基于先验信息的供水管网阻力系数识别

供水管网阻力系数识别是指通过调整管网水力模型中管道阻力系数,使模型计算值与监测值相符的过程。由于实际中监测点数量有限,管网阻力系数识别为欠定的优化问题。现行方法通常采用管道分组这一参数化方法将欠定问题转换为超定,应用遗传算法或其它随机搜索算法求解。提出了基于先验信息的供水管网阻力系数识别算法,所提出算法根据管道管材、管龄等先验信息对管道阻力系数进行估计,并将估计值作为伪观测值引入目标函数将欠定优化问题转换为超定,采用高斯-牛顿算法进行求解。与现有方法相比,所提出算法避免了管道分组不唯一的问题;再者,推导了供水管网阻力系数雅克比矩阵解析式用于搜索向量构造,提高了参数识别计算效率。采用小型管网阐明了雅克比矩阵计算及搜索向量构造,利用大型管网验证了算法的实用性。     

城市供水管网抗震可靠性评估的随机模拟方法

在进行管网抗震可靠性评估时,现有方法大多采用相同方式进行管道的渗漏与爆管水力模拟,这会导致管网水力模拟及可靠性评估结果的不准确。考虑到地震时管道破损具有很大的随机性,对城市供水管网抗震可靠性评估的随机模拟方法进行研究。应用蒙特卡洛模拟产生管网震损场景,用泊松随机数与均匀随机数判定管道工作状态,用正态随机数确定管道渗漏系数;利用EPANET软件中喷嘴及管道关闭功能实现管道渗漏及爆管等效模拟,提出将长管道分段并应用"分步迭代"法求解低压管网水力方程,提高震损管网水力模拟精度。以震损场景下节点流量统计平均值与正常时节点流量的比值作为可靠度指标,分别采用所提出算法及GIRAFFE软件对云南某古镇供水管网在VIII、IV烈度时抗震可靠性进行评估,评估结果证明了所提出算法的可行性。评估结果还表明,除地震烈度外,管网本身水力条件对供水可靠性影响较大,管网末端、支管服务区域及地势较高区域供水可靠性远低于干管服务区。     

Social needs of the elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal

Urban renewal districts have a relatively high concentration of elderly people. Open spaces are important for the elderly for enhancing social interaction and active aging. However, planning and design of open spaces tend to stress on the physical and safety needs of the elderly, while social needs are not frequently addressed. This study intends to identify whether the social needs of the elderly regarding the use of public open spaces in urban renewal districts are addressed in the standard planning and design guidelines which newly planned development and districts are often based upon. Eight focus groups were conducted in elderly community centers in two urban renewal districts in Hong Kong. The results indicate that elderly people consider ‘social and physical activities’, ‘community life facilities and services’ and ‘social network’, as well as a ‘clean and pleasant environment’ to be their most important needs. Thus, planners and designers should take into consideration these criteria for enhancing the social well-being of the elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal. Furthermore, it stresses that urban renewal districts are part of the elderly's past living experiences and established social networks, which is not the case in new developments and areas. As such, the users' actual needs should be elicited rather than perceived by planners and designers.     

杭州湖滨地区旧城改建规划与西湖景观保护

杭州湖滨地区旧城改建规划与西湖景观保护汪志明，朱子瑜【编者按】本刊今年第一期发表了一组文章“旧城更新—一个值得关注和研究的课题”。其！司，处于不同岗位的专业人士，从不同的视角谈了对现阶段旧城更新的认识，以引起大家对此事的重视。本期这组文章，是旧城更新...     

A method to consider replaced pipes in modeling of sewer pipe deterioration

Statistical models that predict the deterioration of sewer pipes are useful for planning financial resources required for sewer renewal. Usually, data that are available to calibrate these models solely concern pipes that are still in place, leading to underestimated deterioration rates. A new method is proposed to consider possible past replacement of pipes in the statistical modeling of their deterioration. The proposed method considers the aging of pipes, simulated with a Cox model, and their probability to be replaced separately. Application to a synthetic sewer network, for which it was assumed that information regarding all pipe replacements over the lifetime of the network was available, showed that the proposed method allows for improved predictions of the sewer deterioration model, when compared to predictions of a model calibrated without considering the information about replaced pipes.     

Scenario Planning for Urban Planners: Toward a Practitioner's Guide

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Scenario planning has promise as a planning tool when compared with more common approaches, yet planners have had limited success with scenario planning in part because of the complexities of the scenario-planning process itself. We address these issues by constructing the key building blocks of a scenario process for public sector planners. We review and synthesize 63 articles and 25 projects from 2004 to 2014 to construct a planning typology with nine components that capture the important variations in scenario projects, such as the project scope, desired outcomes, and the types of scenario construction and evaluation tools used by planners. Although the typology is based only on a select set of projects from the industrialized world in English, we nevertheless further use our review and synthesis to characterize the key subcomponents or possibilities within each component and discuss the overlaps and connections among them. We then use the typology to code a subset of the reviewed projects to identify the associations among the subcomponents of different components and to explore whether planners should promote or avoid these associations. Finally, we offer some instructions on how planners may use the typology to create a better scenario–planning process.

Takeaway for practice: Our typology illustrates the combination of variables that comprise a scenario-planning process and the tradeoffs planners make when choosing one set of factors over another. Planners can use our typology to construct a variety of scenario processes that are participatory, transparent, and future oriented and are an improvement over traditional planning approaches.     

城市经营理念下的规划职能转变与体系重构

城市经营理念的引入为规划价值观的更新提供了契机，促成了城市规划体系从传统的刚性控制规划到积极的柔性引导规划的变革。城市经营理念要求规划师将理性与理想相结合，以策划的方式对城市发展提出合理的建议，最大程度地实现城市公共服务的有效性。     

城市规划师的继续教育

城市规划师的继续教育是城市建设发展的需要,是规划观念、技术更新的需要,是适应规划市场竞争的需要,是提高规划师个人能力的需要。今后,我国的城市规划师的继续教育培训应注重从“知识”型向“能力”型转变,从“概念”型向“技术”型转变,区别不同院校专业教育的差异,提高培训的针对性,加强案例分析和研究,实现人员互动,加强信息交流。     

A Case Study in Urban Design

Planners must develop greater skills in three-dimensional design in order to fulfill responsibilities placed on them by urban renewal. Design should be a major instrument for carrying out comprehensive plan objectives. Community understanding of planning issues in terms of design is necessary. The planners must develop refined techniques for working with consultant architects, and with developers and the architects they employ.     

Functional and residual capital values as criteria for water pipe renewal

Water pipes are considered as tangible assets designed to provide a level of service throughout an expected lifetime. The asset can be characterised by two types of values: capital or accounting value and functional value. The capital value of assets depreciates according to a specific rate per time period. The depreciation is assessed by the annual amortisation of the capital asset, which constitutes a potential self-budgeting for future renewal. The development in the last 20 years of public sector accounting standards boards dedicated to tangible capital assets management has encouraged water and wastewater utilities to consider capital depreciation as a decision-making criterion for asset prioritisation. At the same time, when the capital depreciates the asset function deteriorates, but this deterioration is more difficult to assess. In fact, each asset can be evaluated according to a functional value that indicates the capacity of the asset to deliver the designated service at the required level. This value declines during the service life because of the occurrence of unexpected events (failures, breaks, leaks and degradation). The functional deterioration, also referred to as ‘obsolescence’ or ‘reliability’, is still misunderstood for water pipe assets. This study addresses the following questions: How can the functional value be estimated for water systems both at the pipe and at the network scale? How can the decision-making process for pipe renewal be improved by incorporating specific indicators based on both functional and accounting values? The current research focuses on the definition of an appropriate time-dependent functional value, based on the following hypothesis: the functional value depends on both structural and hydraulic deterioration of the pipe asset, but is partially restored by curative maintenance actions. The calibration of the functional value is mainly based on historical incident data, roughness data and managers' opinions. In order to carry out the decision-making process, the evolution of the functional value is simultaneously analysed with the depreciation of the capital asset value. The implementation of the approach at the pipe and the network level leads to an assessment of innovative criteria for the purpose of assessing possible renewal policies.     

Using Evolutionary Optimization Techniques for Scheduling Water Pipe Renewal Considering a Short Planning Horizon

Abstract: The maintenance and management of underground infrastructures is a growing problem for a majority of municipalities. The maintenance costs are increasing while the financial resources of municipalities remain limited. Water distribution system (WDS) managers therefore need tools to assist them in the elaboration of pipe renewal management plans. In this article, results of a newly developed strategy for pipe renewal based on a cost function are presented. The strategy allows the minimization of a cost function while also considering hydraulic criterion. This strategy was tested on a short planning horizon of five years. The pipe number to be replaced and the optimal moment for renewal are identified using three different optimization techniques: IGA (Island Genetic Algorithm), NPGA‐2 (Niched Pareto Genetic Algorithm 2), and NSGA‐II (Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm‐II). The proposed approach has five distinctive features: (1) it is coupled with a flexible evolutionary framework that allows the user to select any type of operator for IGA or any kind of multiobjective genetic algorithm; (2) it uses the hydraulic simulator Epanet2.0 which allows steady state or dynamic simulations; (3) it considers a probabilistic break model to evaluate the structural deterioration of pipes; (4) it integrates a Bayesian approach for the estimation of the pipe break model parameters that take into account the influence of inherent uncertainties related to the quality of data during the decision‐making process; and (5) it simulates the variation of the pipe's roughness over the years. The developed strategy/model is explained using an example that allows us to elucidate its most important components. Simulation experiments on a small network (100 pipes) are presented. A comparison of three evolutionary algorithm results is provided. Tests showed that IGA performs well, but for networks of larger sizes, we recommend increasing the number of demes to reach better solutions. Higher quality results were achieved with NSGA‐II than NPGA‐2 on differently sized networks. We recommend the use the NSGA‐II to optimize large WDS. Future developments for this strategy are also discussed.     

西方规划理论与中国规划实践之间的隔阂——以公众参与和社区规划为例

公众参与与社区规划是城市规划学科的重要领域,充分体现在当代西方发达国家的规划实践中亚洲发展中国家城市中普遍存在公众自发建设,往往被西方规划师所赞赏和推崇,并且认为政府应该支持和协助因为自发建设是自下而上、公众自发改善自己所在生活环境的努力,符合规划的公众参与价值观亚洲发展中国家的城市规划是否需要认同这个所谓价值观?通过越南、印尼和中国的三个自发建设案例说明,城市规划的理论并不是"放之四海而皆准"的理论,城市规划理论的真谛在于具体情况具体分析盲目照搬西方理论也揭示了中国目前蓬勃的造城运动缺乏规划理论的指导     

理想城市的规划实践——谈临港新城的交通规划

临港新城的规划为我们实践理想提供了广阔的舞台。作为一名参与全过程的规划工作者，对此深有体会。     

Planning for Water Capacity Expansion

More responsibilities for planning water resources are being placed on local planners at a time when demand for water services is uncertain and financial conditions are pressing. Planners will need to scrutinize and refine conventional criteria for evaluating proposed expansions in the capacity of water and wastewater systems. They will have to counterbalance traditional engineering approaches to planning, which emphasize economy of scale, by paying more attention to finance rates and demand forecasting. And they will need to consider rehabilitating water and wastewater systems—as both a supplement and an alternative to expanding them—in making decisions about local infrastructure.     

参与式社区更新中的利益相关方特征和互动研究——以广州泮塘五约为例

在社区更新改造的过程中深入了解利益相关方的特征及其互动关系,对于促进社区共识的达成以及优化更新效果至关重要。与以往对社区更新利益相关方的分析研究所采用的描述性方法不同,以“影响力–利益”及“行动者–关系”网络为基础,通过参与式观察、问卷调查和半结构化访谈等混合研究方式收集数据,系统分析泮塘五约微改造项目中的利益相关方的社会网络。研究分为3个步骤：1）将145名利益相关方归类为14个组别;2）分析利益相关方的影响力、利益和参与程度等特征;3）研究不同利益相关方群体之间的沟通和互动关系。结果表明：参与式微改造有利于社区共同价值取向的建立,可推进利益相关方的积极互动;肯定了社区规划师与设计师、宗族代表、相关政府部门和新闻媒体在社会网络中的信息传递作用。针对老年人、女性、教育程度较低的人群以及其他影响力较低的社会群体在参与式规划活动中所处的边缘化地位问题,应重视采取更具包容性的参与方式来开展工作。研究结果对于参与式社区更新实践具有借鉴意义。     

ALLOCATING SERVICES FOR PARKS AND RECREATION: A Model for Implementing Equity Concepts in Austin,Texas

ABSTRACT: This article examines the equitability of park and recreation service allocation decisions. The importance of equity as a concern for planners is discussed, a sampling of related literature is reviewed, and a typology of eight equity models is' proposed. Research data showing that equity preferences are measurable and that they differ by service and decisionmaking group are presented. A conceptual planning model including an equity assessment process is then described, as are current efforts by the Austin Parks and Recreation Department to include equity considerations in its planning process.     

Are we planning for resilient cities in Ghana? An analysis of policy and planners' perspectives

This paper sets forth a set of four principles that define and operationalise the concept of urban resilience. Using these four principles, 105 registered planners with the Ghana Institute of Planners were interviewed and five most recent and relevant national planning documents (four legislation, and one policy) were evaluated to determine how well planning practice advances resilience planning. Findings indicate limited appreciation of the concept amongst planners, despite the national planning documents stating an intention to integrate urban resilience. In addition, these national planning documents do not provide balanced support for all four urban resilience principles, as they advance some principles significantly more than others. More importantly, there is a disconnect between these national planning documents on the one hand, and planning practice on the other, as planning actions are not consistent with the legislation and policies. This paper recommends education of planners on urban resilience issues, credentialing of the concept in the local context, and reconsideration of international agencies' role in resilience planning in Ghanaian cities.     

An assessment of a rational approach to drawing up local government zoning schemes

A rational planning method, SIRO-PLAN, and an associated computer program, LUPLAN, developed by the CSIRO Division of Water and Land Resources, Australia, have been used by CSIRO personnel for planning exercises ranging from teaching examples to practical resource agency and local government plans. This paper presents an assessment of SIRO-PLAN and LUPLAN for producing local government zoning schemes, based upon an application in a New South Wales local government area. The application demonstrated some of the practical limitations of rational approaches to planning. The goal-driven nature of the SIRO-PLAN method focussed discussion on the meaning of (and conflicts between) the policies advanced by various interest groups and expedited data collection. However SIRO-PLAN and LUPLAN were less successful in assisting planners, politicians and government officials to use these guidelines and data to produce an acceptable zoning scheme. Some difficulties, such as a reliance on numerical manipulation, are fundamental to extant rational approaches to planning; others, such as a lack of justification for the plan, resulted from the inappropriate design of the LUPLAN program for this purpose. It is suggested that computerized techniques, based upon artificial intelligence research, may be better suited to assisting planners draw up zoning schemes.     

Environmental assessment in construction using a Spatial Decision Support System

This research proposes a Spatial Decision Support System based on the Geographical Information System (GIS) to evaluate the environmental performance in construction. The system has been designed to add a spatial component to the current tools for the inspection and management of the sustainability of buildings and to assist the planners in their decision-making. The multi-criteria evaluation method developed in the Green Building Challenge and implemented in the software SbTool has been used as a reference. The evaluation method presents a hierarchical structure of criteria and variables which is applied to buildings spatially indexed in GIS and the environmental data of the buildings comes from an external data-base developed in Access. In order to validate the system, the environmental assessment of a group of residential, industrial and public service buildings during the phases of operation was simulated. The application of this tool in the inspection and environmental assessment of buildings allows the geographical scale of analysis to be extended to a group of buildings within the area of interest and consequently to extend the limits of its usefulness within the field of planning and environmental assessment.     

Water Distribution System Computer‐Aided Design by Agent Swarm Optimization

Optimal design of water distribution systems (WDSs), including the sizing of components, quality control, reliability, renewal, and rehabilitation strategies, etc., is a complex problem in water engineering that requires robust methods of optimization. Classical methods of optimization are not well suited for analyzing highly dimensional, multimodal, nonlinear problems, especially given inaccurate, noisy, discrete, and complex data. Agent Swarm Optimization (ASO) is a novel paradigm that exploits swarm intelligence and borrows some ideas from multiagent‐based systems. It is aimed at supporting decision‐making processes by solving multiobjective optimization problems. ASO offers robustness through a framework where various population‐based algorithms coexist. The ASO framework is described and used to solve the optimal design of WDS. The approach allows engineers to work in parallel with the computational algorithms to force the recruitment of new searching elements, thus contributing to the solution process with expert‐based proposals.