钱塘江下切河谷SE2孔全新世沉积物黏土矿物特征及其意义*

通过X射线衍射系统分析了杭州湾地区SE2孔全新世沉积物的黏土矿物组成,结果显示研究层段黏土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石组成;伊利石结晶度较好,化学风化指数普遍大于0.5,表明以化学风化为主,且风化趋势自下而上呈递减趋势。通过对比中国东南部主要河流沉积物的黏土矿物组成,认为钱塘江下切河谷全新世沉积物的黏土矿物组成具有较好的物源指示意义: 全新世 Ⅰ 段(即古河口湾和河漫滩)沉积物主要来自钱塘江上游,特征黏土矿物为高岭石,河口外物质贡献不大;Ⅱ 段(即现代河口湾和近岸浅海)沉积物包含较多蒙脱石,表明不仅包括钱塘江上游物质,河口外长江物质也开始进入钱塘江河口。黏土矿物中,高岭石对气候有较好的指示作用:中全新世高岭石含量达到最高值,反映气候最为湿热,化学风化程度最高;晚全新世含量逐渐降低,反映气候逐渐回冷,化学风化强度降低。     

长江流域沉积物黏土矿物组合特征及物源指示意义

通过X射线衍射方法系统分析了长江流域(干流和主要支流)表层沉积物(及部分表土)的黏土矿物,结果显示:长江流域黏土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石组成,伊利石含量最高,蒙脱石含量最低;长江干流上、中、下游黏土矿物含量基本一致,支流表现出明显区别,与流域不同的源岩类型和风化强度相对应.长江干流伊利石结晶度和化学指数...     

辽河三角洲大凌河河口湿地沉积物晚更新世以来的矿物特征及其物源、气候意义

对辽河三角洲大凌河河口湿地地区ZK3钻孔的58个沉积物样品中碎屑矿物和黏土矿物进行鉴定和分析,结果显示:碎屑矿物中轻矿物占比大,平均含量为95.7%,主要包括斜长石(43.89%)、钾长石(28.10%)和石英(22.45%);重矿物平均含量仅为4.3%,主要为普通角闪石(38.03%)、绿帘石(27.51%)和自生重晶石(12.01%)。黏土矿物中伊利石平均含量(50.3%)最高,其次为蒙脱石(24.5%)、绿泥石(12.7%)和高岭石(12.6%),黏土矿物组合为伊利石-蒙脱石-绿泥石-高岭石型。ZK3孔晚更新世以来沉积物的物源有所差异,但总体上来说,除河道和湖相沉积时期物源主要来自大凌河外,其它沉积环境中沉积物主要来自辽河和大辽河,物源相对稳定。黏土矿物组合特征所指示的气候变化过程与本区域的孢粉数据有很好的对应关系:45~31 ka BP处于庐山—大理的间冰期阶段,蒙脱石/(伊利石+绿泥石)比值较大,指示气候温和湿润;31~11 ka BP为大理冰期阶段,蒙脱石/高岭石比值较低,指示气候寒冷干燥;11 ka BP至今为冰后期阶段,随着新仙女木事件(YD)的结束,温度逐渐回升,蒙脱石/(伊利石+绿泥石)比值升高,指示气候温暖湿润。     

东海西南部表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征

利用X射线衍射仪,对东海西南部表层沉积物样品进行黏土矿物体积分数分析,研究了东海西南部表层沉积物黏土矿物的组合特征和分布规律。结果表明,东海西南部表层沉积物伊利石为优势矿物,平均体积分数为61.8%;次之为绿泥石,平均体积分数为22.9%;高岭石平均体积分数11.1%,蒙脱石平均体积分数为1.01%。黏土矿物的组合类型以伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石-蒙脱石型为主,伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蒙脱石型次之。东海西南部表层沉积物黏土矿物主要为陆源成因,黏土矿物主要组合类型与长江源类型相似,说明黏土矿物主要来源于长江;高岭石体积分数由西向东明显减少,反映了高岭石受闽浙沿岸河流的影响较大;伊利石体积分数和绿泥石体积分数呈现由北西向南东增加的趋势,说明在台湾暖流的作用下,台湾河流为东南部海域提供了伊利石和绿泥石矿物。     

循化盆地晚渐新世-早中新世沉积物中黏土矿物特征及其古气候指示意义

采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜分析方法,对青海循化盆地晚渐新世-早中新世沉积物中黏土矿物的微观形貌、体积分数、结晶度及其古气候指示作用进行了深入的研究。分析结果表明,晚渐新世盆地沉积物中的黏土矿物主要为蒙脱石、伊利石、坡缕石和绿泥石,以蒙脱石为主,指示循化地区总体为相对温暖潮湿的气候条件,蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石相对体积分数及伊利石、蒙脱石结晶度值均出现明显的周期性波动,表明循化地区气候经历了干旱-温暖潮湿交替的变化;早中新世盆地沉积物中的黏土矿物主要为伊利石、蒙脱石和绿泥石,以伊利石为主,各黏土矿物体积分数及伊利石、蒙脱石结晶度值的变化范围不大,表明循化地区气候以相对持续冷干为特征。从晚渐新世到早中新世,气候条件由相对温暖潮湿到相对冷干的转变,揭示其间(约21.3Ma)出现了一次极端的降温事件,可能与青藏高原隆升及亚洲沙漠化密切相关。     

台湾海峡表层沉积物中黏土矿物特征及物质来源

利用X射线衍射仪,对比分析台湾海峡及周边表层沉积物的黏土矿物特征,讨论长江、福建和台湾河流对海峡黏土矿物的贡献程度。福建河流（闽江）的黏土矿物以高岭石为主（>40％）,其次是伊利石（30％）和绿泥石,不含蒙脱石;长江和浙闽泥质区的黏土矿物特征是伊利石含量最高（61％～66％）,其次是绿泥石（16％～17％）和高岭石（10％～13％）,少量蒙脱石（6％～9％）。台湾河流（浊水溪）黏土矿物组合为伊利石（>70％）和绿泥石,不含高岭石和蒙脱石为特征。台湾海峡高岭石含量由西向东明显减少,说明高岭石主要来自福建的河流。〖JP2〗台湾海峡50 m等深线以东区域的黏土矿物具有高的伊利石和绿泥石含量,低的蒙脱石和高岭石含量,且伊利石的化学指数和结晶度值都明显低于长江和福建的河流,反映台湾河流的物质来源。在台湾暖流作用下,台湾河流为台湾海峡中北部提供了大量的伊利石和绿泥石。福建近海的黏土矿物主要是由福建河流提供的,但在平潭岛周边海域的黏土矿物可能有长江物质的混合。〖JP〗     

16 ka以来冲绳海槽中南部沉积物物源演化及其对古气候的响应

基于有孔虫AMS14C年龄年代框架,通过冲绳海槽中南部的OKT12孔沉积物黏土矿物的分析,探讨了16 ka以来冲绳海槽细颗粒沉积物的物源变化及其对源区气候的响应。研究结果显示,10 ka时黏土矿物组成发生明显变化,伊利石、绿泥石含量增加,高岭石、蒙皂石含量减少,指示物源由之前的长江和东海陆架源转变为台湾源。受到海平面上升影响,长江河口和冲绳海槽距离增加,夏季风增强,黑潮增强,既搬运台湾来源物质,又阻碍长江物质跨陆架输运,在这些因素综合作用下,长江物质减少、台湾物质增加。高岭石/（伊利石+绿泥石）和绿泥石/（伊利石+蒙皂石）比值在4 ka以来增加指示全新世晚期台湾源区侵蚀强度发生变化。4 ka前后物源判别显示,OKT12孔沉积物来源由台湾东北部河流变为台湾东南部河流,反映了该时期季风降雨导致源区台湾不同区域的侵蚀差异,可能与ITCZ南移、ENSO活动增强有关。     

东太平洋水合物海岭沉积物中黏土矿物与水合物饱和度相关性研究

为了探讨水合物储层中不同黏土矿物与水合物饱和度的关系,选取位于东太平洋水合物海岭国际大洋钻探计划204航次中的3个钻孔(1245B孔、1244C孔和1251B),开展储层沉积物黏土矿物的测试和综合分析。结果表明,蒙脱石、伊利石、绿泥石为主要黏土矿物(平均含量分别为40.3%、33.4%、21.4%);高岭石为次要黏土矿物(平均4.9%)。伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石三种矿物含量的垂向变化规律相似,但它们与蒙脱石的垂向变化趋势相反。该区水合物饱和度与蒙脱石含量呈正相关,且正相关程度在“细粒岩性”层段较高(R=0.55~0.97);水合物饱和度与伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石则显示负相关。3个钻孔中水合物储层厚度、水合物饱和度在各钻孔中分布的差异性表明水合物饱和度的受控因素复杂,首先是气源和流体迁移与供给,其次为沉积物岩性;而“细粒岩性”层段较高含量蒙脱石与水合物饱和度正相关关系可能代表了更次一级的沉积影响因素。为检验其它海区是否也存在黏土矿物对水合物饱和度的影响,将上述3个钻孔与印度外海Krishna-Godavari盆地17-07P钻孔记录进行对比。结果显示,17-07P孔的砂含量高,在粗砂层蒙脱石含量与水合物饱和度呈正相关,反映两个海域岩性对水合物饱和度控制机理不同。上述“细粒岩性”层段蒙脱石含量和伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石3种黏土矿物含量与水合物饱和度之间相关性的差异,可能因为蒙脱石具有特殊层状结构和表面化学性质(层间表面带负电荷、具有可交换的层间水合阳离子等),有利于促进水合物的形成和富集,因而表现为正相关;而伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石自身属性与蒙脱石不同(吸水膨胀能力、对甲烷的吸附能力较蒙脱石弱),不利于水合物的聚集,表现为负相关。     

松辽盆地东缘嫩江组一二段黏土矿物和主量元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义

松辽盆地嫩江组一二段是一套暗色泥岩沉积,也是重要的烃源岩层位,对其开展古气候-古环境研究有益于理解晚白垩世陆地古气候特征和陆相有机质形成与保存过程。通过对松辽盆地东缘岳王城剖面嫩江组一二段开展矿物学和主量元素地球化学分析,探讨其古气候意义。结果表明,全岩矿物主要含有石英、斜长石、钾长石等,黏土矿物主要为蒙脱石(平均84%),其次为伊利石(平均15%),几乎不含高岭石和绿泥石。黏土矿物呈现片层状且边缘参差不齐的显微形貌,蒙脱石结晶度较差,表明主要由陆源物质风化形成。根据黏土矿物主量元素计算的化学风化指数为71~73,其元素组成相比上地壳和花岗闪长岩的平均组成富铝,指示中等强度化学风化作用。结合已有古气候替代性指标和黏土矿物及其化学成分的新数据,研究认为松辽盆地东缘嫩江组一二段沉积时期物源区主要为温带-亚热带半湿润气候。     

全谱拟合定量研究气候对土壤成壤机制的约束:以鲁粤土壤剖面为例

以山东棕壤剖面和广东红壤剖面为研究对象,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和基于Rietveld技术的全谱拟合定量分析土壤中的矿物组成、在剖面上的含量变化并研究粘土矿物之间的相互转化关系,揭示气候对土壤成壤机制的约束。结果表明,2个剖面中的矿物组成不同:山东棕壤中非粘土矿物有长石、石英、方解石及少量的铁铝氧化物和闪石类矿物,粘土矿物有伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石,且粘土矿物含量伊利石>绿泥石≈蒙脱石>高岭石;广东红壤的矿物组成为石英、赤铁矿、针铁矿、三水铝石、高岭石、伊利石和蛭石,其中高岭石>伊利石>蛭石。此外,两地的土壤中均含有少量的非晶质物质。山东气候干冷,以物理风化为主,化学风化较弱,原生闪石类原生硅酸盐矿物和易被溶蚀的方解石等仍有存留;广东气候湿热,化学风化强烈,存在明显的脱硅富铝作用,铁铝氧化物富集。3)利用定量结果计算的化学风化指数与矿物的变化是一致的。     

粘土矿物在黄河源区古气候研究中的应用

沉积物中粘土矿物的组成具有一定的古气候指示意义。利用沉积物中粘土矿物的组成探讨了黄河源区全新世的古气候变迁。通过X衍射方法分析了一个全新世地层剖面的粘土矿物类型和含量的变化,这些粘土矿物主要由伊利石、伊蒙混层矿物和少量的高岭石、绿泥石组成。对粘土矿物含量变化的分析和对比研究表明,黄河源区在全新世的气候寒冷干燥,即使在大暖期也显得温凉。全新世的气候演变可划分为3个阶段,即早全新世的干冷期、中全新世的温凉期(大暖期)和晚全新世的干冷期。在大暖期,在7 0kaB P 和5 0kaB P 前后发生了两次较强的降温事件。     

Chemical weathering in Luzon, Philippines from clay mineralogy and major-element geochemistry of river sediments

Clay mineralogy and major-element geochemistry of 35 surface sediment samples collected in 21 major to moderate rivers of Luzon, Philippines are used to evaluate the present chemical weathering process. The clay mineral assemblage consists mainly of smectite (average 86%) with minor kaolinite (9%) and chlorite (5%) and very scarce illite (1%), and does not show strong island-wide differences. The major element results of both bulk and clay-fraction sediments indicate that the formation of clay minerals is accompanied by leaching of Ca and Na first and of Fe and Mn thereafter during the chemical weathering process. A low-moderate chemical weathering degree of bulk sediments and a moderate-intensive degree of clay-fraction sediments are obtained in Luzon rivers based on proxies of chemical index of alteration (CIA) and smectite crystallinity. It is suggested that the majority of andesitic–basaltic volcanic and sedimentary rocks along with the tectonically active geological setting and sub-tropical East Asian monsoon climate are responsible for the predominance of smectite in the clay mineral assemblage.     

杭州湾潮滩沉积物黏土矿物空间差异与物源指示

通过对杭州湾潮滩沉积物中主要黏土矿物成分及组合类型的研究,分析了杭州湾潮滩沉积物黏土矿物的空间分布特征。借助聚类分析等手段,同时结合杭州湾水动力特征,探讨了研究区黏土矿物的来源和成因。研究结果表明,杭州湾潮滩表层沉积物主要为黏土质粉砂,其余为砂质粉砂。本区沉积物黏土矿物成分复杂,主要为伊利石,其次是高岭石和绿泥石;还有少量蒙皂石和蛭石及1.4 nm过渡矿物。根据其相对含量可分为3种组合类型:Ⅰ型为伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蛭石类-蒙皂石型,Ⅱ型为伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石-蒙皂石-蛭石类型,Ⅲ型为伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蒙皂石-蛭石类型。在空间上,北岸的蒙皂石和绿泥石平均含量高于南岸,而伊利石、高岭石和蛭石(含1.4 nm过渡矿物)平均含量则低于南岸。高潮滩和中潮滩黏土矿物对比,除了蒙皂石含量高潮滩大于中潮滩外,其他矿物含量均无明显规律。表层沉积物黏土矿物的分布特征与水动力条件和物质来源密切相关,杭州湾北岸乍浦以东潮滩受潮流和长江沿岸流影响明显,沉积物主要为长江和东海源的;南岸由于曹娥江和甬江两条河流的注入,流域物质所占比例明显比北岸高。柱状岩芯样品中各黏土矿物含量自下而上的变化则反映了物源区风化强度的波动特征。     

Clay Mineralogy and its Paleoclimatic Significance of the OligoceneMiocene Sediments in the Gerze Basin,Tibet

This study collected the early Oligocene to middle Miocene sediments from the Gerze Basin of Tibet, and used X-Ray diffraction （XRD） and Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM） to discuss their clay mineralolgy, clay indices, better understand the clay mineralogy and its paleoclimatic significance. The results show that clay minerals of the Gerze Basin sediments are mainly composed of iilite and chlorite, with minor amounts of smectite and kaolinite, and their relative content varies along the section. Variations of relative contents and clay indices suggest that the Gerze Basin has experienced three-stage evolution of paleoclimate： I ） high ilUte and chlorite contents, with fluctuant smectite and low （I＋Ch）/（K＋S） ratio, indicative of a dominant seasonal arid climate from the early Oligoeene to late Oligocene; Ⅱ） higher illite and chlorite contents and larger （I＋Ch）/（K＋S） ratio but absence of kaolinite, indicating a colder and drier climate from the late Oligocene to early Miocene; Ⅲ） high iilite and chlorite contents with fluctuant （I＋Ch）/（K＋S） ratios and occasional occurrence of kaolinite, suggesting that the climate became warmer and more humid compared with that of stage Ⅱ in the mid-Miocene. These conclusions were also reinforced by the clay morphology, which suggests that physical weathering dominated in stage Ⅱ, while relatively strong chemical weathering was dominant in stages Ⅰ and Ⅲ Clay minerals of the sediments mainly consist of illite and chlorite, indicating that the source rock played a significant role in clay origin. It is inferred that global cooling and the enhancement of denudation and obstruction of northward moisture due to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were responsible for the provenance of iUite and chlorite under weak chemical weathering. Though the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau reached a certain elevation by the mid-Miocene, yet the mid-Miocene widespread warming might have largely impacted the Gerze climate.     

Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment of Gonghe Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, During the Lastdeglacial: Weathering, Erosion and Vegetation Cover Affect Clay Mineral Formation

With the analysis of the sources and formation mechanism of the clay minerals in the sediment core from the Dalianhai lake in the Gonghe Basin,northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau,clay mineral composition proxies,grain-size and carbonate contents have been employed for high-resolution study in order to reconstruct East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM） over the northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau during the lastdeglacial.The study also extended to establish a relationship between vegetation cover changes and erosion during the last 14.5 ka with pollen record and clay mineral proxies.Smectite/kaolinite and smectite/（illite＋chlorite） ratios allow us to assess hydrolysis conditions in lowlands and/or physical erosion process in highlands of the Gonghe Basin.Before 12.9 Cal ka BP,both mineralogical ratios show low values indicative of strong physical erosion in the basin with a dominant cold and dry phase.After 12.9 Cal ka BP,an increase in both mineralogical ratios indicates enhanced chemical weathering in the basin associated with a warm and humid climate.The beginning of Holocene is characterized by high smectite/（illite＋chlorite） and smectite/kaolinite ratios that is synchronous as with deposition of many peat laminae,implying the best warm and humid conditions specifically between 8.0 to 5.5 Cal ka BP.The time interval after 5.0 Cai ka BP is characterized by a return to high physical erosion and low chemical weathering with dry climate conditions in the basin.Comparing variations of clay mineral assemblages with previous pollen results,we observe a rapid response in terms of chemical weathering and physical erosion intensity to a modification of the vegetation cover in the basin.     

南海北部中新世以来粘土矿物特征及东亚古季风记录

应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 和X射线能谱(EDS) 分析技术对南海北部ODP1146站中新世以来(~20 Ma) 粘土矿物的组成、结晶学特征、微形貌和化学成分进行了研究, 分析了粘土矿物的物质来源及其记录的东亚季风演化历史.1146站粘土矿物组合的总体特点是以伊利石和蒙脱石为主, 高岭石和绿泥石含量较低.物源分析表明, 1146站蒙脱石主要来自于吕宋岛, 伊利石和绿泥石来自于珠江和台湾(长江), 而高岭石则主要来自于珠江.1146站的粘土矿物不仅被南海周围物源的同时代气候所控制, 而且为相互消长的不同传输作用(表层洋流) 的强度所影响.1146站(伊利石+绿泥石) /蒙脱石比值可以用来作为东亚季风演化的矿物学标志.指标变化显示出东亚冬季风强度和冬季风相对夏季风的强度在15 Ma、8 Ma和3 Ma左右发生了3次显著加强, 结果可以与黄土、北太平洋风尘沉积、南海微体古生物记录等很好对比.青藏高原的阶段性隆升可能促进了东亚季风的这3次加强.      

Clay minerals in the major Chinese coastal estuaries and their provenance implications

A sea-survey was carried out along the Chinese coast from the Bohai Sea to South China Sea, and 15 surficial samples were taken from major coastal estuaries, i.e., from north to south, the Yellow, abandoned Yellow, Yangtze, Qiantang, Ou, Min, Han, and Pearl River estuaries. On the basis of clay mineral analysis and published data collection, this paper discusses the characteristics of clay minerals of each coastal river and potentials of implications of sediment sources. The results show that the change of diagnostic clay minerals from smectite to kaolinite from the Yellow to the Pearl River estuaries is southward, as clearly shown by the ratios of smectite to chlorite (S/Ch) and kaolinite to illite (K/I). S/Ch decreases southward, while K/I moves reversely, implying change in climate setting from cool/dry to humid/hot with intensified weathering processes. Besides, these two indicators in the estuaries are also linked with the derivation of parent-rock of each river-basin and coastal hydrodynamics. The disproportional higher ratio of K/I in the Yellow and abandoned Yellow River estuaries is ascribed to their sediment sources with abundant loess component in the north-central China. The K/I decrease offshore from the Pearl River estuary is primarily due to hydrodynamic sorting. Therefore, the S/Ch and K/I of the present study comprehensively reflect the controls of climate, parent-rock, and sediment transport along the coast.