新型纳米纤维素聚砜复合膜的制备及表征

采用L-S浸没沉淀相转化法制备纳米纤维素(NCC)/聚砜(PSF)复合膜材料.考察了NCC添加量及异丙醇凝胶浴浓度(10％、30％、50％,体积分数,下同)对膜结构和性能的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了复合膜材料断面和皮层的孔结构,发现随着异丙醇浓度的增加,复合膜中的指状孔由细长贯通、连接紧密逐渐变得短粗、疏松.同时,NCC添加量和异丙醇凝胶浴浓度对复合膜的力学性能、渗透性能、膜孔结构有很大的调控作用.     

新型纳米纤维素聚砜复合膜的制备及表征

采用L-S浸没沉淀相转化法制备纳米纤维素（NCC）／聚砜（PSF）复合膜材料。考察了NCC添加量及异丙醇凝胶浴浓度（10％、30％、50％,体积分数,下同）对膜结构和性能的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了复合膜材料断面和皮层的孔结构,发现随着异丙醇浓度的增加,复合膜中的指状孔由细长贯通、连接紧密逐渐变得短粗、疏...     

聚砜-硅橡胶富氧膜的制备

研究了聚砜超滤底膜的种类,聚砜底膜上涂敷的硅橡胶的种类、浓度、涂敷次数、涂敷速度以及过程操作压力等对聚砜-硅橡胶复合膜富氧性能(富氧浓度和透气量)的影响,并在此基础上确定了较佳的硅橡胶类型和超滤底膜,最后在较佳的工艺条件下制得了富氧浓度为29.9%,富氧透气量为17.28 L/(m2.min)的能满足工业应用需要的聚砜-硅橡胶复合膜.此外,还对聚砜超滤底膜的结构进行了扫描电镜分析.     

纳米纤维素/壳聚糖复合膜的制备和性能

目的获得力学性能和阻隔性能优异的食品包装用壳聚糖膜。方法通过超声法由糠醛渣纤维素制备纳米纤维素(NCC),将其与壳聚糖(CS)共混流延制备纳米纤维素/壳聚糖复合膜(NCC-CS)。结果复合膜中NCC质量分数为5%时,NCC-CS的拉伸强度比纯CS膜提高了30%,NCC-CS的透湿量比纯CS膜降低了24%。SEM分析结果表明NCC-CS复合膜微观结构致密。FT-IR和XRD的分析结果表明CS与NCC间存在着较强的相互作用。结论 NCC的加入对CS膜的力学性能和阻隔性能的提高有促进作用。     

硅橡胶-聚碳酸酯富氧膜的制备

以聚碳酸酯(PC)为膜材料,N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,γ-丁内酯(γ-GBL)为添加剂,水为凝胶浴,采用浸入沉淀相转化法制备平板膜.在其表面涂敷聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS),制备了硅橡胶-聚碳酸酯复合膜.利用扫描电子显微镜表征基膜微观结构,以氧气渗透速率和氧氮选择性为指标,考察了聚合物/溶剂配比、添加剂浓度及硅橡胶浓度对膜性能的影响.结果表明,当PC浓度为17%,γ-GBL浓度为23%时,复合膜具有稳定的气体分离性能,其氧气渗透速率为233 GPU.     

纳米纤维素制备及壳聚糖/NCC复合膜的性能研究

为了探究包装废弃物瓦楞纸板的回收再利用价值,以杨木浆板为对照,采用包装废弃物瓦楞纸板进行纳米纤维素(NCC)的制备,并以不同比例的NCC和壳聚糖复合成膜,比较研究了NCC含量对壳聚糖/NCC复合膜的膜性能的影响。废弃瓦楞纸板制备NCC的得率为53.87%,NCC形态为纺锤形,长度和直径范围分别为54~87nm和3~5nm,与杨木浆板NCC的形态相同,但长度较短。随纳米纤维素含量的增加,复合膜的抗拉强度及伸长率均有所提高,透湿量先增加后减少;透光率没有明显变化,均达99.8%以上。以瓦楞纸板NCC制备的壳聚糖/NCC复合膜的抗拉强度和伸长率略低于以杨木浆板NCC的复合膜。研究结果表明:废弃瓦楞纸板可作为NCC制备的来源,用于壳聚糖/NCC复合膜的制备并改善成膜性能。     

NCC改性海藻酸钠可降解复合膜的制备及性能研究

通过硫酸水解微晶纤维素制备纳米尺寸的纤维素晶体-纳米纤维素(NCC),以NCC为增强体,通过流延法制备了纳米纤维素/海藻酸钠复合膜,采用红外光谱(FT-IR),X射线衍射(XRD)对复合膜的结构进行了表征,研究了复合膜的吸湿性能,阻隔性能,透光率及拉伸性能。结果表明:纳米纤维素可以显著提高膜的力学性能,与纯海藻酸钠膜相比,含量15%NCC使拉伸强度提高了近45%,同时NCC的引入降低了材料的吸湿率。水蒸汽透过性下降了24.9%,有效提高了材料的阻隔性能,红外光谱与XRD分析表明NCC与基体之间存在分子间氢键相互作用,具有较好的相容性。     

拟用于可穿戴气敏传感器的二氧化钛/纳米纤维素复合膜制备及表征

使用纤维素酶和木聚糖酶(酶活比9:1)组成总酶活为10U/mL的复合酶液,以桉木浆为原料在50℃水解12h,获得平均长度约625nm、平均直径50nm的棒状纳米晶纤维素(NCC)。以所制备的NCC为原料,采用真空抽滤法获得了透明柔性NCC膜,其弹性模量为8178MPa,抗张强度为33MPa,透光度为90.86%,裂断应变为99%,表明NCC膜具有良好的力学性能和透光性,可用作柔性器件的基底材料。然后,进一步在NCC中加入气敏材料纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)胶体,采用真空抽滤法获得了TiO2/NCC复合膜。研究结果表明,添加少量TiO2(1%、2%、4%)的TiO2/NCC复合膜依然具有良好的透光度(90%以上)与物理性能(弹性模量4906MPa、抗张强度37MPa、裂断应变45%)。在室温下,TiO2/NCC复合膜对氨气具有气敏响应,以及良好的选择性和稳定性。这些研究结果为制备高性能的TiO2/NCC可穿戴气敏传感器的进一步研究奠定了良好基础。     

高填充量ZSM-5/PDMS复合膜的制备及透醇性能研究

以加成型硅橡胶(RT-615)为基膜,采用HF酸刻蚀的ZSM-5粒子作为填充材料,制备了高填充量ZSM-5/PDMS复合膜。通过扫描电镜(SEM)表征,发现复合膜填充量(ZSM-5:PDMS质量比)低于至100%时,复合膜表面和断面较致密,均未出现孔洞,当超过100%时,复合膜的上表面和断面出现明显微米级孔洞。将复合膜用于渗透汽化乙醇/水混合物的分离,研究发现随着ZSM-5填充量的提高,复合膜分离因子先增大后减小,这可能是由于填充量过大造成膜内的孔洞缺陷抑制了ZSM-5对乙醇选择性的提高,在填充量为70%时达到极大值21.0;复合膜渗透通量随着填充量的增大不断增加。将影响复合膜分离性能的因素分为外部因素(操作温度和料液浓度)和膜自身结构因素两部分,分别研究了各因素对复合膜渗透汽化分离性能的影响。     

气体分离复合膜的聚丙烯腈支撑底膜的制备与表征

采用相转化法,以聚丙烯腈聚合物为制膜材料,研究了聚合物的浓度、凝胶浴温度、挥发时间及各种添加剂对膜结构和性能的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜、凝胶渗透色谱等手段对底膜进行了表征.结果表明,采用增加聚合物的浓度、降低凝胶浴温度或加长挥发时间,以及在一定范围内增加添加剂H2O、ZnCl2和正丁醇含量等方法,都可以明显改变膜性能,使膜断面由大空腔结构趋向海绵孔结构.制备了具有海绵孔断面结构的,用作气体分离复合膜底膜的PAN超滤膜.     

热交换器的分类及优缺点分析

热交换器是将不同温度介质之间的热量通过热传导的形式,由高温介质传递给低温介质,使介质达到生产所需温度的工艺设备,也可作为一种节能设备使用.通过对不同热交换器的结构分析,总结不同热交换器的优缺点、适用环境,为生产工艺设计人员及设备制造单位在选择可降低能耗、提高效率的设备上提供参考.     

聚苯胺及其复合物的制备和结构及形貌分析

通过化学氧化法分别制备盐酸,盐酸和十二烷基苯磺酸,碳纳米管(MWNTs-COOH)掺杂的聚苯胺,利用红外光谱,紫外光谱,扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对所制备聚苯胺的结构和形貌进行分析。分析不同掺杂物对聚苯胺的结构和形貌的影响;同时研究了超声波作用对聚苯胺形貌以及聚苯胺包裹MWNTs-COOH情况的影响。     

Thermodynamic similarity and prediction of the properties and characteristics of substances and processes

Principles of the theory of thermodynamic similarity are considered in application to all aggregate states of a substance, including phase transitions, and to the change in dissipative structures in open systems.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 709–716, November, 1987.     

Modelling and computation of curing and damage of thermosets

The curing of thermosets is a complex process involving the transition from a fluid into a (visco-) elastic solid. This phase transition comes along with an increase in stiffness and a volume shrinkage of the polymer. The latter may lead to severe residual strains and stresses, which in turn can cause damage in the final, usually quasi-brittle material. In this contribution a constitutive model is developed which takes into account the curing of a thermosetting material together with the process-induced damage as resulting from curing shrinkage. The curing of the material is governed by a phenomenological hypoelastic constitutive equation which includes temporal evolutions for stiffness and volume shrinkage. Thermal and viscous effects are neglected in the present study. An isotropic gradient-enhanced damage model is adapted to describe the damage evolution. The curing-damage model is implemented into a finite element code and numerical examples for thermosetting materials demonstrate that the proposed model is capable to predict cure-induced damage in thermosets.     

碳化硼陶瓷增韧补强和致密化研究现状及其展望

碳化硼陶瓷具有极高的硬度,然而其低韧性、低抗弯强度、难以致密化限制了它的广泛应用.已有一些研究集中于碳化硼陶瓷增韧补强和致密化,对这一方面国内外研究进展进行了归纳与评述,阐明各种增韧补强和致密化方法的优缺点,提出碳化硼陶瓷增韧补强和致密化研究值得发展的一些方向.     

Measurement and analysis of elastic and anelastic properties of alumina and silicon carbide

Measurements of dynamic Young's modulus, E, and damping as a function of temperature, T, were made for alumina and silicon carbide. The Young's modulus data were compared with some from the literature, and analysed in terms of a theoretical framework relating the Debye temperature, θD, with the elastic constants. For both materials this analysis yielded a ratio T₀/θ_D which was near 0.4, where T₀ is an empirical fitting constant for the plot of (E(0)−E)/T versus 1/T (E(0) is the value of E at 0 K). The analysis of the damping data in terms of an Arrhenius type dependence led to effective activation energies near kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanisms of Corosion and Oxidation of Metals and Alloys

Selected topics in field of the study of the mechanisms of corrosion and of oxidation of metals or alloys are presented. The first part reports a new model for the mechanism of the breakaway oxidation of ferritic stainless steels in water vapour. The second part is devoted to the physico‐chemical aspects of oxidation and presents experimental methods useful in the kinetic modelling applied to two alloys, the zircalloy‐4 and an AlMg5 % in the liquid state. In the third part the physical and numerical modelling of the stress corrosion cracking behaviour in face‐centered cubic (fcc) alloys is detailed, which enables the study of the influence of macroscopic parameters (such as the temperature or hydrogen activity) on the fracture process.     

Surface-charge density and potential of coal-liquid mixtures and control of their stability and fluidity

The preparation conditions of concentrated (>70%) aqueous suspensions of coal were optimized, as were the surface charge density and the surface potential of the coal-water suspensions. The theoretical study showed that (1–3) or (2–3) electrolytes such as Na₂SO₄ or Na₅P₃O₁₀, greatly increase the surface charge density and the surface potential of the coal particles in water. This study has led to the interesting result that thinners and stabilizing agents of concentrated clay suspensions, such as lignosulphonates, tripolyphosphates, polynaphtalene sulphonates, etc., must also be good thinners and stabilizing agents for ground coal-water suspensions. Two parameters were controlled: the stability and the fluidity of the suspensions. A penetrometry technique revealed the importance of the resistance coefficient,C _r that can be used as a criterion for the evaluation of coal-water mixture stability and fluidity. Concentrated coal suspensions (about 75% of solid by weight) were prepared in water by using different additives, for instance sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) and surfactants like lignosulphonates (by coupling of the dispersion and stabilizing effects) with the optimum concentration ratio of these two products equal to 1.9. The stability of the suspensions was then greater than 2 months and the viscosity was 1900 cP.     

SARS传染病数学建模及预测预防控制机理研究

首先，利用疾病传播的一般规律及人口守恒统计法则建立了四类人的SARS传染病数学模型，然后运用数学方法对四类人的SARS传染病数学模型进行分析，得出了其生理意义和预防、控制机理。其次，利用人工神经网络理论建立了SARS的预测模型，以北京市的SARS数据为例进行了预测和分析，预测结果显示该模型简单易行，预测精度高。