudinal Growth Study. In addition, an attempt was made to determine the association between the various dentofacial variables and the changes in the molar relationship in 55 persons (33 male and 22 female subjects) with normal occlusion. All subjects were evaluated at three stages of dental development: stage I, completion of the deciduous dentition (means age = 4.94 years); stage II, when permanent first molars initially erupt into occlusion (means age = 6.91 years); and stage III, at the completion of eruption of the permanent dentition excluding third molars (means age = 13.01 years). The following sets of variables were evaluated: molar relationship, mesiodistal crown diameters of single and groups of deciduous and permanent teeth, dental arch widths, arch lengths, and various cephalometric dentofacial variables. Correlation coefficients and regression analyses were used to assess the relationships between these measurements and the changes in the molar relationship from the deciduous to the permanent dentition. The findings indicate that of the 242 sides evaluated in the deciduous dentition, 61.6% developed into a Class I molar relationship, 34.3% into Class II, and 4.1% into Class III. Those sides that started with a distal step in the deciduous dentition proceeded to develop into a Class II molar relationship in the permanent dentition. Of the sides with a flush terminal plane relationship in the deciduous dentition, 56% progressed to a Class I molar relationship and 44% to Class II in the permanent dentition. The presence of a mesial step in the deciduous dentition indicates a greater probability for a Class I molar relationship and a lesser probability for a Class II molar relationship. In the 55 subjects who achieved normal occlusion, the magnitude of change in the molar relationship was 1.91 mm in male subjects and 1.64 mm in female subjects. On the average, these cases had a mesial step in the deciduous dentition of 0.8 mm in male subjects and 1.0 mm in female subjects. There was a favorable difference between the maxillary and mandibular leeway spaces of 1.3 mm in male subjects and 1.1 mm in female subjects. There was also a favorable decrease in the Wits appraisal of 1.2 mm in male subjects and 0.6 mm in female subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

第三磨牙牙胚与矢状面型关系的初步研究

目的探讨第三磨牙牙胚与上下颌骨矢状关系间的联系.方法选近四年我科收治的正畸患者234例,年龄在14-18岁之间.通过测量ANB角,将样本分属于三类矢状骨面型,通过全景曲面断层片判定第三磨牙牙胚的缺失情况.对不同骨面型的第三磨牙牙胚缺失情况进行统计学(x2检验)分析.结果在全部患者中,第三磨牙牙胚缺失率以人数计为29.5%、以牙胚数计为14.9%.无论上颌还是下颌,第三磨牙牙胚缺失率与左右侧无关.骨型Ⅰ、Ⅱ类间的差别无统计学意义.结论错(牙合)患者中,约有30%者存在一个或数个第三磨牙的缺失;矢状骨面型与第三磨牙牙胚缺失可能存在某种关系,Ⅲ类骨面型上颌第三磨牙牙胚缺失要高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类.     

A reappraisal of sudan black staining of enamel matrix in the mouse molar.

Sudanophilia of enamel matrix differs fundamentally from that of other mineralising tissues in being virtually absent from the immature matrix which is undergoing mineralization, only appearing later during the maturation process. This time-sequence is difficult to reconcile with the suggestion that sudanophilia reflects a process concerned with primary mineralization. The purpose of the study was to re-examine the nature of the Sudan black B staining mechanism of enamel matrix using further lipid extraction procedures and staining with ordinary and chemically modified dyes. Further lipid extraction procedures prior to staining caused immature enamel matrix, previously unstained, to develop an affinity for the dye, although the staining reaction in other mineralization sites in the same tissue section was abolished after this treatment. It is concluded that sudanophilia of maturing enamel matrix is probably due to association of the dye with hydrophobic matrix proteins and not with lipids. Bound lipids, however, do appear to be present in immature matrix, but in a masked form completely unavailable for staining. These masked lipids may be implicated in the primary crystal nucleation process.     

细胞外基质磷酸糖蛋白在小鼠牙齿发育过程中的表达

目的:观察细胞外基质磷酸糖蛋白(MEPE)在小鼠牙齿发育过程中牙胚和牙周组织中的表达变化,初步探讨MEPE在小鼠牙齿发育过程中可能发生的作用.方法:免疫组织化学染色法观察MEPE在小鼠牙齿发育过程中牙胚和牙周组织的表达变化.结果:牙胚发育早期,MEPE在成釉细胞、成牙本质细胞和牙髓组织中均有表达.随着牙胚的发育,MEPE在上述细胞中的表达逐步减弱,在牙周膜中逐渐表达.在前期牙本质中表达.牙胚发育完成后,MEPE在牙周膜,特别是成熟牙槽骨骨陷窝中的骨细胞中呈现高表达.结论:细胞外基质磷酸糖蛋白可能在牙齿硬组织形成、牙周膜的形成和稳定等方面发挥重要作用.     

Hepatocyte growth factor stimulates root growth during the development of mouse molar teeth

Sakuraba H, Fujiwara N, Sasaki‐Oikawa A, Sakano M, Tabata Y, Otsu K, Ishizeki K, Harada H. Hepatocyte growth factor stimulates root growth during the development of mouse molar teeth. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 81–88. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: It is well known that tooth root formation is initiated by the development of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS). However, relatively little is known about the regulatory mechanisms involved in root development. As hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is one of the mediators of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions in rodent tooth, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of HGF on the root development of mouse molars. Material and Methods: The HERS of mouse molars and HERS01a, a cell line originated from HERS, were used in this study. For detection of HGF receptors in vivo and in vitro, we used immunochemical procedures. Root development was assessed by implanting molar tooth germs along with HGF‐soaked beads into kidney capsules, by counting cell numbers in HERS01a cell cultures and by performing a 5′‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay in an organ‐culture system. Results: HGF receptors were expressed in the enamel epithelium of molar germs as well as in HERS cells. HGF stimulated root development in the transplanted tooth germs, the proliferation of HERS01a cells in culture and HERS elongation in the organ‐culture system. Examination using BrdU revealed that cell proliferation in HERS was increased by treatment with HGF, especially that in the outer layer of HERS. This effect was down‐regulated when antibody against HGF receptor was present in the culture medium. Conclusion: Our results raise the possibility that HGF signaling controls root formation via the development of HERS. This study is the first to show that HGF is one of the stimulators of root development.     

第三磨牙牙根形态与牙冠形态方位关系的探讨

目的探讨成人第三磨牙牙根形态与牙冠形态和方位之间的关系.方法收集18～35岁患者拔除的第三磨牙687个,按正常形态和不良形态牙冠分组,观察分析两组在不同萌出方位时的牙根形态变化.结果①在任何方位,正常牙冠组的牙根分叉机率均显著高于牙冠发育不良组(P＜0.001).②在相同方位,正常牙冠组的牙根弯曲机率与牙冠发育不良组无明显差别;在不同方位上,第三磨牙牙根弯曲情况明显不同,其中垂直位69.01%和远中位84.61%的根尖向远中弯曲,近中位63.05%和水平位69.17%向近中弯曲.结论成人第三磨牙牙根形态变化与牙冠形态和方位之间有明显关系.了解其规律性,对临床拔除第三磨牙有一定指导意义.     

根管治疗与根折的关系

根折是根管治疗后常见并发症。很多研究已经显示过度的根管预备,充填时对根管壁产生的应力以及治疗过程中用到的药物、试剂都会直接或间接引起牙根纵折。为了更合理地选择治疗方案,减少医源性的因素导致的根折,本文就根管治疗过程中可能增加根折易感性的因素作一综述。     

颞下颌关节紊乱病与下颌第一磨牙龋因素的流行病学研究

目的:探讨下颌第一磨牙龋损状况和颞下颌关节紊乱病(TMD)的关系和作用机制,为预防因下颌第一磨牙龋损而导致的TMD提供流行病学依据.方法:以西安市驻军某部入伍新兵为研究对象,采用下颌第一磨牙龋损、TMD临床诊断标准和安氏分类等方法,对896名17～20岁入伍新兵进行流行病学研究,分析下颌第一磨牙龋损状况和TMD发病之间的关系.结果:受测人群中下颌第一磨牙龋患率为55.3%.正常(牙合)TMD阳性率为8.6%,异常(牙合)TMD阳性率为37.1%,二者有显著性差异(P＜0.05);龋损组正常(牙合)和异常(牙合)受测者TMD阳性率明显增高(龋损组TMD阳性率分别为10.6%和49.5%,P＜0.05),正常(牙合)和异常(牙合)中下颌第一磨牙龋损波及功能面的受测者TMD阳性率远远高于未波及功能面受测者.结论:下颌第一磨牙龋损是引起异常(牙合)和TMD的重要原因之一,龋损波及功能面者更易导致TMD.     

恒牙牙根发育过程中牙髓中bFGF与细胞外基质相关关系的研究

目的 :在探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (bFGF)与Ⅲ型胶原 (Ⅲ col)、纤维粘连蛋白 (FN)在牙髓发育成熟中的作用。方法 :采用SP免疫组化法和图像分析技术对牙根发育不同阶段的牙髓组织中bFGF、Ⅲ col、FN进行定性、定量检测。结果 :bFGF随着牙根发育完成在牙髓中的阳性表达呈逐渐减弱 ;Ⅲ col和FN以线网状形式分布于整个牙髓中 ,牙根刚开始发育时染色最强 ,根尖闭合时染色最弱。且随着牙根的发育 ,牙髓中bFGF与Ⅲ col、FN间存在正相关性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :在牙根发育过程中 ,牙髓中bFGF与细胞外基质之间存在着某种调节控制关系     

A study of the extracellular matrix in salivary gland tumors

BACKGROUND: Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions constitute fundamental phenomena in the development and maintenance of the characteristic branching pattern seen in salivary glands. This study was undertaken to discuss the extracellular matrix (ECM) role in morphogenesis and cellular differentiation of salivary gland tumors originating from the intercalated duct. METHODS: The ECM components, laminin (LN), type IV collagen, fibronectin (FN), and tenascin (TN) were revealed using a streptoavidin-biotin immunohistochemical technique and analyzed in 34 cases of salivary gland tumors: pleomorphic adenoma (PA); myoepithelioma; basal cell adenoma (BCA); polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA); and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). RESULTS: LN and type IV collagen were present in all tumors, confining well-organized duct-like structures, separating them from the stroma, or surrounding cell clusters. In PA and myoepithelioma, the basement membrane (BM) fragmentation was observed through LN and type IV collagen staining around each individual spindle-shaped cell, which was strictly related to the cell modification. Interestingly, BM interruption could not be seen in the malign tumors, however, was frequently augmented in some cases. LN, type IV collagen, and FN were also found in the stroma of all tumors studied, except for the pseudocystic spaces of ACC, which were only delimited by replicated LN and type IV collagen. TN exhibited a variable expression, being more intense in solid ACC. CONCLUSIONS: LN and type IV collagen were always present around morphologically well-differentiated duct-like structures in all tumors studied. BM interruption could not be seen in the malign tumors, on the contrary BM production was evident, which is probably related to invasion. FN was present in the stroma of all tumors, but TN was mostly observed in less differentiated and higher degree of malignancy tumors, such as solid ACC.