Study on the influence of air supply and smoke exhaust on full transverse exhaust of long highway tunnel

This study investigated the efficacy of the full transverse exhaust method for smoke extraction in tunnel fires. It examines factors such as the number and layout of air supply and exhaust outlets, analyzing their impact on smoke spread, tunnel temperature, visibility, and airflow. The results demonstrate that the full transverse exhaust method effectively controls smoke emissions in raised highway tunnels. It limits smoke spread, reduces tunnel temperature, and effectively controls the fire-affected area. The number and layout of outlets significantly influence smoke dispersion, with fewer exhaust outlets providing better smoke control and optimizing the tunnel environment. However, insufficient outlets disrupt gas flow stability. The position of exhaust outlets affects smoke distribution, and caution is advised to prevent directing fresh air flow toward the fire. Opening an equal number of exhaust outlets on one side of the fire source yields superior smoke extraction results, reducing tunnel ceiling temperatures and minimizing risks to personnel and structures. Though stabilization may take longer, this configuration proves advantageous. The study offers valuable insights and practical guidelines for implementing the full transverse smoke control method in real-world scenarios.     

Experimental study on the effect of lateral concentrated smoke extraction on smoke stratification in the longitudinal ventilated tunnel

Smoke is the main cause of death in tunnel fires. It is one of the important measures to maintain smoke stratification in the early stage of tunnel fire. This article focused on experimentally studying the combined effect of lateral concentrated smoke extraction and longitudinal ventilation on the smoke stratification, which never be revealed before. The velocity of the smoke layer and air layer, vertical temperature distribution, and the flow patterns of the smoke were measured. It was found that the longitudinal ventilation and lateral concentrated smoke extraction would affect the flow of the smoke and change the shear velocity between the smoke layer and air layer, then, the patterns of the smoke layer will be affected. And the flow patterns with Froude (Fr) number can be classified into three categories: (a)Fr < 0.6 , with stable smoke stratification; (b) 0.6 < Fr < 0.85 , with a stable smoke stratification but the blurring interface; and (c) Fr > 0.85 , the smoke layer is completely unstable. The result can provide a reference for ventilation design of immersed tube tunnels.     

Influence of multisource fire on temperature distribution and natural smoke exhaust effect in urban tunnels with a shaft

The combustion characteristics of multisource fire and single-source fire are quite different, and there is little research on the influence of multisource fire on the natural smoke extraction effect of shaft in urban tunnels. Therefore, in this article, the method of numerical simulation was used to study the influence of fire power and distance between two fire sources on the natural smoke extraction effect of shaft and the temperature distribution in tunnel in the case of multisource fire. Typical characteristics of smoke are analyzed, such as mass flow rate, temperature distribution, velocity vector, and CO concentration. The simulation results show that when there is a certain distance between the fire sources, the two flames are inclined and close to each other. The smoke temperature under the ceiling is higher under multiple fire sources than that under single fire source. In addition, when one of the fire sources is located at the downstream of the shaft, the smoke emission in the shaft is relatively high. As the distance between fire sources continues to increase, the smoke exhaust rate basically remains stable, and an empirical relationship between smoke exhaust rate and fire source location is established.     

Effects of passenger blockage on smoke flow properties in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires

This paper investigates the effects of passenger blockage on smoke flow properties in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires. A series of numerical simulations were conducted in a 1/5 small-scale tunnel with the different heat release rates (50-100 kW), longitudinal ventilation velocities (0.5-1 m/s), passenger blockage lengths (2-6 m), and ratios (0.17-0.267). The typical smoke flow properties in different tunnel fire scenarios are analyzed, and the results show that under the same heat release rate and longitudinal ventilation velocity, the smoke back-layering length, maximum smoke temperature, and downstream smoke layer height decrease with increasing passenger blockage length or ratio. The Li correlations can well predict the smoke back-layering length and maximum smoke temperature in tunnel fire scenarios without the passenger blockage. When the passenger blockage exists, the modified local ventilation velocity that takes the blockage length and ratio into account has been proposed to correct the Li correlations. The smoke back-layering length and maximum smoke temperature with the different blockage lengths and ratios can be predicted by the modified correlations, which are shown to well reproduce the simulation results.     

操作参数对余热回收甲醇水蒸气重整制氢过程的影响

以模拟汽车尾气供热的甲醇水蒸气重整（MSR）制氢反应为研究对象,设计了集余热加热与MSR制氢反应于一体的肋式微反应器,考察了反应器进口热风速度、温度,反应物进口速度、温度、水醇比及顺逆流情况对MSR制氢过程的影响。计算结果表明,逆流、水醇比1.3、热风进口速度1.1 m/s、温度773 K、反应物进口速度0.1 m/s、温度493 K为该反应过程的最佳工况参数,此时甲醇转化率为99.4%,模拟汽车尾气余热的热效率为28%,反应器出口氢气的体积分数为69.6%。研究结果对开展余热综合利用及发动机尾气重整制氢掺氢燃烧的研究有借鉴意义。     

Experimental research on convection–condensation heat transfer characteristics and sootblowing operation strategy of waste heat recovery heat exchanger for dryer exhaust

Abstract

In this study, air/water vapor mixture with ash particles was used to simulate actual dryer exhaust gas. An experimental study of the convection–condensation heat transfer characteristics of air/vapor mixtures with ash particles across horizontal tube-bundles was conducted under various water vapor mass fractions and concentrations of ash particles. The variation of convection–condensation heat transfer coefficient with time presented four different types, as follows: almost did not change with time; decreased first, then reached stable values; decreased continuously in the experimental time; and decreased rapidly, decreased slowly, and decreased rapidly, with potential to increase again. In general, the convection–condensation heat transfer coefficient decreased with increasing concentration of ash particles and increased with increasing water vapor mass fraction. The reducing effect on the convection–condensation heat transfer coefficient by ash deposition would be weakened by increasing the water vapor mass fraction, but the heat exchanger would be blocked further easily by increasing the concentration of ash particles. Then, a distribution diagram was drawn to present different types of convection–condensation heat transfer curves under various working parameters. Sootblowing operation strategies were proposed under different working conditions to provide reference for the actual operation of the waste heat recovery heat exchanger for dryer exhaust.     

Experimental investigation on smoke spread characteristics and smoke layer height in tunnels

A series of experiments were carried out in a model‐scale tunnel with dimension of 6.0 m × 1.0 m × 0.7 m to investigate the smoke spread behaviors and the typical smoke layer height. Alcohol was employed as fuel, and the heat release rate was set to be 9.5, 18.4, 30.1, and 63.5 kW, respectively. The temperature profile in the tunnel was measured, and the buoyant flow stratification conditions were visualized by a laser sheet. The experiment results show that the N percentage rule would greatly influence by subjective factors. As the N (10, 20, 30) value increases, the smoke layer height also increases. The results calculated by the buoyancy frequency method were more accurate. Fan's prediction method (Fan WC, Wang QG, Jiang FH. Concise Guide of Fire Science. He Fei: University of Science and Technology of China Press; 1995.161 p.) does not accurately evaluate the smoke layer thickness in tunnel fire. An enhanced empirical formula for predicting the smoke layer thickness in the one‐dimensional horizontal spread stage was proposed. It is shown that the empirical formula could well predict the smoke layer thickness by comparing with the experimental data of previous studies.     

直冷式乏风热泵系统在小保当煤矿的应用分析

为实现煤矿企业清洁能源供热,针对煤矿生产矿井排出的乏风余热,采用目前国际先进的直冷式深焓取热乏风热泵系统供热技术替代传统的锅炉供热,解决我国北方煤矿企业冬季有防冻要求的进风井口供热需求。本文以小保当煤矿矿井乏风余热供热系统项目为例,阐述了直冷式深焓取热乏风热泵系统的间壁式（间接换式）乏风换热、乏风取热机组集尘及结霜原理;采用乏风取热机组清洗除尘和防结霜除霜解决方法,并与天然气锅炉、电锅炉两种供热方案进行对比,分析计算了三种方案的项目投资和系统运行费用,论述了各方案的优势和不足。分析表明,煤矿企业采用矿井乏风余热资源,利用直冷式深焓取热乏风热泵供热系统替代传统锅炉供热,技术可行,且具有更好的经济效益和应用效果。     

考虑局部非热平衡的流体层流横掠多孔介质中恒热流平板的传热分析

对流体层流横掠多孔介质中恒热流加热的平板,应用Brinkman-Forchheime-extended Darcy流动模型和流体与多孔介质之间局部非热平衡理论建立守恒方程组,应用数量级分析和积分法,得出了速度边界层厚度、热边界层厚度、壁面黏性摩擦系数和对流传热系数、流体与多孔介质之间局部温差的计算公式。结果表明,速度边界层与光板时明显不同,其在平板前端迅速增长,之后越来越平坦,趋于一个恒定值;而热边界层则沿着流动方向不断增长,类似于光板时的情况;局部的表面对流传热系数在平板前端达最大值,之后逐渐减小,也类似于光板时的情况;多孔介质与流体间的局部温差在平板前端达最大值,之后呈现沿着流动方向逐渐减小的变化趋势。     

硫酸装置除氧器乏汽回收节能技术改造

目前硫酸装置废热锅炉给水大多采用热力除氧,除氧后的蒸汽夹杂部分不凝气体,直接排空造成热能损失和环境污染,还伴随有放空噪声。介绍云南三环中化化肥有限公司利用蒸汽节能器回收除氧器乏汽的技改工艺及其应用效果,并对其经济效益进行分析。结果表明,采用该乏汽回收系统可以实现乏汽热能完全回收利用,既节约了能源,又消除了排空乏汽的噪声污染,改善厂区环境,每年可产生114.224万元的经济效益。     

Comparison of flammability measurements in vertical and horizontal exhaust duct in the ASTM E‐2058 fire propagation apparatus

The ASTM E‐2058 fire propagation apparatus (FPA) is capable of measuring time to ignition, chemical and convective heat release rates, mass loss rate, smoke generation rate, generation rates of CO, CO₂ and O₂ consumption rate, effective (chemical) heat of combustion and vertical fire propagation of materials. The original design of the FPA incorporated a vertical exhaust system with the measurement section finishing about 3.5 m from the floor. The exhaust measuring duct of the new FPA is horizontally oriented to enable its use in a wider range of laboratory environments. In this paper, the functionality of the new FPA was compared with the original FPA. The measurements and results indicate that the performance of the new FPA is equivalent to the original FPA. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A numerical study on unsteady natural convection of air with variable viscosity over an isothermal vertical cylinder

The present study deals with the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of unsteady laminar free convection flow past a semi-infinite isothermal vertical cylinder immersed in air. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary with the temperature. An implicit finite-difference method has been employed to solve the governing non-dimensional boundary layer equations. A parametric study is performed to illustrate the influence of variable viscosity on the velocity and temperature profiles. The numerical results reveal that the viscosity has significant influences on the transient velocity and temperature profiles, average skin-friction coefficient and the average heat transfer rate. The results indicate that as the viscosity parameter increases, the temperature and the skin-friction coefficient increase, while the velocity near the wall and the Nusselt number decrease.     

Study of smoke movement characteristics in tunnel fires in high-altitude areas

Understanding smoke temperature distributions and transport characteristics is of great importance to control and exhaust thermal-driven smoke. However, previous studies have focused on this problem in plain areas, whereas ambient pressure decreases as elevation increases. This study investigates the influence of ambient pressure on the hot gas temperature distribution and movement characteristics in a tunnel fire. A series of numerical simulations are carried out in a vehicle tunnel with various heat release rates (HRRs) and ambient pressures. The results show that the maximum temperature and longitudinal temperature distribution under the tunnel ceiling increase with decreasing ambient pressure due to less heat loss caused by lower air density. In addition, the vertical temperatures of the smoke are slightly higher under lower ambient pressure, and this phenomenon makes the smoke spread slightly faster while the smoke layer thickness remains nearly the same under different ambient pressures. The results can provide a reference for tunnel lining design and ventilation arrangements in high-altitude areas.     

Assessment of fire protection performance of water mist applied in exhaust ducts for semiconductor fabrication process

Fume exhaust pipes used in semiconductor facilities underwent a series of fire tests to evaluate the performance of a water mist system. The parameters considered were the amount of water that the mist nozzles used, the air flow velocity, the fire intensity and the water mist system operating pressure. In order to make a performance comparison, tests were also performed with a standard sprinkler system. The base case served as a reference and applied a single water mist nozzle (100 bar operating pressure, 7.3 l/min water volume flux and 200 µm mean droplet size) installed in the pipe (60 cm in diameter) subjected to a 350°C air flow with an average velocity of 2 m/s. In such a case, the temperature in the hot flow dropped sharply as the water mist nozzle was activated and reached a 60°C saturation point. Under the same operating conditions, four mist nozzles were applied, and made no further contribution to reducing the fire temperature compared with the case using only a single nozzle. Similar fire protection performances to that in the base case were still retained when the exhaust flow velocity increased to 3 m/s and the inlet air temperature was increased to 500°C due to a stronger input fire scenario, respectively. Changing to a water mist system produced a better performance than a standard sprinkler. With regard to the effect of operating pressure of water mist system, a higher operating pressure can have a better performance. The results above indicate that the droplet size in a water‐related fire protection system plays a critical role. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海水冷却塔、排烟冷却塔混凝土表面的防护

海水冷却塔和排烟冷却塔在基本形式上和普通的自然冷却塔没有区别,但是塔内气流的性质发生了变化。对两种塔的壁流水的成分进行了分析,海水中的Cl-及烟气中的SO42-将对冷却塔混凝土构件,尤其是壳体混凝土表面造成腐蚀,应该对两种塔的全部混凝土构件表面涂刷防护涂料。针对两种塔的特点对防护涂料提出了具体要求,并对防护涂料及其稀释剂的性质进行了分析。     

住宅厨房排烟的共用竖烟道的设计方法改进

分析了现代住宅厨房采用共用竖烟道排烟系统的运行特点:排烟动力主要来源于排油烟机提供的风压,热压的作用很小;提出了住宅厨房集中排烟系统"控制最小排烟量"的设计方法。该方法是将排烟系统中最小排烟量确定为某数值,通过求解非线性方程组确定竖烟道截面积。"控制最小排烟量"的设计方法能客观地反映集中排烟系统的运行特点,确保排烟系统中每户厨房排烟均达到要求。此方法在江苏省住宅厨房集中排烟系统建筑图集新标准的制订中得到应用。     

Barmag机台排烟系统改造

对加弹机排烟系统进行改造,原先的排烟系统只有报警而无缺相和过载的保护装置,加装了热继电器(三相保护),从而保证设备正常运行,降低设备故障率,具有改造方便、成本低廉、可行性高等优点。     

关于玻璃窑炉排烟、助燃风系统设计的思考

从蓄热室至烟囱烟道由砖烟道改为钢烟道,防止冷风渗入烟道内,减少排烟量,提高烟气温度,为余热发电、余热综合利用、烟气净化创造有利条件。     

高湿度工业废气冷凝脱湿模型研究与数值模拟

针对高湿度工业废气冷凝脱湿进行模型研究和数值模拟,引入分配系数α表征雾状冷凝和膜状冷凝并存的权重.恒壁温冷凝管外混合气体在环形空间湍流冷却冷凝的温度分布、湿度分布及其梯度（传热传质推动力）分布的模拟结果显示,雾状冷凝的控制机理是冷壁面附近温度梯度与湿度梯度协同作用下传热传质产生的局部过饱和;膜状冷凝从冷壁面移出大量冷凝潜热,促使气相主体传热传质过程更迅速,脱湿效果更好.实际过程介于二者之间.DAP尾气冷却冷凝现场实验传热传质数据,在水汽冷凝减量34%～57%的范围内,与α＝0.2的数值模拟结果相当吻合,验证了本文的模型与数值模拟.     

Natural Buoyant Turbulent Diffusion Flame near a Vertical Surface

The structure and dynamics of a natural buoyant turbulent diffusion flame near a vertical surface with combustible gas exhaustion are numerically studied by using the FDS model and computer code. The flame is considered near the surface through which gaseous propylene is injected with a prescribed flow rate. Requirements are determined for the grid cell size in the near-wall region, which ensure sufficient spatial resolution of the boundary layer structure. It is shown that the predicted value of the total heat flux at the surface agrees with the measured results. Investigations of ignition and combustion of a vertical plate of non-charring thermoplastic (polymethylmetacrylate) with allowance for the material pyrolysis reaction show that the ignitor parameters determine the duration of the transient period, but weakly affect the growth of the heat release rate and the height of the pyrolysis region at the stage of developed burning. Significant effects of the ignitor shape, size, and temperature, as well as lateral entrainment of air on the velocity of the upward flame spread rate over the plate surface and on the shape of the pyrolysis front are revealed. The existence of critical parameters of the ignitor separating flame decay from developed burning is demonstrated. Three flame spread regimes with different pyrolysis front shapes are identified.