海河流域1961-2010年极端气温与降水变化趋势分析

以海河流域30个气象基准站1956年－2010年气温和降水日值资料为基础,选取12个表征极端气候变化指标,分析了海河该流域极端气温与降水的变化趋势。结果表明：海河流域极端高温的强度、频度和持续时间均有较强的增加趋势,;极端低温的强度、频度显著降低,反映出流域整体增温的气候变化背景。;海河流域短历时极端降水强度有增大趋势,年极端降水的发生频次降低,连续湿日表现出一定的减少趋势,而连续干日在近几十年来有一定的增加趋势,区域呈现弱干化趋势。从年代际变化特征看,20世纪90年代以来,年极端高温事件和短历时强降水事件发生趋于频繁,而长持续性降水事件的降水量减少。海河流域整体的暖干趋势以及降水集中的趋势,将对农业生产、水资源开发利用造成不利影响;,同时,短历时极端强降水事件的增加可能加剧局地的山洪灾害和城市内涝的风险。     

海河流域1961年-2010年极端气温与降水变化趋势分析

以海河流域30个气象基准站1956年-2010年气温和降水日值资料为基础,选取12个表征极端气候变化指标,分析了该流域极端气温与降水的变化趋势。结果表明:海河流域极端高温的强度、频度和持续时间均有较强的增加趋势;极端低温的强度、频度显著降低,反映出流域整体增温的气候变化背景;流域短历时极端降水强度有增大趋势,年极端降水的发生频次降低,连续湿日表现出一定的减少趋势,而连续干日在近几十年来有一定的增加趋势,区域呈现弱干化趋势。从年代际变化特征看,20世纪90年代以来,年极端高温事件和短历时强降水事件发生趋于频繁,而长持续性降水事件的降水量减少。海河流域整体的暖干趋势以及降水集中的趋势,将对农业生产、水资源开发利用造成不利影响,同时,短历时极端强降水事件的增加可能加剧局地的山洪灾害和城市内涝的风险。     

近53年长三角地区极端降水时空变化分析

近年来,全球气候变暖趋势越来越明显,极端降水加剧了长江流域的旱涝灾害风险。利用长三角地区34个气象站1960—2012年逐日降水资料,以百分位定义极端降水事件阈值,采用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、GIS空间分析等方法,在资料均一性检验和资料质量控制后,对长三角地区近53 a的极端降水的时空演变特征进行了详细分析,结果表明①长三角极端降水阈值分布在30.7~46.7之间且都在大雨范围内,部分站点接近暴雨级别,分布呈现带状分布,苏北、浙西南和浙东南沿海部分站点极端降水阈值较大,而苏南、浙北以及上海一带较小;②极端降水频次和强度存在明显的年代际差异,表现为前期明显下降而后期缓慢上升的趋势,长三角降水变得更为异常,极端降水突变主要发生在1987年;③浙江西南部和东南沿海岛屿的极端降水频次和总量均较高, R_95T大值区主要分布在苏北以及浙江东南沿海;④极端降水频次的四季变化体现了一年中雨带的南北移动,同时也体现了沿海与内陆的降水差异;苏北赣榆站、浙江东部沿海及岛屿站点的降水变得较为极端,未来易发生暴雨和洪涝,而射阳及周围地区发生干旱的几率增大。     

鄱阳湖流域1961—2010年极端降水变化分析

基于鄱阳湖流域14个国家气象站1961—2010年的日降水量数据,采用百分位法定义阈值,识别极端降水事件;采用线性回归方法进行趋势检验,进而对鄱阳湖流域1961—2010年极端降水的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,相比年降水,流域极端降水的变化趋势更为明显;1961—2010年鄱阳湖流域极端强降水强度呈显著增大趋势而极端强降水天数显著减小;极端降水强度增大的区域主要分布在赣江流域和抚河流域。1961—2010年鄱阳湖流域大部分站点极端降水不存在突变,降水在时间上有分布更加集中的趋势。鄱阳湖流域极端降水的上述变化,对流域水资源管理提出了更加严峻的挑战。     

1960—2018年嫩江流域极端降水事件时空变化特征

本文选取嫩江流域12个站点1960—2018年逐日降水资料,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析、R/S分析等方法,分析了该流域极端降水事件的时空变化特征及未来变化趋势.结果表明:流域平均年降水量、大雨日数、日最大降水量、强降水量等4个极端降水指数均表现出上升趋势,但趋势不显著;各极端降水指数时间序列均存在3个明显的周期变化;流域年降水量与强降水量空间分布趋势均为由上游至下游逐渐递减,暴雨中心出现在嫩江右岸支流雅鲁河上,各极端降水指数在流域内的多数地区均表现为正增长;未来流域多数地区各极端降水指数的变化趋势仍将以上升为主.     

山美水库流域极端降水时空变化及非平稳性特征

为探究极端降水的时空变化及其非平稳性特征,基于1972—2010年山美水库流域8个降水站点逐日降水数据,选取9个极端降水指数,利用Pre-Whitening Mann-Kendall（P-WM-K）方法分析流域极端降水的时空变化特征,并采用广义可加模型（generalized additive models for location,scale and shape,GAMLSS）检测极端降水的非平稳性特征。结果表明：在时间变化趋势上,极端降水频率指数中雨日数R10mm和大雨日数R25mm呈下降趋势,暴雨日数R5mm呈上升趋势,且上升趋势达到005显著性水平;除降水总量PRCPTOT外,其余强度指数呈上升趋势,且均达到 0.05显著性水平,其中极端降水量R95线性倾向率达到 30.5 mm/（10 a）;在空间差异上,R50mm和极端降水强度指数在流域东南部呈现上升趋势,且上升趋势显著,西北部PRCPTOT下降较明显;R10mm和R25mm呈平稳特征,R50mm全流域约50%的站点呈现非平稳特征,且以均值非平稳为主,除PRCPTOT外,其余强度指数均以非平稳特征为主,且主要表现为均值非平稳。未来山美水库流域极端降水量和不确定性增加,灾害风险增大。     

基于Max-Stable模型的海河流域气候极值变化特征

为了解在全球变暖的背景下海河流域对气候极端事件的响应,基于海河流域1961-2016年气温与降水数据,使用RClimDex模型、MK趋势检验、Max-Stable模型对海河流域气候极值进行建模分析,研究海河流域气温极值、降水极值不同重现期的时空分布、变化特征。结果表明:海河流域温度极值TXx在空间上表现出从北向南递减趋势,值域为30～40℃,其中36～40℃占大部分地区。TXx在南方呈降低趋势,北方呈上升趋势。降水极值RX1day空间上表现出从东南向西北方向递减的趋势,值域为50～100mm,其中60～90mm占据绝大部分区域。RX1day整体呈下降趋势,其中渤海地区RX1day下降趋势最大。海河流域GEV模型拟合结果表明,海河流域气温极值主要受纬度、海拔影响,随纬度、海拔增加而降低,其变化波动为北方强于南方。降水极值RX1day受海拔和经度影响较大,主要表现为随海拔增大而下降的空间分布,其次表现为随经度变化由西向东递增的空间分布,其变化波动随海拔升高而降低。通过Q-Q百分位图、非参数极值系数θ、GEV与Max-Stable参数和重现期强度散点图判定系数R2,确定Max-Stable模型可以很好地模拟海河流域气候极值,达到GEV模型同等效果。气候极值TXx与RX1day主要受到纬度、经度和海拔的影响,但距海岸距离的加入仅可以优化TXx模型的建立。2年、10年、50年、100年一遇气温极值TXx的空间分布均表现为自东北向西南递增的分布模式,高值区均分布于西南大部一带,最高温度达40～44℃。2年、10年、50年、100年一遇降水极值TX1day的空间分布主要受纬度影响,其次受经度和海拔的影响,均表现为从西南偏中向北方递减,高值区分布在西南偏中一带,最大降水量达80～200mm。     

黄淮海流域干旱时间组合特征分析

采用自组织映射图(SOM)神经网络法对流域气象站点进行聚类分析,结合中国气候分区将流域划分为7个子分区。基于流域及其周边203个基本气象站点1961-2013年的降水资料,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)、线性倾向估计和M-K趋势检验法分析了流域多时间尺度干旱的组合特征。结果表明:年尺度上,淮河下游地区的干旱频率最高,达37.74%。除了流域的北部和西部地区以外,其他地区的干旱均呈加重趋势;季节尺度上,流域的东北部和北部地区春旱发生频率最高,淮河下游地区夏旱和冬旱的发生频率最高,流域的北部和中部地区秋旱发生频率最高。流域小范围区域的春旱和夏旱呈加剧趋势,流域南部的大范围区域秋旱呈加剧趋势,全流域的冬旱呈减弱趋势。     

洞庭湖流域极端降水变化特征分析

随着极端降水事件变率增强,洞庭湖流域频繁的极端洪旱事件严重威胁了地区人水和谐。基于洞庭湖流域28个国家气象站1961-2015年的逐日降水资料,采用RClim Dex模型定义阈值来识别极端降水事件,利用线性倾向估计法和集合经验模态分解(EEMD)组合的方法进一步分析了洞庭湖流域极端降水变化特征,由EEMD方法分解得到的各类极端降水指数的3个固有模态函数分量分别表现出3~6a、8~15a和21~27a的准周期。结果表明:洞庭湖流域极端降水频次峰值出现在6月,4-10月份极端降水频次之和占全年的82.7%,南岳和安化为极端降水高发带。洞庭湖流域除持续湿润日数CWD略有减小外,各项极端降水指数均表现出小幅上升趋势。在空间分布上,该流域东南部受山区地形地貌的影响,极端降水呈明显上升趋势。洞庭湖流域极端降水时空格局变化特征分析对流域水资源开发利用和水安全预警具有重要参考价值。     

近50年来西藏极端降水时空变化特征

利用1961~2010年西藏地区9个气象站点逐日降水资料,结合百分位方法定义的极端降水阈值,分析了该地区极端雨日及其平均降水强度、不同持续时间的极端降水事件、气候变化对极端降水的时空变化特征的影响。结果表明:(1)92°E以西的地区,极端雨日平均降水强度呈现出增加的趋势,而在92°E以东的地区,呈现出减小的趋势;(2)极端降水事件以持续1 d为主,其频率一般在4.3次/年以上,强度一般在20 mm/d以上,林芝站和波密站为频率和强度高值区;(3)气候变化背景下,极端降水的频率、强度表现出西移的态势。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.