甲醇低压喷射射流特性试验

在定容弹上利用高速摄影进行不同背压下3种喷油器的甲醇低压喷射射流特性试验。测量3种喷油器不同背压下单次喷射的甲醇质量。使用Matlab软件对数字图像进行后处理,测取射流贯穿距离和射流锥角。结果表明,甲醇射流的贯穿距离、射流锥角和单次喷射的甲醇质量随背压的增加而减小。当背压增加到0.15 MPa以上时,射流贯穿距离快速减小。在喷射初期,射流的锥角较大,随着射流的发展,锥角以波动形式向减小方向变化,最后趋于3.8°。3种喷油器的质量流量随背压的变化符合伯努利方程的变化趋势。2孔和4孔喷油器的质量流量比伯努利方程的理论计算数值大。当背压达到与喷射压力相同的0.3 MPa时,3种喷油器喷射的甲醇质量随喷射时间的增加趋于定值。     

对二甲醚的喷雾特性研究

对柴油及二甲醚(DME)喷雾贯穿距离以及雾化特性进行了计算、分析和比较,研究了喷射背压、喷射压力和喷孔直径的变化对二甲醚喷雾特性的影响.可知:在相同的缸内背压下,随着喷射压力增加,喷雾贯穿距离增大;喷射背压提高,喷雾贯穿距离减小;喷雾贯穿距离随喷孔直径的增大而增大;其雾化迅速,在相同的贯穿距离下,二甲醚的浓度分布要比柴油的小,沿着轴向浓度降低的速率也快.这说明二甲醚的喷雾贯穿距离以及雾化性能均优于柴油.     

基于双电极荷电雾化的乙醇锥-射流特性

为合理设计微型荷电喷雾燃烧器,开展液体乙醇雾化试验研究。基于毛细管电极-环形电极-网格双电极燃烧器,得到稳定的锥-射流雾化工作模式。采用光学可视化方法获得雾化形态,测量锥角及电压,并与单毛细管电极的雾化结果进行了对比,讨论环形电极对锥-射流雾化模式的影响。理论分析荷电雾化锥-射流模式产生的液锥面受力情况,在液锥垂直面上基于受力平衡建立力学模型,并根据双曲线模型,求解液锥的半锥角。研究表明:在电压达到一定值时,流体会形成具有固定锥角的锥-射流,该临界锥角远小于Taylor半锥角49.3°,更加接近理论计算值34.72°。在相同雾化模式下,双电极形成的锥-射流锥角小于单电极形成的锥角。采用双电极雾化装置,选择合适电压的环形电极,可以显著降低毛细管电压,促进稳定的锥-射流雾化的形成。     

不同温度气体喷射特性的PIV试验研究

研究气体的喷射特性,用于指导发动机燃油供给系统的设计和燃烧室有效组织燃烧。基于粒子图像测速技术(PIV),对不同温度、不同压差下气体喷射的特性进行了对比研究。通过试验分析和图像处理等手段对射流流场及涡结构、气体射流边界扩展、喷嘴轴向流速衰减规律、断面流速分布等进行了总结。试验表明:射流边界呈线性扩展,可用锥角大小来表征其特性,锥角随压差的减小而增大,且增幅明显,温度对其也有一定影响。喷嘴射流的轴向速度与射流距离成反比,而速度的影响面积随射流距离的增大而增大,温度的增大使得相同压差下的轴向速度相应增大,断面流速的分布存在很大的相似性。     

基于FLUENT的压电式无针注射器喷嘴射流分析

为研究压电式无针注射器的喷嘴结构对其射流形态、平均喷射速度和平均湍流强度的影响,首先,基于粘性不可压缩流体纳维-斯托克斯方程,利用计算流体动力学软件Fluent的Realizable k-ε湍流模型和流场体积函数多相流模型,对四种结构的喷嘴高压自由射流进行数值模拟,结果显示,锥柱形结构的喷嘴能得到可控性较好的对称射流;其次,利用正交试验法对锥柱形结构喷嘴的锥形收缩角和中部圆柱长度进行设计仿真分析,以得到上述结构参数及其交互作用对喷嘴的平均喷射速度和平均湍流强度的影响;最后,利用SPSS软件对仿真结果进行分析。结果表明,中部圆柱长度对喷嘴的平均喷射速度和平均湍流强度具有显著影响,锥形收缩角对前者无显著影响,而对后者具有显著影响,中部圆柱长度和锥形收缩角的交互作用对前者和后者均无显著影响。综合考虑,当锥形收缩角为30°、中部圆柱长度为0.2mm时,锥柱形喷嘴可得到最佳射流特性,此时出口平均速度可达6.56m/s,湍流强度均值为1.04%。该研究可为压电式无针注射器的喷嘴设计提供参考。     

关键结构参数对高压除鳞喷嘴性能影响的研究

高压除鳞喷嘴广泛地应用在热轧除鳞工艺中,喷嘴结构参数的变化会对射流性能产生影响。通过数值模拟和实验测试相结合,研究了锥孔深度变化对外部射流的影响。研究表明:锥孔深度增加,射流水喷射角增加、射流速度沿轴向方向衰减变慢,射流距离增加。在相同射流距离下,锥孔深度的增加可以使打击力的大小增大、有效的射流宽度增大。     

高压水除鳞喷嘴结构参数对喷嘴射流性能的影响

为了进一步研究高压水除鳞喷嘴的射流性能,优化喷嘴的结构参数,选取出口扩张角、锥孔深度、入口收缩角作为参考因素,以喷射角和射流流量作为评价指标,对喷嘴各参考因素对射流性能的影响进行了仿真分析。结合正交试验的方法,对喷嘴各结构参数及其交互作用对其性能影响的显著性及重要性次序进行分析,获得最优的参数组合并对其进行了实验验证。结果表明：出口扩张角的增大会使喷射角减小但会使射流流量增加,锥孔深度的增加可以较为全面地提升喷嘴的射流性能,收缩角的增大会使得喷嘴的射流性能减弱,喷嘴的除鳞效果变差;3个参考因素中锥孔深度是对射流性能影响最大的因素;当出口扩张角为80°、锥孔深度为8 mm、入口收缩角为65°时喷嘴的射流性能最优。通过将参数优化后的喷嘴的实验结果与原始喷嘴的实验结果对比发现,优化后喷嘴的喷射角由原始值35.7°提升至44.1°,射流流量的大小由原始值10.17 L/min提升至28.3 L/min。     

共轨系统多次喷射油量波动与轨压的关系

高压共轨系统进行多次喷射时,前一次喷射引起的高压油管内燃油压力波动会导致后一次喷射的喷油量出现偏差。在两个不同的第1次喷射脉宽下,研究轨压对两次喷射中第2次喷射油量波动幅度的影响。结果表明,轨压对第2次喷射油量波动幅度的影响因第1次喷射脉宽的不同而呈现出不同的规律。分别在两个喷射脉宽下研究轨压对单次喷射引起的压力波动幅度的影响。结果显示,小脉宽下,轨压对单次喷射引起的压力波动幅度的影响规律与轨压对第2次喷射油量波动幅度的影响规律相同,但大脉宽下的影响规律稍有不同。讨论轨压对油量波动幅度的影响机理,提出喷油时间波动系数,该系数说明轨压对第2次喷射喷油量波动的影响机理,得到轨压对喷油量波动幅度的影响规律。     

自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴的空化特性研究

基于自激振荡脉冲喷嘴结构及其射流空化特性,建立了射流雾化过程中的液滴高密度区域和低密度区域破碎模型,分析了空化特性对自激振荡射流液滴破碎的影响,得到了影响自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化特性的主要因素。研究结果表明:自激振荡脉冲射流呈周期性变化的空化特性使喷嘴出口形成超空化,出口处射流低密度区域形成一次雾化,而高密度区域则以液滴二次雾化形式破碎,增强喷嘴空化强度有利于射流雾化;自激振荡脉冲射流系统频率、喷嘴出口锥角以及射流进口压力都影响喷嘴的空化效果。     

自激振荡脉冲射流雾化的机理分析

建立了自激振荡雾化喷嘴的物理模型以及数学模型,通过Fluent软件对自激振荡腔室内部流场进行模拟,分析了自激振荡射流扰动波频率与喷嘴固有频率之间的关系、振荡腔室脉冲发生原因,以及射流脉冲特性其对雾化的影响,解释了自激振荡脉冲射流的雾化机理,说明了自激振荡喷嘴能明显提高射流的雾化效果。数值模拟了不同腔长配比和不同出流扩张锥角.结果表明,在其它条件一定的情况下最佳腔长配比值为腔长与上喷嘴直径之比为2.4,最佳出流扩张锥角为(60~65)°。     

Comparison of experimental and predicted atomization characteristics of high-pressure diesel spray under various fuel and ambient temperature

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the fuel temperature and the ambient gas temperature on the overall spray characteristics. Also, based on the experimental results, a numerical study is performed at more detailed and critical conditions in a high pressure diesel spray using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (AVL, FIRE ver. 2008). Spray tip penetration and spray cone angle are experimentally measured from spray images obtained using a spray visualization system composed of a high speed camera and fuel supply system. To calculate and predict the high pressure diesel spray behavior and atomization characteristics, a hybrid breakup model combining KH (Kelvin-Helmholtz) and RT (Rayleigh-Taylor) breakup theories is used. It was found that an increase in fuel temperature induces a decrease in spray tip penetration due to a reduction in the spray momentum. The increase of the ambient gas temperature causes the increase of the spray tip penetration, and the reduction of the spray cone angle. In calculation, when the ambient gas temperature increases above the boiling point, the overall SMD shows the increasing trend. Above the boiling temperature, the diesel droplets rapidly evaporate immediately after the injection from calculation results. From results and discussions, the KH-RT hybrid breakup model well describes the effects of the fuel temperature and ambient gas temperature on the overall spray characteristics, although there is a partial difference between the experimental and the calculation results of the spray tip penetration by the secondary breakup model.     

An investigation on the spray characteristics of DME with variation of ambient pressure using the common rail fuel injection system

We investigated the DME spray characteristics about varied ambient pressure and fuel injection pressure using the common rail fuel injection system when the nozzle holes diameter is varied. The common rail fuel injection system and fuel cooling system were used since DME has compressibility and vaporization at atmospheric temperature. The fuel injection quantity and spray characteristics were measured. The spray was analyzed for spray shape, penetration length, and spray angle at the six nozzle holes. There are two types of injectors: 0.166 mm diameter and 0.250 mm diameter. The ambient pressure, which was based on gage pressure, was 0, 2.5, and 5 MPa. The fuel injection pressure was varied by 5 MPa from 35 to 70 MPa. By comparing with the common injector, using the converted injector it was shown that the DME injection quantity was increased 127% but it didn??t have the same low heating value. Both the common and converted injectors had symmetric spray shapes. In case of converted injector, there were asymmetrical spray shapes until 1.2 ms, but after 1.2 ms the spray shapes were symmetric. Also, the converted injector had shorter penetration length and wider spray angle than the common injector.     

The effect of injection pressure and fuel viscosity on the spray characteristics of biodiesel blends injected into an atmospheric chamber

An experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of injection pressure and fuel type on the spray tip penetration length and the angle of spray injected into atmospheric chamber. The objective of the present study is to formulate empirical correlations of the spray tip penetration and the spray angle for non-evaporative condition. The experiment was performed by a common rail type high-pressure injector for the diesel engine at the injection pressure 40??100 MPa and four different fuels (D100, BD25, BD45, and BD65). The results showed that the biodiesel content increased the spray tip penetration and decreased the spray angle. The correlation of spray tip penetration is expressed for each region before and after spray break-up time in terms of injection pressure, fuel viscosity and time after start of injection. The correlation is also obtained for spray angle equation terms of injection pressure and fuel viscosity.     

The effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions on the transient fuel spray behavior

Effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions such as opening pressure, ambient pressure, and injection pressure on the transient fuel spray behavior have been examined by experiments. In order to clarify the effect of internal flow inside nozzle on the external spray, flow details inside model nozzle and real nozzle were also investigated both experimentally and numerically. For the effect of injection pressures, droplet sizes and velocities were obtained at maximum line pressure of 21 MPa and 105 MPa. Droplet sizes produced from the round inlet nozzle were larger than those from the sharp inlet nozzle and the spray angle of the round inlet nozzle was narrower than that from the sharp inlet nozzle. With the increase of opening pressure, spray tip penetration and spray angle were increased at both lower ambient pressure and higher ambient pressure. The velocity and size profiles maintained similarity despite of the substantial change in injection pressure, however, the increased injection pressure produced a higher percentage of droplet that are likely to breakup.     

Effect of the injection parameters on diesel spray characteristics

The characteristics of the diesel spray have affected certain aspects of engine performance, such as the power, fuel consumption, and emissions. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the effects of various injection parameters. In order to obtain the effect of injection parameters on diesel spray characteristics, the experiment is performed by using a high temperature and pressure chamber. The behaviors of the spray are visualized by using a high speed video camera, spray angle, penetration, and various other things.     

An experimental study on spray and combustion characteristics based on fuel temperature of direct injection bio-ethanol-gasoline blending fuel

This study investigated the spray and combustion characteristics of a direct injection spark ignition type system based on the changes in the temperature of the blended fuel (with bio-ethanol and gasoline). The test was performed in a chamber with a constant volume. The diameter and width of the chamber were 86 mm and 39 mm, respectively. The bio-ethanol test fuel was blended at volume ratios of 0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 100 %. The temperature of the fuel was set as −7, 25 and 35 °C. The fuel injection pressure and ambient pressure were set as 4.5 and 0.5 MPa, respectively. The shape and characteristics of the spray were investigated through a spray experiment. The increase in the fuel temperature changed its density and viscosity; this in turn increased spray penetration and spray area and increased the bio-ethanol blending ratio. The combustion visualization and experimental analysis indicated that the decrease in the fuel temperature and the increase in the bio-ethanol blending ratio led to the high viscosity and low heating value. This resulted in an increase in the ignition delay and a decrease in the rate of heat release. It is necessary to adjust the spray strategy and ignition timing to adopt bio-ethanol blended fuel as an alternative fuel.

     

防爆柴油机油腔喷射特性试验研究

防爆柴油机在高瓦斯、低通风效率的工作环境下具有较强的适应能力，是工业生产中重要的内燃机设备。根据喷油动量方程建立油腔喷射模型，引入喷油效率参数，通过试验方法得出不同喷嘴孔与进油口间距下的捕捉率。试验中设定油压范围0.25~0.45 MPa，喷油温度范围60~90 ℃，采用单因素试验法得出临界孔口间距随温度、压力的变化规律。试验结果表明，随着喷油压力或喷油温度的增大，油喷扩散角增大，临界孔口间距减小，油束发散性更为显著，为防爆柴油机的结构优化设计提供了重要依据。     

Determination of diesel sprays characteristics in real engine in-cylinder air density and pressure conditions

The present paper centers on the establishment of a quantified relationship between the macroscopic visual parameters of a Diesel spray and its most influential factors. The factors considered are the ambient gas density, as an external condition relative to the injection system, and nozzle hole diameter and injection pressure as internal ones. The main purpose of this work is to validate and extend the different correlations available in the literature to the present state of the Diesel engine, i.e. high injection pressure, small nozzle holes, severe cavitating conditions, etc. Five mono-orifice, axi-symmetrical nozzles with different diameters have been studied in two different test rigs from which one can reproduce solely the real engine in-cylinder air density, and the other, both the density and the pressure. A parametric study was carried out and it enabled the spray tip penetration to be expressed as a function of nozzle hole diameter, injection pressure and environment gas density. The temporal synchronization of the penetration and injection rate data revealed a possible explanation for the discontinuity observed as well by other authors in the spray’s penetration law. The experimental results obtained from both test rigs have shown good agreement with the theoretical analysis. There have been observed small but consistent differences between the two test rigs regarding the spray penetration and cone angle, and thus an analysis of the possible causes for these differences has also been included.     

On the dependence of spray momentum flux in spray penetration: Momentum flux packets penetration model

Momentum flux is a very important parameter for predicting the mixing potential of injection processes. Important factors such as spray penetration, spray cone angle, and air entrainment depend largely on spray momentum. In this article, a model is obtained which is able to predict the spray tip penetration using as an input the spray momentum flux signal. The model is based on the division of the momentum flux signal into momentum packets (fuel parcels) sequentially injected, and the tracking of them along the spray. These packets follow a theoretical equation which relates the penetration with the ambient density, momentum, spray cone angle and time. In order to validate the method, measures of momentum flux (impingement force) and macroscopic spray visualization in high density conditions have been performed on several mono-orifice nozzles. High agreement has been obtained between spray penetration prediction from momentum flux measurements and real spray penetration from macroscopic visualization.     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of spray characteristics of diesel and biodiesel blend on common-rail injection system

An experimental study was performed on spray characteristics of spray diesel (D100) and biodiesel blend (BD65) injected into an atmospheric chamber. A qualitative analysis of spray images was conducted through exploiting the image processing with common image processing software. The results showed that the posterization of the images offered more detailed qualitative information on the spray compared to the more commonly-used threshold method. The posterized images showed the existence of layers in the spray with its transition at different grey levels. At lower injection, the spray tip penetration of BD65 was slightly lower than D100, whereas at high injection pressure, spray tip penetration of BD65 was higher than D100. Although BD65 had lower maximum velocity, the higher density of biodiesel may have resulted in greater momentum that enabled BD65 to have longer spray tip penetration at higher injection pressure. At higher injection pressure, the spray angle of BD65 tended to be less than that of D100.