Parapharyngeal tumours: a review of 23 cases

The anatomy of the parapharyngeal space is described and experience with 23 patients with parapharyngeal tumours seen over a 10-year period is reported. Despite reaching a large size, these tumours may be relatively asymptomatic, or be discovered incidently. CT scan, MRI, arteriography and fine needle aspiration are useful in establishing a diagnosis. The most common histological type (13/23 patients) was pleomorphic adenoma and these tumours were managed by transoral removal if small, or a combined transoral-external approach if large. No patient required a mandibulotomy for access and no benign tumour recurred. The outcome was poor in the 5 patients with malignant tumours and a more radical approach, midline mandibulotomy, should be considered if malignancy is suspected.     

Tumores primarios del espacio parafaríngeo. Nuestra experiencia en 51 pacientes

Introduction and objectivesTumours of the parapharyngeal space are rare, representing only 0.5 % of head and neck oncology. The aim of this study is to present our experience with the diagnosis and therapies for these tumours.Patients and methodThis study is a retrospective review of 51 patients diagnosed as having tumours of the parapharyngeal space and treated surgically between 1984 and 2006. Tumours originating in the deep lobe of parotid gland were excluded.ResultsSeventy percent of the parapharyngeal space neoplasms were benign and thirty percent malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common neoplasm (37 %), followed by miscellaneous benign tumours (34 %), paraganglioma (21 %), and neurogenic tumours (8 %). Surgery was chosen in all case, with the transcervical approach used in 32 cases, the cervical-transparotid approach in 13 cases, the transmandibular approach in 4 cases (with mandibulectomy in 1 patient), the transoral approach in 1 case, and the infratemporal fossa approach in 1 case. The most common complications were those deriving from damage to nerve structures.ConclusionsMost parapharyngeal space tumours can be removed surgically with a low rate of complications and recurrence. The transcervical approach is the most frequently used.     

内镜下低温等离子射频消融切除高位咽旁隙肿瘤的临床疗效分析

目的探讨内镜下低温等离子射频消融切除高位咽旁隙肿瘤手术的安全性和疗效。方法收集上海长征医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2013年5月~2016年5月诊断为咽旁隙肿瘤的患者13例，根据肿瘤部位选择不同的手术径路，全麻后，沿术前设计切口切开组织，暴露肿瘤，在内镜辅助下低温等离子射频消融切除肿瘤，其中经颈侧径路7例，经口径路6例。术中出血前者约40 ml后者约80 ml，恶性肿瘤患者术后接受了60 Gy剂量放疗。结果13例患者肿瘤均完全切除，术后病理结果示良性肿瘤12例（多形性腺瘤8例、神经鞘膜瘤2例、脉管瘤1例、脑膜瘤1例），恶性肿瘤1例（黏液表皮样癌1例）。13例患者随访2年以上，均无复发。结论内镜辅助下低温等离子射频消融切除高位咽旁隙肿瘤，能清晰暴露深部不可直视的肿瘤，达到完全切除的效果，手术局部切口小，术中出血量少，并发症少，进一步证实了这种方法的可行性和安全性。     

咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断和治疗

咽旁隙肿瘤由于解剖部位深在和毗邻关系复杂,手术切除是对耳鼻咽喉──头颈外科医生的一大挑战。文章报告我们1978年1月～1998年1月收治的67例咽旁隙肿瘤的诊治情况。67例咽旁隙肿瘤中,男38例,女29例,年龄5～82岁。本组病人均行手术治疗,手术采用经颈颌切开和经口咽软腭切开摘除肿瘤。结果表明良性肿瘤占70．15％（47／67）,恶性肿瘤占29．85％（20／67）,良性肿瘤最常见是混合瘤,其次是神经源性肿瘤（19．4％）;恶性肿瘤以淋巴结转移癌为最多（9／67,13．4％）。文章结合我们的经验,讨论了咽旁隙的解剖、肿瘤的病理分类、咽旁隙肿瘤的手术方法和有关注意事项。     

原发性咽旁隙肿瘤的临床及病理分析

目的 研究原发性咽旁隙肿瘤的临床特征、诊疗方法、手术并发症及预后.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院1994年1月～2005年12月收治的135例原发性咽旁隙肿瘤病例.结果 本组病例共包括24个病种,以神经源性最为多见(72.6%),其次为涎腺来源的肿瘤(15.6%),其他类型少见(11.8%),其中良性121例(89.6%),恶性肿瘤14例(10.4%).135例患者中,132例进行了手术治疗,其中最常用的手术入路是颈侧切开.11例手术的良性肿瘤患者中,4例术后局部复发.至随访期末,14例恶性肿瘤患者中5例(35.7%)死亡,5例患者带瘤生存(35.7%),4例患者无瘤生存(28.6%).结论 咽旁隙肿瘤较少见且多为良性,手术切除是主要的治疗方法.咽旁隙的良性肿瘤手术效果良好,恶性肿瘤预后较差.     

Ceruminous gland tumours: a reappraisal.

Ceruminous glands should no longer be regarded as purely apocrine glands, but as apoeccrine glands with both apocrine and eccrine modes of secretion. We present two cases of pleomorphic adenoma of ceruminous glands, among the rarest of such tumours. The use of such terms as 'ceruminoma' and 'hidradenoma' should finally be abandoned, and 'ceruminous gland tumour' used instead as a generic term. Classification should be based on Wetli's prototype (adenoma, pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma), with the addition of benign eccrine cylindroma and syringocystadenoma papilliferum; the inclusion of mucoepidermoid carcinoma should await full validation. Wide local excision is necessary for all tumours, with only follow-up for histologically benign neoplasms. Malignant tumours need early aggressive surgery and radiotherapy. If marginal invasion cannot be assessed histologically, then adenoma and adenocarcinoma cannot be distinguished and we suggest that the tumour be reported as 'of uncertain malignant potential'. Long-term studies are needed to confirm or refute the view that all ceruminous gland tumours are potentially malignant.     

Transoral excision of lateral parapharyngeal space tumors presenting intraorally

Six patients with parapharyngeal space tumors presenting intraorally over the past 16 years were managed by transoral excision. All had benign tumors of salivary gland origin (1 monomorphic and 5 pleomorphic adenomas) and 3 of 6 patients were asymptomatic. There were no surgical complications and blood loss was minor in all cases. One patient, who had refused treatment for more than 40 years, presented with dyspnea and dysphagia, and required a tracheotomy for safe induction of anesthesia. Only one patient was hospitalized for more than 3 days and only one tumor recurred--as a malignant pleomorphic adenoma 3 years later.     

Recurrence tendency and malignant transformation of pleomorphic adenomas

Young patients and those with the stroma-rich variant of pleomorphic adenoma have an increased risk of local recurrence. Review of 98 patients with recurrent pleomorphic adenoma showed that the primary operation is nevertheless decisive for the further progress of the disease: incomplete tumour excision and enucleation of pleomorphic adenomas were responsible for tumour recurrence which may be multiple. Recurrence in turn favours the development of carcinoma within pleomorphic adenomas. Of 23 carcinomas, 20 developed within recurrent tumours. These 20 tumours comprised 16.9% of all recurrences observed. A mean time of 16 years relapsed after the primary operation before a carcinoma developed in the recurrence. Slow and protracted tumour growth were characteristic of those carcinomas that could be also demonstrated in the original tumour (0.9% of the group of non-recurrent tumours) with a mean time of 7 years before operation. Immediate tumour removal is therefore the best prophylaxis against carcinoma. In 19 patients we showed that local recurrence due to dissemination can be avoided by appropriate measures, even after intra-operative opening of the tumour capsule.     

Safety and efficacy of transcervical resection of parapharyngeal space neoplasms.

There are several surgical approaches for resection of parapharyngeal space (PPS) neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate local disease control, facial nerve injury, and need for mandibulotomy associated with resection of PPS neoplasms via the transcervical approach with submandibular gland excision. A retrospective chart review of 33 patients who underwent resection of a PPS neoplasm between October 1991 and July 2000 was performed. Of the 33 patients, 3 patients developed local recurrence after a median follow-up of 24 months. None of the patients experienced facial nerve paresis or paralysis. Three patients (9.1%) required a mandibulotomy for further exposure. This study demonstrated that the transcervical approach with submandibular gland excision for resection of PPS neoplasms provides excellent local disease control with minimal risk of facial nerve injury or need for mandibulotomy and/or tracheotomy.     

Transoral robotic resection of selected parapharyngeal space tumors

Currently, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) with the daVinci robot is mainly used for squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and supraglottic larynx. The safety, efficacy, and functional outcomes regarding this approach have previously been described. In addition to transoral resection of squamous cell carcinoma, we have found use for this technique in removing selected tumors of the parapharyngeal space. Three patients with benign or malignant tumors of the parapharyngeal space who underwent successful transoral resection using the daVinci robot were included in the study. In all three cases, complete tumor excision was achieved without any complication. None required conversion to an open procedure. Mean TORS operative time and intraoperative blood loss were 16.3 min and 4.7 mL, respectively. Inadequate oral exposure, involvement of the internal carotid artery, limited cervical spine mobility and large tumor size are the main limitations of this approach. Result indicates that magnified view, 3D visualization with the combination of the transoral robotic experience, allow en bloc resection of selected parapharyngeal space tumors located medial to the carotid sheath.     

Parapharyngeal space tumors: Fifty-one cases managed in a single tertiary care center

Conclusions: Pre-operative planning for parapharyngeal tumors must include meticulous analysis. Factors such as tumor size, distance to cranial base, and relation to neurovascular structures must guide the selection of a surgical approach. Objective: To summarize experience in diagnosis and surgical management of parapharyngeal tumors, analyzing the frequencies of various tumoral types, clinical presentation, choice of surgical approach and outcomes. This study also compares the results with the most relevant case series in the literature. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of the records of 51 patients treated by the team, from 1984–2012. Only primary tumors were included, excluding invasion from adjacent spaces and metastatic disease. All patients underwent imaging studies and surgical resection of the neoplasm. Cytological analysis and arteriography were used on an individualized basis. Surgical excision was performed via different approaches, predominantly through a cervicoparotid route. Results: Benign neoplasms were predominant (80%), and the most frequent tumor was pleomorphic adenoma. FNAC had a 100% accuracy to differentiate benign vs malignant tumors. The most common post-operative sequel was compromise of a cranial nerve, and three patients presented local complications after surgery. After follow-up, only three of 41 patients with benign tumors had recurring disease.     

A case of malignant parapharyngeal schwannoma in a 29-year old woman

The schwannoma malignum of parapharyngeal space is a very uncommon tumor. The case of the malignant neurilemmoma located in parapharyngeal space in 29-year-old female, is presented in the paper. The tumor was removed through the cervical-parotid approach. The post-surgery, follow-up examinations and CT check-up did not reveal any traces of recurrence.     

Parapharyngeal space tumors. Presentation of three cases and literature review

Tumors originating in the parapharyngeal space are rare. Eighty percent of the parapharyngeal space neoplasms are benign, and 20% are malignant. The most frequent tumours of this localization are those of salivary origin followed by neurogenic tumor and in third place the paragangliomas. This paper presents three representative cases of parapharyngeal space neoplasms. The literature is reviewed.     

原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤67例回顾性分析

目的分析原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤的临床特点及手术径路选择,探讨不同手术径路的优缺点及预后。方法回顾性分析67例咽旁间隙肿瘤患者资料,所有患者术前均行CT和(或)MRI检查,三种手术路径分别为颈侧径路45例、口内径路20例、颈-腮径路2例。术后病理学检查明确诊断,对所有手术患者进行术后定期随访,随访时间8~110个月,中位随访时间45个月。结果67例中良性肿瘤共59例(88.1%),恶性肿瘤8例(11.9%);24例(35.8%)患者出现术后并发症,其中颈侧径路20例(29.9%),口内径路3例(4.5%),颈-腮径路1例(1.5%),其中7例(10.4%)随访后好转。复发患者7例(10.4%),颈侧径路4例(6.0%),口内径路3例(4.5%)。结论咽旁间隙解剖毗邻复杂,病理类型繁多,肿瘤以良性为主,治疗以手术切除为主。术前根据影像学检查结果,肿瘤大小及解剖关系决定手术径路。颈侧径路仍是咽旁间隙肿瘤切除的首选方法,但在肿瘤最大直径<6 cm并位于动脉内侧的良性肿瘤患者中,可考虑口内径路。     

Histology of submandibular gland tumours, 10 years' experience

Introduction and objectivesThere are few reports focused on neoplasms in the submandibular gland because they are uncommon and are frequently grouped with the other salivary glands tumours. In the classical studies, the proportion of malignancy reported in these cases is around 50%.ObjectivesDetermining the proportion of malignancy, the most frequent histological types, the gender distribution and average age at diagnosis in patients with submandibular gland neoplasms who were treated in our hospital from 2000 year to 2010.MethodsA retrospective review of our department database of the patients who underwent surgery for submandibular gland neoplasm in a ten-year period was performed.ResultsTwenty-two patient records were included, in which 19 (86%) patients presented benign disease and 3 were of a malignant type (adenocarcinoma, well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, follicular lymphoma). Two of the 3 cases of malignant neoplasms were in men.ConclusionsA greater proportion of benign neoplasm was found in submandibular tumours. The most frequent benign tumour is the pleomorphic adenoma. Women are more commonly affected (76%). Benign tumours appear in younger patients than do malignant ones.     

咽旁间隙肿瘤

目的讨论临床罕见的咽旁间隙肿瘤。方法总结１９８６年～１９９７年７月收治的５９例患者的回顾性资料。结果原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤中，以神经源性肿瘤居多，约占６０％。高分辨ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ对临床诊断及手术径路的选择有重要作用。颈侧切开广泛应用于７５％的良性病变；应用下颌骨正中裂开切除２例局限于隙上部的良性肿瘤和１例侵及颅底的颈动脉体瘤；应用侧颅底入路切除１例起源于颈静脉孔生长至咽旁间隙的神经鞘瘤。结论认为经口径路仅用于较小的肿瘤切除；经颈腮腺径路主要用于侵入咽旁间隙的腮腺深叶肿瘤的切除；经颈下颌骨正中裂开径路是切除咽旁间隙特殊肿瘤安全有效的入路。     

经口内镜翼下颌皱襞内侧入路咽旁间隙良性肿瘤切除术

目的:探讨经口内镜翼下颌皱襞内侧入路切除咽旁间隙良性肿瘤的手术方法,并评估其临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月至2020年7月,于青岛大学附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科接受经口内镜翼下颌皱襞内侧入路咽旁间隙良性肿瘤切除术的23例患者的临床资料,其中男14例,女9例,中位年龄43岁。肿瘤位于茎突前间隙者13例,位于茎突后...     

咽旁间隙肿瘤

讨论临床罕见的咽旁间隙肿瘤。方法 总结１９８６年－１９９７年７月收治的５９例患者的回顾性资料。结果 原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤中，以神经源性肿瘤居多，约占６％高分辨ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ对临床诊断及手术径路的选择有重要作用。颈侧切开广泛应用于７５％的良性病变；应用下颌骨正中裂开切除２例局限于隙上部的良性肿瘤和１例侵及颅底的动脉体瘤；     

Adenoma pleomorphum of the parapharyngeal space -- a report of a case

Tumors of the parapharyngeal space are relatively rare lesions and accounts for 0,5% of all head and neck neoplasms. Nearly 95% of tumors are primary neoplasms originating of anatomical structures containing the space. Aproximately 80% of these tumors are benign lesions. The most often diagnosed is pleomorphic adenoma. The patients with a diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma of parapharyngeal space are treated either in Laryngological or in Maxillo-Facial Surgery Departments. The authors present a case of the patient treated because of pleomorphic adenoma of parapharyngeal space in the Cranial and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Department of Medical University of Lód?. The dimensions of the lesion were enormous. The size of the tumor required a wide surgical approach to the parapharyngeal space in order to reach its complete and safe removal. It was the reason why a skin incision divided the lower lip in the midline and the mandible was cut through the right angle. An operative procedure performed via transmandibular approach gave the possibility of much better view of this relatively inaccessible area. The mandible cut during the operation was fixed by the titanium miniplate method. The postoperative follow-up of 6 months was performed and there was no evidence of recurrence on examination and CT scans. It is presented diagnostic process and treatment of the patient.     

内镜辅助下咽旁隙肿瘤切除术的临床应用

目的探讨内镜辅助下咽旁隙肿瘤切除术的临床应用的价值。方法收集2016年2月~2018年2月于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科行内镜辅助下咽旁隙肿瘤切除术患者16 例，其中颈外径路12 例，经口径路2 例，联合径路2 例，分析并总结将内镜应用于咽旁隙肿瘤切除术的方法及优势。结果16 例患者均完整切除肿瘤，其中恶性肿瘤4 例，良性肿瘤12 例。所有患者均无永久性并发症。所有原发性咽旁隙良恶性肿瘤患者术后随访12~34个月均无复发。 结论内镜辅助下咽旁隙肿瘤切除术可以完整切除咽旁隙肿瘤而无需截断下颌骨，具有手术创伤小，并发症发生率低的优点，值得研究及推广应用。