Estimation of methane emissions from energy combustion based on wireless sensors and machine learning

Methane emissions from garbage dumps have become a global mantra due to global climate change and its significant impact. The portable air quality meter used in this study estimates methane emissions from six storage locations. The results show that the spatial level is in the methane range. The previous method based on Neural Network and IOT (Internet of Thing) for methane emissions based energy combustion. In the previous method, Low complexity requires massive processing, and it cannot improve any application. So in the proposed methane, emissions from energy combustion are used for energy combustion, and sensors are easily interfaces with the controller without any complex. There is a time-varying level of methane-based on the high value during the rainy season. On the other hand, the number of methane emissions by the control station is not detected. According to the Air Quality Index (AQI) model, methane emissions are also moderate, confirming that methane emissions come from human activities in the garbage dump, excluding mainly radio stations, and estimating it as safe. They recommend policies intended to isolate methane emissions, including recycling, recycling and reduction. Climate change is an important issue that needs to be addressed immediately. The effects of climate change, such as ocean acidification and extreme weather conditions, are so severe that they are essential for learning the combat effectiveness behind these phenomena.     

Flowfield initialization and approach to stationary conditions in unsteady combustion simulations

The initial transient leading to stationary conditions in unsteady combustion simulations is investigated by considering flow establishment in model combustors. Quiescent initial conditions with the chamber initially filled with an inert, hot gas are used to provide physically realistic starting conditions and robust, reliable combustion initiation. Transient processes are visualized by using a distinct initial fluid in the combustor whose concentration is tracked as it is expelled. The duration of the transient is shown to be dependent on the characteristic turn-over time for recirculation zones and the time for the chamber pressure to reach steady conditions. Substantial changes in the initial condition did not materially affect the length of the transient. Different combustor geometries changed the ratio of pressure equilibration time and species replenishment time, but did not have a major effect on the overall duration of the transient. Representative comparisons of the time-averaged, stationary results with experiment are presented to document the computations.     

湍流燃烧反应数值模拟的研究与实现

基于开源计算流体力学平台OpenFOAM和化学动力反应模型库Cantera设计出定常可压缩的湍流燃烧反应解算器,使用该解算器对Sydney钝体驻定火焰HM1进行数值模拟,模拟采用煤气和空气的详细反应机理,并根据计算结果得到燃烧流动组分浓度分布图和温度曲线变化图.通过计算结果与实验数据对比分析表明,模拟效果较好的符合燃烧组分变化的研究要求,这说明设计的解算器对定长可压缩燃烧流动问题有很好的计算仿真效果,体现了其可行性.湍流燃烧流动解算器的设计对于燃烧室性能预估有一定的参考价值.     

Progress and recent trend in MILD combustion

Moderate or intense low oxygen dilution(MILD)combustion plays a significant role in the mitigation of combustion-generated pollutants and greenhouse gases whilst meeting thermal efficiency needs.However,due to the lack of the fundamental knowledge on this combustion,there is a misconception that MILD combustion should be established by high preheating of the air,which has limited its application.Our research and development on this combustion has been performed for several years. We have found that the requ...     

2000 t/d分解炉内无烟煤燃烧机理的数值模拟研究

为避免水泥生产焚烧无烟煤技术的工程盲目性,本文采用混合分数方法数值研究了中材建设有限公司国外-2000t/d生产线分解炉内无烟煤的燃烧机理。首先,根据分解炉的设计参数,模拟了分解炉内无烟煤的燃烧过程。其次,为研究分解炉内无烟煤的燃烧机理,模拟研究了煤粉不同喷射速度条件下的无烟煤的燃烧过程。最后得出,分解炉无烟煤的主要燃烧机制为混合-扩散速率控制,但无烟煤必须以较高的速度喷入燃烧室,将燃烧后的高温气流迅速回流到刚喷入煤粉中。     

Experimental and numerical modeling of the effect of solid surface on NOx emission in the combustion chamber of a water heater

A combined experimental and CFD modeling study of the turbulent non-premixed natural gas on a laboratory scale has been performed. Effect of solid surface enhancement in combustion chamber on the flame temperature and NO emission was investigated. The solid surface called as filling material (FM) was cylindrical and was placed coaxially in the center of combustion chamber. The temperature and NO distribution in the combustion chamber were compared for different geometries of the filling material. The diameters of the filling materials were 25 and 30 cm with two lengths of 20 and 40 cm. Experimental study has been carried out on a fire tube water heater. The flame temperature on the center line of the combustion chamber, gas temperature and NO emission in the combustion chamber were measured. The actual geometry of the fire tube water heater and the burner were modeled and then analyzed by the FLUENT code. Turbulent diffusion flames were investigated numerically using a finite volume method for the solution of the conservation and reaction equations governing the problem. The measured values were specified as the boundary conditions. The elemental analysis of the natural gas was taken as a mixture of hydrocarbon and air was the oxidizer. The standard k-ε model was used for the modeling of the turbulence phenomena in the combustor. The non-premixed combustion model was chosen. In the conserved scalar approach, turbulence effects were accounted for with the help of an assumed shape probability density function or PDF. The discrete ordinates (DO) radiation model was used for modeling of the radiative heat transfer in the combustion room. The model results were compared with the experimental results. The model results were in good agreement with the measurements. The filling material provided the recirculation of the cooler gases into the flame. The recirculation reduced the oxygen concentration in the flame and controlled the flame temperature. It was found that the filling material with the diameter bigger than the flame diameter increased the heat transfer rate in the back flow around the flame.     

Influence of combustion parameters on NOx production in an industrial boiler

NO_x formation during the combustion process occurs mainly through the oxidation of nitrogen in the combustion air (thermal NO_x) and through oxidation of nitrogen with the fuel (prompt NO_x). The present study aims to investigate numerically the problem of NO_x pollution using a model furnace of an industrial boiler utilizing fuel gas. The importance of this problem is mainly due to its relation to the pollutants produced by large boiler furnaces used widely in thermal industrial plants. Governing conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy, and equations representing the transport of species concentrations, turbulence, combustion and radiation modeling in addition to NO modeling equations were solved together to present temperature and NO distribution inside the radiation and convection sections of the boiler. The boiler under investigation is a 160 MW, water-tube boiler, gas fired with natural gas and having two vertically aligned burners.The simulation study provided the NO distribution in the combustion chamber and in the exhaust gas at various operating conditions of fuel to air ratio with varying either the fuel or air mass flow rate, inlet air temperature and combustion primary air swirl angle. In particular, the simulation provided more insight on the correlation between the maximum furnace temperature and furnace average temperatures and the thermal NO concentration. The results have shown that the furnace average temperature and NO concentration decrease as the excess air factor λ increases for a given air mass flow rate. When considering a fixed value of mass flow rate of fuel, the results show that increasing λ results in a maximum value of thermal NO concentration at the exit of the boiler at λ = 1.2. As the combustion air temperature increases, furnace temperature increases and the thermal NO concentration increases sharply. The results also show that NO concentration at exit of the boiler exhibits a minimum value at around swirl angle of 45°.     

红外甲烷传感器光学气室设计

介绍了红外甲烷传感器光学气室结构设计原则,推导出该光学气室的最优光程长度为60mm,通过测试得到该光学气室直径为10～30mm时红外甲烷传感器的响应速度较快,从而确定该气室直径为20mm;采用RCS2000(A)自动配气系统对基于该光学气室的红外甲烷传感器进行了实验测试,结果表明,该光学气室具有一定的可行性和较高的灵敏度。     

Simulation of combustion by vortex method

In this paper, we present a simple and efficient technique that uses a vortex method to predict the quantities of the combustion products; however, this technique uses no chemical equations. This technique incorporates the concept of chemical equilibrium into a vortex method. By using this technique, the products of a chemical system are determined by minimizing the Gibbs free energy, which is subject to the conservation of the chemical elements involved in the combustion process. The amount of gas (a mixture of fuel and oxygen) that is used for the calculation of chemical equilibrium is estimated by the eddy-dissipation model. In order to avoid increasing the number of species of particles, a single particle is provided with five physical properties - vorticity, turbulent energy, dissipation rate, amount of fuel, and amount of oxygen. To meet this condition, the motion equations of these properties are modified. For the sake of simplicity and low computational load, the presented technique does not focus on achieving higher order accuracy in the solutions. Nevertheless, the simulated results for the temperature and the main products for the premixed methane/air jet turbulent flame are in good agreement with the experimental results. In some cases, the data from the simulation concerning the intermediate products disagree with that from the experiment due to the slow reaction speeds in actual combustion. The convergence of the algorithms is also examined.     

Modeling of Self-Oscillation in Combustion Chambers

In this paper, we present a turbulent combustion model for calculating self-oscillations in combustion chambers. The model is based on the large eddy simulation (LES) method in conjunction with the global methane combustion mechanism. We numerically simulated self-oscillations in a laboratory combustion chamber. The fist longitudinal mode of oscillations is shown to be correctly predicted by modeling.     

燃烧室形状对柴油机压缩冲程影响的数值模拟

为研究柴油机燃烧室形状对柴油机压缩冲程的影响,应用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)数值方法,针对3种不同几何形状的直喷型柴油机燃烧室压缩冲程进行三维流场计算.计算结果表明缩口燃烧室具有较大的挤流强度和较合理的涡流分布,可以产生较高的缸内压力和温度,有利于混合气体的形成,与直口和敞口燃烧室相比性能较好.所采用的数值计算方法和分析结果对柴油机燃烧室的设计工作具有参考意义.     

The torque ratio concept for combustion monitoring of internal combustion engines

This work presents a method to analyze combustion events in an internal combustion engine, called the torque ratio concept. The method is based on crankshaft torque measurements, but an extension to angular speed measurements is possible. The torque ratio concept provides a parametrized model for the combustion progress from which, e.g. combustion phasing can be extracted. The torque ratio concept is derived mathematically and related theoretically to other combustion analysis methods, such as pressure ratio and net heat release. Finally, analysis on recorded data from a five cylinder spark ignited engine verifies the relationships between the three methods. For combustion phasing, the 50% torque ratio is an equivalent measure to 50% pressure ratio and can be transformed into the 50% net heat release position by using a derived volume ratio function.     

循环流化床锅炉燃烧优化控制

本文在全面分析了循环流化床燃烧常规控制方案的基础上,结合我国循环流化床锅炉结构的实际,对它的燃烧控制系统提出了一种新的控制方法.首先,设置主气流量——给煤量关系曲线及总风量——给煤量关系曲线在线学习单元,在线改变曲线拐点坐标,以适应由于燃料热值变化给控制带来的影响.其次,提出以主气流量——-给煤量关系曲线为主,以主汽压力,主汽流量模糊控制器为辅的燃料给定值设定方案,在大大提高了控制系统投运率的同时,提高了锅炉的效率.以上控制方案经实践证明控制效果良好.     

合成气非预混燃烧的数值模拟

针对合成气非预混火焰结构开展数值模拟和试验验证,分析天然气改烧合成气后燃烧特性的变化规律.结果表明,大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)在速度分布和温度分布的预测中与试验结果比较吻合,而在对燃烧过程产物(如OH自由基)预测中则与试验结果有所差异.采用数值模拟与试验测量相结合的方法,探讨和分析合成气燃烧特性的变化规律:与天然气火焰相比,合成气燃烧时高温区域更大,火焰稳定性较好;随着当量比提高,燃烧室热负荷不断增大,同时最高回流速度增大,火焰根部受到压缩,逐渐呈现出推举火焰特征.     

Non-linear system identification using closed-loop data with no external excitation: The case of a lean combustion chamber

This paper deals with the analysis of a set of measurements collected on a lean premixed combustion process operating in a limit cycle. Due to the fact that the data are collected in closed-loop and the system has no external excitation, the identification task is particularly challenging. This work mainly focuses on the issue of the feasibility of the identification task. It will be shown that, despite the paucity of information available, a grey-box non-linear model can be estimated. The model provides an explanation both of the limit-cycle fundamental oscillation and of a non-harmonic high-frequency signal affecting the pressure of the combustion chamber.     

浅埋厚煤层地表漏风对采空区煤自燃影响数值模拟研究

西部矿区浅埋厚煤层通常采用抽出式通风方式,地表漏风不仅使风流紊乱,而且其中的O 2贯穿采空区,与采空区遗煤共同作用使其氧化,从而发生煤自燃,并且产生的CO等有害气体超标,严重影响矿井的正常开采。目前一般采用现场实测、理论分析及实验研究方法对地面漏风引起的采空区内煤自燃的气体浓度场和温度场等进行研究,然而地表裂隙漏风自然发火实验复杂程度较高,理论分析及实验研究方法难以从三维角度认识地表漏风对采空区内煤自燃的影响规律。针对上述问题,根据我国西北矿区埋深浅、煤层厚等特点,建立三维数值计算模型,采用数值模拟与现场实测相结合的方法研究了浅埋厚煤层条件下导气裂隙采空区“三带”分布情况及不同工况下采空区O 2浓度场、CO浓度场、温度场、压力场等的分布规律,并采用ZD5煤矿火灾多参数监测装置进行现场验证。结果表明:采空区内“三带”分布规律和O 2浓度场分布受地表漏风影响明显,采空区顶部O 2容易聚集,改变了采空区内气体流场分布规律,采空区内高体积分数O 2(体积分数为18%~23%)聚集范围为沿采空区走向0~270 m、沿采空区竖直方向3~20 m,特别是在沿采空区走向0~80 m、沿采空区竖直方向3~8 m空间O 2充足、有一定遗煤且热量不容易散失,该区域煤自然发火危险程度较高;采空区内回风隅角压力最小,为-10 Pa,回风口压力最低,进风口压力最大,沿倾向、竖直方向及走向压力均逐渐增大;采空区内温度和CO分布规律类似,在采空区底部受顶部漏风影响很小,主要受工作面进风隅角影响,热量积聚和CO聚集规律与不漏风时基本一致,而从采空区中部开始,温度和CO主要受顶部漏风影响,在中部区域温度和CO均呈现“O”形圈分布,采空区顶部,温度和CO在每个断裂带与采空区交接处达到极大值,并向两侧递减,在最深部的断裂带与采空区交接处出现最大值。     

Contrast between steady and time-averaged unsteady combustion simulations

Time-averaged predictions from unsteady solutions of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are contrasted with Reynolds-averaged results for a reacting flow problem in a high pressure combustor. The goal is to determine whether the two-dimensional unsteady approximation can be useful as an engineering analysis in problems for which time-averaged quantities are of primary interest. The conditions are taken from an experiment in which non-premixed gaseous oxygen and hydrogen were injected into a combustion chamber through coaxial channels. The resulting flowfield is dominated by a large recirculation zone arising from the back-step created by the injector. The results of steady and time-averaged, unsteady solutions are strikingly different. The unsteady simulation produces strong unsteady structures whose time-averaged results lead to a much wider flame zone, a different recirculation zone structure, and a substantially different wall heat flux than those obtained with a steady RANS procedure. The time-averaged calculations yield the correct combustor chamber pressure and compare considerably more favorably with heat flux measurements than do the RANS results. The two-dimensional approximation, however, overstates the unsteady vortex roll up and precludes large scale mixing across the axis of symmetry, thereby giving deficient predictions near the centerline. Overall, the present results indicate that capturing large-scale unsteady characteristics can provide more accurate predictions of recirculation dominated reacting flows and suggest that two-dimensional, time-averaged solutions represent a potentially useful engineering tool for problems of this nature while also serving as a precursor for full three-dimensional simulations.     

A six-wafer combustion system for a silicon micro gas turbineengine

As part of a program to develop a micro gas turbine engine capable of producing 10-50 W of electrical power in a package less than one cubic centimeter in volume, we present the design, fabrication, packaging, and experimental test results for the 6-wafer combustion system for a silicon microengine. Comprising the main nonrotating functional components of the engine, the device described measures 2.1 cm×2.1 cm×0.38 cm and is largely fabricated by deep reactive ion etching through a total thickness of 3800 μm. Complete with a set of fuel plenums, pressure ports, fuel injectors, igniters, fluidic interconnects, and compressor and turbine static airfoils, this structure is the first demonstration of the complete hot flow path of a multilevel micro gas turbine engine. The 0.195 cm³ combustion chamber is shown to sustain a stable hydrogen flame over a range of operating mass flows and fuel-air mixture ratios and to produce exit gas temperatures in excess of 1600 K. It also serves as the first experimental demonstration of stable hydrocarbon microcombustion within the structural constraints of silicon. Combined with longevity tests at elevated temperatures for tens of hours, these results demonstrate the viability of a silicon-based combustion system for micro heat engine applications     

Identification and idle speed control of internal combustion engines

This paper presents an integrated approach for the identification and control of internal combustion engines in idle-speed conditions. The inputs of the nonlinear identification model are the position of the idle speed air actuation system and the spark advance, while its outputs are the pressure inside the air intake manifold and the crank shaft speed. The estimated model is then used to synthesize an idle speed controller with the linear quadratic technique. The design procedure outlined here is currently being used by Magneti Marelli for the synthesis of commercial idle-speed regulators. Some identification and control results obtained by applying this method to a 1400 cm³ commercial engine are reported to witness the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Mutual information of cylinder pressure and combustion phase estimation in spark ignition engines

For the study of internal combustion engines, combustion control is an important method to achieve high efficiency and low emissions. Currently, in-cylinder pressure sensor-based closed-loop control strategies have become the preferred solution. However, their productional application in automotive industries is limited due to the cost of intensive pressure acquisition for a whole cycle and the calculation load of combustion phase indicators. This paper proposes a method of combustion phase estimation for spark ignition (SI) engines. In this method, the combustion phase is estimated only based on pressure measurements at several crank angles. Information entropy and mutual information are introduced to analyze the feasibility and accuracy of the combustion phase estimation, which shows that the pressure measurements at selected points contain most of the information for the estimation. As a result, only pressure measurements at 3 points and ELM estimation models are required to obtain the combustion phase, instead of intensive data acquisition and calculation.