内蒙古黄旗海湖泊沉积物δ13Corg记录的环境演变信息

处于高纬度和高海拔地区的内蒙古黄旗海湖泊沉积物δ^13Corg变化反映了气候环境的变化.特殊的自然环境条件造成黄旗海湖泊沉积物δ^13Corg负段对应暖湿环境,偏正段对应冷干环境.自8.2 kaBP开始,δ^13Corg显著降低,表明本区气候转暖;8.2～4.0 kaBP是全新世大暖期,这一时期黄旗海为高湖面,在7.8 kaBP左右本区气候最为暖湿.4.0～2.2 kaBP,δ^13Corg明显偏正,指示气候变为冷干,全新世大暖期结束.在研究时段内δ^13Corg相对于-23.5‰均值的正负偏移主要反映了湖泊有机质生产率和保存条件的变化.这种变化与当时的气候,尤其是湖泊水位的波动有直接关系.     

内蒙高原腾格淖尔中全新世湖泊干旱环境的粒度和元素记录

对内蒙古高原腾格淖尔湖泊约400cm剖面沉积物的粒度、碳酸盐和TOC含量以及元素地球化学特征进行分析,利用Mg/Ca、CEC、Rb/Sr、CIA、古气候指数C等的古气候古环境指示意义,结合3个AMS 14 C年代结果,利用该区域湖泊"碳库效应"研究的基础进行年代校正,分析了腾格淖尔大约9 000cal.aBP以来古环境演变过程。研究发现腾格淖尔全新世早—中期(约9 000～4 500cal.aBP)气候暖干,有效湿度小,而湖泊为高湖面,最高湖面在约8 000～6 200cal.aBP期间;湖泊的高水位主要是继承了早全新世夏季风增强形成的扩张湖泊;3 000～4 500cal.aBP以来气候冷干,有效湿度稍有增加,湖面在降水持续减少情况下逐渐收缩干涸。     

南疆博斯腾湖近12.0kaB.P.以来古气候与古水文状况的变化

对南疆博斯腾湖相沉积物多手段的综合研究，揭示了近12．0KaB.P，以来古气候与古水文状况的变化与特征。结果表明，其气候的演化特征具有明显的西风型环境演变特征。研究还发现气候120ka、10.0ka、4.0ka和1.5kaB.P.存在显著的阶梯式增暖变干特征，其中暖峰主要出现于11．5－11．0ka、9.4ka、7.5-7.0ka、6.5-6.0ka、3.0ka和2.0kaB.P.,气候特征以干暖为主，湖泊水文特征总体表现为盐度增加、水位下降、湖面缩小；而冷峰主要出现于11．0－10．0ka、8．8ka5．0－4．5ka和1．5kaB.P.,此时湖泊膨胀淡化，湖面上升。在7．0－5．0kaB.P.期间出现的相对暖湿环境特征可能是全新世大暖期最盛期暖湿气候特征的反映，可能与此时西南夏季风势力增强有关，湖泊水文状况明显变好。     

新疆艾比湖全新世以来的环境变迁与古气候

于1990，1991年夏对新疆艾比湖湖盆地区进行调查，运用孢粉、元素地球化学、碳酸盐含量以及测年分析，对其沉积物进行研究，重建了湖区全新世古气候的演化序列。结果表明，10．2－8．0kaB．P，气候温凉偏干；8．0－3．5kaB.P，气候以温湿为主，其中7．3－6．4kaB．P．为相对稳定暖湿期；3.5kaB．P.至今，以温干为主，气候与现代相似。随着湖面波动，艾比湖保存有全新世3个不同时期高潮面遗迹，并应用水热平衡模型，对各个高潮面期的古降水量进行计算，全新世暖湿期的降水量比现今高出1／4以上，超过300mm／a，这时期湖面扩大了近3倍。     

腾格里沙漠西北缘湖泊沉积记录的全新世中期气候环境

通过腾格里沙漠西北缘青土湖沉积物粒度、有机碳、碳酸盐、碳氮比和有机质稳定同位素等多项沉积学气候代用指标及精确定年的综合分析,建立了该区域全新世中期9.0~3.0 cal.kaBP的古气候演化序列。结果表明,9~7.8 cal.kaBP期间,区域的水分条件和温度逐渐上升,植被状况好转,此阶段属于全新世早期向全新世暖湿期转变的过程;而在7.8~7.5 cal.kaBP期间出现了显著的百年尺度的干旱事件,沉积物主要以砂质沉积为主,此时湖泊生产力显著下降;全新世期间最为暖湿的气候适宜期出现在7.5~5.0 cal.kaBP;5.0 cal.kaBP以来,该区域出现了较为明显的干旱化趋势。     

云南中甸纳帕海湖泊记录指示的57ka环境演化

根据沉积环境，总有机碳，氢指数，有机碳同位素，磁化率和粒度等替代性指标以及和陆地，深海气候记录的对比，重建了纳帕海57kaBP以来的湖面变化和主要气候演化阶段，57-32kaBP主要为低湖面和频繁的湖面波动，与气候的暖偏干/凉偏湿交替有关。32-15kaBP湖面大幅度上升，出现相对高湖面，气温下降，有效湿度增加，全新世湖盆的萎缩与持续的暖偏干气候有关，这种冷湿-暖干气候与滇西北特殊的地形地貌造成大气环流的独特性有关。     

江汉平原6000年以来的古降水变化:江陵剖面沉积物粒度记录

通过对江陵剖面沉积物的高密度采样和粒度分析,重建了江汉平原江陵地区近6.0kaBP以来的古降水古气候变化序列：6.0～4.6kaBP为干旱阶段;4.6～2.5kaBP为湿润时期,该时期可以进一步划分为前、后两个阶段：前期阶段4.60～3.44kaBP降水波动频繁,其中4.60～4.27、4.16～3.95、3.80～3.68kaBP为湿润时期,而4.27～4.16、3.95～3.80、3.68～3.44kaBP为干旱时期;后期3.44～2.50kaBP为稳定的湿润阶段,湖沼泥炭发育,其中3.1～2.87kaBP为干旱阶段;2.50kaBP以来,由湖沼堆积转化为洪水漫滩堆积,气候变干或冷干。江陵地区6kaBP以来的古降水古气候变化与国内相邻区域及国外的研究资料一致。     

用水热平衡模型估算青海湖古水文要素及水量平衡

根据水热平衡原理，推导了内陆湖泊水位高低（或面积大小）与流域降水及蒸发之间的定量关系，设计了青海湖古水量平衡计算模型。用现在的湖区气象要素及水量收支对模型进行了检验，然后将此模型用于估算全新世稳定暖湿期（7200－6000aB．P．）的青海湖古水文要素及水量平衡。结果显示，在全新世稳定暖湿期，青海湖流域的降水、蒸发及径流比现代高约32％，13％和67％。反映出该地区因气温高、降水增加造成的季风加强使得该地区的水量收支与现代相比有较大的不同。本方法用古湖水位来定量恢复古水文、气候参数，为此可以从古湖泊中提取古气候信息。     

62kaBP以来湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物有机碳同位素记录及古气候环境意义

湖光岩玛珥湖HUG-B孔岩心记录了62kaBP以来的古气候、古环境变化信息。全岩有机碳同位素组成(δ^13CTOC)分析表明，62kaBP以来δ^3CTOC值变化比较明显，其变化范围为-28．5‰～-15．5％0。结合孢粉和有机地球化学指标进行综合分析，湖光岩玛珥湖δ^13CTOC变化曲线可划分为6个演化阶段：62～58和48～40．5kaBP两个时段的δ^13CTOC值偏负，沉积物中有机质主要来源于热带-亚热带地区的陆生C13森林植被，反映了温暖潮湿的气候环境；58～48和40．5～17．2kaBP期间δ^13CTOC值明显偏正，沉积物中有机质主要源自C4草本植物，反映了湖光岩地区有效降水量减少、干旱程度增加导致湖光岩玛珥湖湖面下降，大量C4草本植物生长在暴露的湖滨岸；17．2～4kaBP时段内δ^13CTOC值尽管存在更加频繁的波动，但总体呈现逐渐偏负的趋势，反映了暖湿和冷干气候多次交替但总体上逐渐变暖、变湿的气候环境；4kaBP以来δ^13CTOC值存在逐渐偏正的趋势，虽然不排除人类活动的影响，但很可能反映了干旱程度的再次增加。综合分析表明，有效降水量(降水量-蒸发量)是控制湖光岩玛珥湖地区C3／C4植物相对生物量变化的主导因素。湖光岩玛珥湖有机碳同位素的研究结果支持区域气候环境而不是大气CO2浓度变化是末期冰期以来热带低纬度地区C3／C4植被相对生物量变化的主要原因。     

南疆博斯腾湖近12.OkaB.P.以来古气候与古水文状况的变化

对南疆博斯腾湖湖相沉积物多手段的综合研究，揭示了近12.0kaB.P.以来古气候与古水文状况的变化过程与特征。结果表明，其气候的演化特征具有明显的西风型环境演变特征。研究还发现气候于12.0ka、10.0ka、4.0ka和1.5kaB.P.存在显著的阶梯式增暖变干特征，其中暖峰主要出现于11.5—11.0ka、9.4ka、7.5—7.0ka、6.5—6.0ka、3.0ka和2.0kaB.P.，气候特征以干暖为主，湖泊水文特征总体表现为盐度增加、水位下降、湖面缩小；而冷峰主要出现于11.0—10.0ka、8.8ka、5.0—4.5ka、3.3ka和1.5kaB.P.，此时湖泊膨胀淡化，湖面上升。在7.0—5.0kaB.P.期间出现的相对暖湿环境特征可能是全新世大暖期最盛期暖湿气候特征的反映，可能与此时西南夏季风势力增强有关，湖泊水文状况明显变好。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.