低结晶度NiMn2O4/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及其超级电容性能

采用溶剂热法制备了NiMn₂O₄/还原氧化石墨烯(NiMn₂O₄/r GO)复合材料,并对表面形貌、微观结构和电化学性能进行了表征和测试。结果表明:低结晶度的NiMn₂O₄以丝绒状均匀地沉积在rGO纳米片上,几乎没有rGO裸露在外,NiMn₂O₄纳米颗粒间的聚集现象消失;同时NiMn₂O₄的覆盖也有效地阻止了石墨烯层之间的团聚。由于其独特的结构,NiMn₂O₄/r GO具有较大的比表面积和良好的导电性。在1 A·g^–1时的比电容是1 675 F·g^–1。在5 A·g^–1时,经过2 000个充放电循环后,NiMn₂O₄/r GO的比电容保持率为91%。     

花状与颗粒状NiMn2O4纳米材料的制备及其超级电容性能

分别以尿素和氨水为沉淀剂，采用热溶剂法制备了多孔的花状NiMn₂O₄和颗粒状NiMn₂O₄纳米电极材料，采用 X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜和N₂ 吸附-脱附等手段对NiMn₂O₄材料的物相、形貌结构和孔径分布进行了表征，并通过循环伏安、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗等方法测试了所制备材料的电化学性能。研究了沉淀剂对NiMn₂O₄材料形貌、微观结构及电化学性能的影响。结果表明：以尿素为沉淀剂的NiMn₂O₄是由纳米片组成的花状结构，纳米片厚度为50～60nm，比表面积为104m²/g。在 1A/g 电流密度下比电容为1614F/g，在5A/g电流密度下，尿素为沉淀剂的花状NiMn₂O₄材料经1000次恒电流充放电后其比电容可达初始值的89%。以氨水为沉淀剂的多孔NiMn₂O₄为直径约30nm的纳米颗粒结构，颗粒间团聚严重，比表面积为91m²/g。在1A/g电流密度下比电容为1147F/g，在5A/g电流密度下，氨水为沉淀剂的颗粒状NiMn₂O₄材料经1000次恒电流充放电后其比电容可达初始值的80%。尿素为沉淀剂的花状NiMn₂O₄具有优越的超级电容性能。     

NiMn2O4/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及其超级电容性能

采用水热法制备了NiMn₂O₄/还原氧化石墨烯（NiMn₂O₄/rGO）复合电极材料,研究了石墨烯对NiMn₂O₄/rGO材料形貌、微观结构及电化学性能的影响。结果表明：NiMn₂O₄纳米片沉积在石墨烯片的表面,聚集现象消失。与纯NiMn₂O₄相比,NiMn₂O₄/rGO具有高的比表面积和优良的电化学性能。在1A/g时具有1375F/g的比电容,而纯NiMn₂O₄的比电容为924F/g。5000次充放电后,NiMn₂O₄/rGO在5A/g时的比电容保留率为90%,而NiMn₂O₄的比电容保留率为78%。NiMn₂O₄/rGO表现出良好的电容性能,作为超级电容器电极材料具有广泛的应用前景。     

富氧空位Co3O4纳米线的制备及其电解水性能研究

在室温下利用NaBH₄溶液还原Co₃O₄纳米线获得富含氧空位（V_O）的三维自支撑纳米线阵列用作全水解电催化剂，其中NaBH₄处理10 min的Co₃O₄/NF在碱性介质中对析氧反应（OER）和析氢反应（HER）表现出很高的活性，在10 mA·cm^-2电流密度下分别仅需240和132 mV的过电位。V_O-Co₃O₄/NF同时作为阴极和阳极电催化剂时，在10 mA·cm^-2下电解水槽电压仅为1.63 V，其耐久性可达60 h以上。该工作为富含氧空位结构的过渡金属氧化物双功能电催化剂的制备提供了新的方法和思路。     

Co2P4O12/NF纳米线阵列的制备与电解水性能研究

以CoCl₂·6H₂O为原料,通过溶剂热法和磷化工艺在泡沫镍表面构建Co₂P₄O₁₂阵列,Co₂P₄O₁₂纳米线直径约200 nm。采用SEM、TEM和XRD进行形貌和晶体学特性表征,并利用三电极体系在碱性环境下测量电化学性能。在析氢过程中,只需要122 mV过电位就能达到10 mA·cm^-2电流密度。析氧过程中,仅需要334 mV的过电位就能达到15 mA·cm^-2电流密度。组装的电解池在15 mA·cm^-2的电流密度下工作40 h后电解槽电压没有发生明显变化,展现出很好的稳定性。Co₂P₄O₁₂/NF是一种有潜力的双功能催化剂。     

表面修饰对镧锶钴铁阴极材料电化学性能的影响

通过柠檬酸-EDTA络合法制备固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3-δ(LSCF)粉体。以Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9(SDC)为电解质,制备了LSCF/SDC/LSCF对称电极。采用浸渍法在LSCF/SDC/LSCF两侧浸渍La(NO₃)₃、Ni(NO₃)₂、Fe(NO₃)₃混合溶液,850℃烧结后得到表面修饰后的阴极材料。研究了浸渍烧结后表面修饰阴极材料的物相结构特征、电化学交流阻抗、电化学催化活性及单电池输出性能。结果表明:通过浸渍法在LSCF阴极表面形成了与LSCF结构相似的La_0.62Sr_0.38Ni_0.03Co_0.19Fe_0.78O_3-δ(LSNCF)固溶体,在表面产生的纳米颗粒提升了阴极材料对O2的吸附解离能力,并表现出较低的极化阻抗,在800℃时LSNCF阴极材料的极化面电阻为0.083Ω·cm²,在800℃连续工作7 200 min后,LSNCF阴极材料对称电池极化阻抗为0.117Ω·cm²。以Ni-SDC为阳极,SDC为电解质,LSNCF为阴极组装阳极支撑单电池,在750℃时最大功率密度为693 m W/cm²。     

固体氧化物燃料电池双钙钛矿陶瓷阳极缺陷结构设计与性能调控

研究了固体氧化物燃料电池Sr₂Fe Mo_0.6Mg_0.25Al_0.15O₆ (SFMMA)双钙钛矿阳极的晶体缺陷结构、热膨胀性能、电荷传输特性、氧化还原稳定性以及电化学性能。结果表明:SFMMA室温下为I 4/m四方结构,400℃时材料转变为F m 3 m立方结构。SFMMA材料的实际晶体结构式为Sr₂(Fe_0.75Mg_0.25)(Mo_0.6Fe_0.25Al_0.15)O6-δ,材料晶格中含有大量反位缺陷FeB’以及—Fe_B—O—Fe_B’—键,有利于氧空位的形成及氧离子的迁移扩散。SFMMA的热膨胀系数在25~400℃和400~900℃范围内分别为13.0×10^–6K^–1和17.6×10^–6K^–1,在氢气气氛下600~900℃温度范围内电导率超过35 S·cm^–1,并且具有较快的氧表面交换特性以及非常优异的氧化还原循环结构稳定性。在900,850,800℃和750℃时,湿润H₂(3%H₂O,50 m L/min)气氛中,SFMMA/La_0.4Ce_0.6O₂(LDC)/La_0.8Sr_0.2Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O₃(LSGM)/LDC/SFMMA对称半电池面比电阻分别为0.096,0.142,0.239Ω·cm²和0.447Ω·cm²。以SFMMA为阳极组装电解质支撑型单电池SFMMA/LDC/LSGM (300μm)/Pr Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_1.5Fe_0.5O₅+δ,850℃时电池最大功率密度可达886 m W·cm^–2。     

硼高效掺杂LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2正极材料及其性能提升机制

高键能异质原子的高效掺杂是稳定高电压LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂（NCM）三元正极材料并提升其电化学性能的有效策略。借助含硼前体在二次颗粒表面富集及随后高温煅烧强化B³⁺体相扩散的策略,构建了硼离子高效掺杂NCM正极材料（NCM-B）。引入B—O键（键能：809 kJ·mol^-1）抑制了电化学反应过程中晶格氧析出,进而稳定材料的氧离子框架;此外,表面残余的高锂离子导体Li₂O-B₂O₃包覆层可以在一定程度上稳定电极-电解液界面。与改性前NCM相比,改性后的NCM-B正极材料在3.0~4.5 V电压区间的可逆比电容量可以达到193.7 mA·h·g^-1,在10 C大功率下,比电容量仍保持120 mA·h·g^-1（NCM仅为78.2 mA·h·g^-1）。1 C下连续循环100圈后,比电容量保持率从73%提升到90%。表面富集和扩散强化的思想也有望实现其他正极材料的高效掺杂。     

硫酸镁添加剂对水系锌离子电池改性研究

水系锌离子电池与锂电池相比：具备低成本、窄电化学稳定窗口以及高活性的特点，但锌金属容易产生析氢反应和枝晶偏析现象，进而导致电池内部电化学性能降低。为了改善此种现象，本研究提出了对ZnSO₄电解液进行改性，引入MgSO₄添加剂，设计优化电解液体系，添加了MgSO₄后的电解液通过扫描电子显微镜照片、对称电池2 mA·cm^-2-2 mAh·cm^-2充放电、库伦效率及阻抗分析均证明，添加MgSO₄后的ZnSO₄电解液优于纯ZnSO₄,进而构建新型高性能、长寿命的水系锌基电池体系。     

Al2O3/AC正极选择性电容吸附水中氟离子

氟是人类生命活动必需的微量元素之一,但人体摄入过多的氟元素会引发氟斑牙、骨骼变形等氟中毒现象。本文以活性炭 （AC） 为载体,在多孔Al₂O₃纳米分散液中采用简单超声处理,得到Al₂O₃/AC复合材料。场发射扫描电镜证明Al₂O₃成功负载在AC表面,5% Al₂O₃在AC表面分布均匀。N₂吸-脱附测试结果表明Al₂O₃/AC复合材料的比表面积比AC有明显增加。循环伏安、恒流充放电及电化学阻抗测试结果表明Al₂O₃的掺杂可以改善AC的离子导电性,提高比电容;5% Al₂O₃/AC导电性最佳,比电容最高,在7 mmol·L^-1 NaF溶液中为92 F·g^-1,是AC比电容 （62 F·g^-1） 的1.5倍。以Al₂O₃/AC为正极的电容去离子 （CDI） 脱氟测试,结果表明5% Al₂O₃/AC电极脱氟量最大,达234 μmol·g^-1,远高于纯AC的脱氟量 （115 μmol·g^-1）。此外,5% Al₂O₃/AC电极对F^-的选择性吸附性能良好,在含F^-、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的模拟高氟地下水中采用5% Al₂O₃/AC电极对应的三组CDI池串联,可脱除80%的F^-、25%的Cl^-和56%的SO₄^2-,同时经过十次F^-吸脱附循环后,氟去除率仍可保持81%,证明5% Al₂O₃/AC电极对F^-具有良好的选择吸附性和循环稳定性。该电极材料制备简单,脱氟选择性好,在CDI过程中有望用于高氟地区地下水的净化脱氟。     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of NiMn2O4 spinel oxide cathode

Developing high-performance cathode materials is of great significance to promote the development of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). In this paper, the spinel-type NiMn₂O₄ (NMO) electron-ion mixed conductor material was prepared by the sol-gel method, and it was systematically studied as the cathode of IT-SOFCs. It is found that NMO material has stable cubic phase structure by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the conductivity of oxygen ions is studied by the technique of electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR). It shows that NMO has excellent oxygen-ion conductivity, which provides guarantee for its electrochemical performance. Impedance spectroscopy measurements of a symmetrical cell shows a low interface impedance, which is only 0.27 Ω·cm^-2 at 800℃. At the same time, an anode-supported SOFC with NMO cathode presents a maximum power density of 864.9 mW·cm^-2 at 800℃. The above results demonstrate that NiMn₂O₄ is a potential cathode material for IT-SOFCs.     

无Co双钙钛矿结构中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料SmBaFeNiO5+δ及其性能优化

用溶胶–凝胶法合成了无Co的双钙钛矿SmBaFeNiO_5+δ(SBFN)阴极材料,并引入Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (SDC)电解质材料制备复合阴极,降低热膨胀系数和优化性能。研究表明:SBFN在30~900℃的平均热膨胀系数为14.1×10^-6 K^-1,SBFN–SDC15 (质量比为85:15)复合阴极的平均热膨胀系数降为12.0×10^-6 K^-1。SBFN在425℃时电导率具有最大值,为48 S/cm。700℃时SBFN|SDC|SBFN对称电池的界面极化阻抗(Rp)为0.386Ω·cm²。在SBFN中引入SDC可以改善其电化学性能,SBFN–SDC10 (质量比为90:10)复合阴极具有最低的Rp,为0.224Ω·cm²。800℃时,以SBFN和SBFN–SDC10为阴极的单电池,最大功率密度分别为367.6 m W/cm²和507.8 m W/cm²。     

Barium-doped Pr2Ni0.6Cu0.4O4+δ with triple conducting characteristics as cathode for intermediate temperature proton conducting solid oxide fuel cell

Proton conducting solid oxide fuel cell (H-SOFC) is an emerging energy conversion device, with lower activation energy and higher energy utilization efficiency. However, the deficiency of highly active cathode materials still remains a major challenge for the development of H-SOFC. Therefore, in this work, K₂NiF₄-type cathode materials Pr_2-xBaNi_0.6Cu_0.4O_4+δ (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3), single-phase triple-conducting (e^-/O^2-/H⁺) oxides, are prepared for intermediate temperature H-SOFCs and exhibit good oxygen reduction reaction activity. The investigation demonstrates that doping Ba into Pr_2-xBaNi_0.6Cu_0.4O_4+δ can increase its electrochemical performance through enhancing electrical conductivity, oxygen vacancy concentration and proton conductivity. EIS tests are carried at 750℃ and the minimum polarization impedances are obtained when x=0.2, which are 0.068 Ω·cm² in air and 1.336 Ω·cm² in wet argon, respectively. The peak power density of the cell with Pr_1.8Ba_0.2Ni_0.6Cu_0.4O_4+δ cathode is 298 mW·cm^-2 at 750℃ in air with humidified hydrogen as fuel. Based on the above results, Ba-doped Pr_2-xBaNi_0.6Cu_0.4O_4+δ can be a good candidate material for SOFC cathode applications.     

Ni、Cu共浸渍的LSCM-GDC复合阴极性能研究

固体氧化物电解池可以清洁、高效地将电能和热能转化为化学能,在新能源领域具有广阔的应用前景。La_0.75Sr_0.25Cr_0.5Mn_0.5O_3-δ(LSCM)具有较好的高温稳定性,但离子电导率相对较低,在电解过程中电催化性能不足。本文将LSCM与具有较高离子导电性的Ce_0.8Gd_0.2O_2-δ(GDC)复配构造复合电极,并以共负载的形式在复合电极中浸渍纳米Ni、Cu金属催化剂提高电极的水蒸气吸附和转化能力,Ni、Cu共负载能够同时保留单一Ni或Cu负载对电极电解机制的改善。结果表明,Ni、Cu共负载相比于单一Ni或Cu负载电极在还原性气氛下具有更高的电化学性能,在还原性气氛和800 ℃工作温度下,镍铜质量比2∶8的负载电极在-0.1 V过电位下的电流密度可达到2.36 A·cm^-2,极化阻抗为0.92 Ω·cm²。     

Mixed phase sodium manganese oxide as cathode for enhanced aqueous zinc-ion storage

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have been regarded as a promising alternative to large-scale energy storage, due to associated low-cost, improved safety and environmental friendliness. However, a high-performance cathode material for both rate capability and specific capacity is still a challenge. One kind of the more promising candidates are sodium manganese oxide (NMO) materials, although they suffer from individual issues and need to be further improved. Herein, we present a novel mixed phase NMO material composed of nearly equal amounts of Na_0.55Mn₂O₄ and Na_0.7MnO_2.05. The structured configuration with particle size of 200-500 nm is found to be beneficial towards improving the ion diffusion rate during the charge/discharge process. Compared with Na_0.7MnO_2.05 and Na_0.55Mn₂O₄, the mixed phase NMO demonstrates an enhanced rate capability and excellent long-term cycling stability with a capacity retention of 83% after 800 cycles. More importantly, the system also delivers an impressive energy density and power density, as 378 W·h·kg^-1 at 68.7 W·kg^-1, or 172 W·h·kg^-1 at 1705 W·kg^-1. The superior electrochemical performance is ascribed to the fast Zn²⁺ diffusion rate because of a large ratio of capacitive contribution (63.9% at 0.9 mV·s^-1). Thus, the mixed phase route provides a novel strategy to enhance electrochemical performance, enabling mixed phase NMO as very promising material towards large-scale energy-storage applications.     

Engineering oxygen vacancy-rich Co3O4 nanowire as high-efficiency and durable bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall alkaline water splitting

A novel kind of vacancy-rich nanowire arrays were prepared by reducing rough Co₃O₄ nanowires with NaBH₄ solution on 3D nickel foam at room temperature for overall water splitting. Co₃O₄/NF treated by NaBH₄ for 10 min was highly active for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and simultaneously efficient for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with the need of the overpotentials of 240 and 132 mV to drive 10 mA·cm^-2 in alkaline media, respectively. Furthermore, the electrocatalysts as both cathode and anode in a two-electrode system presented excellent durability for over 60 h at 10 mA·cm^-2, maintaining the cell voltage of merely 1.63 V. This work provides new methods and ideas for the preparation of transition metal oxide bifunctional electrocatalysts rich in oxygen vacancies.