茉莉酸甲酯对干旱及复水条件下烤烟幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以烤烟品种“龙江911”为试验材料,研究了干旱及复水过程中外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对移栽后烤烟幼苗叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明： 干旱下烤烟幼苗叶绿素含量、PSⅡ反应中心完全关闭时荧光产量(F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Ф_PSⅡ)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)下降,而初始荧光(F_o)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)升高,0.2和0.5 mmol·L^-1的外源MeJA明显减缓了干旱下烤烟幼苗F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、Ф_PSⅡ、ETR、q_P的下降和q_N的上升,而1.0 mmol·L^-1 MeJA效果不明显.复水后,烤烟幼苗各项叶绿素荧光指标均有明显恢复,并且MeJA处理后的幼苗恢复更明显.表明外源MeJA减轻了干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片叶绿素的分解,对PSII反应中心起到一定的保护作用,提高了电子传递速率,降低了干旱胁迫对烤烟幼苗的伤害,并且复水后叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数能迅速恢复,从而保证了经干旱胁迫后烤烟幼苗能迅速缓苗.     

干旱和复水对文冠果生长及生理生态特性的影响

以文冠果2年生盆栽苗为材料,以21.8%～23.7%土壤含水量为对照,设置轻度干旱(14.3%～16.2%)、中度干旱(10.6%～12.5%)和重度干旱(6.8%～8.7%)3个干旱胁迫,研究干旱和复水对文冠果生长及生理生态特性的影响.结果表明: 随着干旱胁迫的加剧,文冠果单株干质量、株高、基径、叶数和叶面积减小,主根和一级侧根长度增加;文冠果叶片气体交换各参数均逐渐降低,在10:00-14:00,净光合速率(P_n)的大小主要受气孔因素影响,14:00以后影响P_n的主要因素是非气孔因素;中度干旱和重度干旱胁迫下,文冠果对CO₂利用效率显著提高.随着干旱胁迫的加剧,PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)、表观电子传递效率(ETR)和实际光化学量子产量(Ф_PSⅡ)逐渐减小,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)逐渐增大,复水后变化相反.复水后第8天,F_v/F_o、F_v/F_m、q_P、ETR、Ф_PSⅡ显著高于各胁迫处理第30天.随着干旱胁迫的加剧,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性升高,过氧化氢酶活性降低,丙二醛含量增加,复水后变化相反.复水后各干旱胁迫处理根系活力明显升高.文冠果有极强的适应极度干旱环境的能力,可以作为能源或园林植物在华北园林绿化中广泛应用.     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用FACE系统在大田条件下通过盆栽试验研究了大气CO₂浓度升高\[CO₂浓度平均为（550±60) μmol·mol^-1\]对绿豆叶片光合生理和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明： 与对照\[CO₂浓度平均为（389±40）μmol·mol^-1左右\]相比,大气CO₂浓度升高使花荚期绿豆叶片净光合速率(P_n)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)分别升高11.7%和9.8%,气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别下降32.0%和24.6%, 水分利用效率(WUE)提高83.5%;在蕾期,CO₂浓度升高对绿豆叶片叶绿素初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光（F_m）、可变荧光（F_v）、F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o没有显著影响;在鼓粒期,CO₂浓度升高使绿豆叶片F_o增加19.1%,F_m和F_v分别下降9.0%和14.3%,F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m分别下降25.8%和6.2%.表明大气CO₂浓度升高可能使绿豆生长后期光系统Ⅱ反应中心结构受到破坏,叶片的光合能力下降.     

干旱胁迫和CO2浓度升高条件下白羊草的光合特征

采用盆栽控制试验,研究了黄土丘陵区乡土种白羊草在不同水分水平(80%FC和40%FC)和CO₂浓度(375和750 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) 处理下的光合生理变化特征.结果表明： 干旱胁迫使白羊草的最大净光合速率(P_nmax)、表观量子效率(AQE)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在光化学效率(F_v/F_o)和光合色素含量降低,丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量升高.水分充足条件下,与正常大气CO₂浓度相比,大气CO₂浓度倍增下白羊草的P_{n max}、MDA和Pro含量无显著差异.干旱胁迫下,CO₂浓度升高提高了白羊草的最大荧光(F_m)、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、叶绿素含量和AQE, P_nmax比正常CO₂浓度下高23.3%,差异达到显著水平,而MDA和Pro含量均显著降低.CO₂浓度升高对干旱胁迫引起的白羊草光合能力下降有一定的补偿作用,减轻了干旱胁迫对白羊草的伤害.     

干旱及复水循环对苗期药用大黄叶片光合碳同化功能和光化学活性的影响

以三叶期药用大黄幼苗为材料，采用盆栽控水实验考察其在不同干旱时间(首次干旱10 d,复水后第2次干旱25 d,再复水后第3次干旱40 d)、干旱梯度(正常供水、轻度、中度、重度干旱)及复水时间(复水第1、3天)条件下的生长指标、光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数的响应特征，探讨植物在间歇性、季节性干旱带来的干湿交替土壤环境中的光合生理响应机制。结果显示，(1)干旱胁迫下，药用大黄幼苗地上部分生物量降低，根冠比显著增大，复水后生物量均有所回升。(2)叶片叶绿素含量在干旱胁迫下显著降低，复水后均有所回升，且在10 d、25 d干旱后复水产生较强的补偿效应。(3)叶片气体交换参数(P_n、C_i、G_s、T_r、CE)及光合系统性能指数(PI_abs、PI_total)在干旱胁迫下显著降低；L_s在短期干旱胁迫下显著升高，而在干旱40 d先升高后下降；复水后，各指标产生与叶绿素含量相似的恢复趋势。(4)干旱胁迫下，叶片荧光参数(F_v/...     

低温胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米光合特性的影响

利用盆栽试验,在15 ℃和5 ℃低温胁迫下研究了丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对玉米生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光和光合作用的影响.结果表明：低温胁迫抑制了AM真菌的侵染;接种AM真菌的玉米地上部和地下部干物质量、相对叶绿素含量高于不接种植株.与非菌根玉米相比,菌根玉米具有较高的最大荧光（F_m）、可变荧光（F_v）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）和潜在光化学效率（F_v/F_o）及较低的初始荧光（F_o）,并且在5 ℃处理中差异显著.接种AM真菌使玉米叶片的净光合速率（P_n）和蒸腾速率（T_r）显著增强;低温胁迫下,菌根植株的气孔导度（G_s）显著高于非菌根植株;而胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）显著低于非菌根植株.表明AM真菌可通过提高叶绿素含量及改善叶片叶绿素荧光和光合作用来减轻低温胁迫对玉米植株造成的伤害,提高玉米耐受低温的能力,进而提高玉米的生物量,促进玉米生长.     

气候变化对不同水分条件下柿幼树光合作用的影响

以两年生柿树为试材,研究了高浓度CO₂处理（700 μmol·mol^-1）、高温处理（日平均温度高于正常日平均温度约5 ℃）、高温和高浓度CO₂复合处理及对照（温度为外界环境温度,CO₂浓度380 μmol·mol^-1）对不同水分条件下柿树净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率(WUE)、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o的影响.结果表明:高温和高浓度CO₂复合处理使处于各水分条件下的柿树T_r、G_s减小,WUE增大;在高、中水分条件(分别为田间持水量的75%～85%和55%～65%)下高温和高浓度CO₂复合处理使柿树P_n增大,在低水分条件(为田间持水量的35%～45%)下使柿树P_n减小.高浓度CO₂处理使处于各水分条件下的柿树P_n、WUE增大,G_s、T减小.高温及高温和高浓度CO₂复合处理下WUE均受土壤水分状况的影响,并随土壤含水量的升高而升高.与对照相比,高浓度CO₂处理还提高了各水分条件下植株叶片水平的水分利用效率、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素（a+b）、类胡萝卜素含量及F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o,缓解了水分胁迫,提高了柿树的抗逆能力.     

模拟酸雨对青冈光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在重度酸雨(pH 2.5)、中度酸雨(pH 4.0)和弱酸性酸雨(pH 5.6)3个酸雨梯度下,研究地上酸雨、全淋酸雨、土壤酸雨3种处理方式对青冈幼苗叶绿素荧光和光合参数的影响,并以空白为对照.结果表明: 在重度酸雨条件下,地上酸雨处理显著阻碍青冈幼苗叶绿素合成,降低PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和实际光化学量子产量(Y),以及净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)等光合参数,提高光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,全淋酸雨处理下青冈幼苗受到抑制作用其次,而土壤酸雨处理对其有一定的促进作用;中度酸雨和弱酸性酸雨条件下,不同处理方式除暗呼吸速率(R_d)低于对照外,其余均高于对照,并且全淋酸雨＞土壤酸雨＞地上酸雨处理.可见,在重度酸雨条件下,地上酸雨处理对幼苗的抑制作用最强;中度和弱酸性酸雨条件下,全淋酸雨处理对于幼苗的促进作用最强.不同酸雨强度对青冈幼苗叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、实际光化学量子产量(Y)、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和最大净光合速率(A_max)影响显著,不同酸雨处理方式对幼苗SPAD、F_v/F_m、Y、P_n、T_r、A_max和光饱和点(LSP)影响显著,二者交互作用对SPAD、F_v/F_m、Y、P_n和A_max影响显著.     

缓释肥对杉木容器苗生长、光合生理和养分积累的影响

为探索杉木容器苗生长、光合特性及养分积累对不同缓释肥用量的响应特征,该文通过设置6种不同缓释肥处理(0、200、400、800、1 000、1 200 g·m^-3),研究不同缓释肥用量对杉木幼苗生长、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光特性和养分含量的影响,并结合隶属函数法对各生长和生理指标进行综合评价,以期筛选出适合杉木容器苗生长的施肥水平,为杉木优质苗木的高效培育提供参考。结果表明：(1)与对照相比,缓释肥处理可不同程度促进杉木幼苗苗高、地径生长及植株总生物量的积累。(2)与对照相比,缓释肥处理可显著增加杉木叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,提高叶片最大荧光(F_m)、可变荧光(F_v)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(F_v/F_o)和实际量子产量(QY)值。(3)缓释肥处理可不同程度促进杉木幼苗养分的积累,其中锰、铁和锌积累量变化最显著。(4)隶属函数法分析结果表明,当缓释肥用量为1 000 g·m^-3时...     

9个山茶品种对高温胁迫的光合生理响应及其耐热性综合评价

【目的】山茶的花型和花色丰富、花期长,其耐热性日益受到关注,筛选合适的评价方法和指标可为山茶属植物耐热性鉴定、种质发掘和新品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以耐热性较强的单体红山茶和‘串花瀑布’为对照,7个自育束花茶花新品种为试验对象,采用瓶插方法,在短期(5 h)和长期(7 d)高温(42℃/35℃)处理后,考察各品种形态及光合生理标指标的变化,并综合评价其耐热性。【结果】(1)‘垂枝粉玉’和‘串花瀑布’在高温胁迫下叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素a/b、净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)均上升,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和电子传递速率(ETR)维持在较高水平,且长期高温胁迫后均未出现热害。‘金叶粉玉’、‘上植华章’和‘玫瑰春’在高温胁迫下P_n和G_s均显著降低,而C_i升高,‘金叶粉玉’和‘上植华章’的F_v/F_m     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture

Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.     

Activity of native and dextran-modified hyaluronidase in in vitro and in vivo systems

Modified hyaluronidase derivatives have been obtained. Covalent coupling of the enzyme with aldehyde dextran results in 65-85% protein binding to the carrier, residual catalytic activity accounting for 90-100% of the baseline. Modified hyaluronidase is more thermostable than the native enzyme. The data on intravenous drug distribution in the mouse organs are promising and ensure effective use of modified hyaluronidase for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.     

Growth and mitogenic effects of arylphorin in vivo and in vitro

In insects, developmental responses are organ- and tissue-specific. In previous studies of insect midgut cells in primary tissue cultures, growth-promoting and differentiation factors were identified from the growth media, hemolymph, and fat body. Recently, it was determined that the mitogenic effect of a Manduca sexta fat body extract on midgut stem cells of Heliothis virescens was due to the presence of monomeric alpha-arylphorin. Here we report that in primary midgut cell cultures, this same arylphorin stimulates stem cell proliferation in the lepidopterans M. sexta and Spodoptera littoralis, and in the beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Studies using S. littoralis cells confirm that the mitogenic effect is due to free alpha-arylphorin subunits. In addition, feeding artificial diets containing arylphorin increased the growth rates of several insect species. When tested against continuous cell lines, including some with midgut and fat body origins, arylphorin had no effect; however, a cell line derived from Lymantria dispar fat body grew more rapidly in medium containing a chymotryptic digest of arylphorin.     

Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of purpurogallin in vitro and in vivo

Enzymatic oxidation of pyrogallol was efficiently transformed to an oxidative product, purpurogallin (PPG). Here, the anticoagulant activities of PPG were examined by monitoring activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and the activities of thrombin and activated factor X (FXa). And, the effects of PPG on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) were evaluated in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment with PPG resulted in prolonged aPTT and PT and inhibition of the activities of thrombin and FXa, as well as inhibited production of thrombin and FXa in HUVECs. In addition, PPG inhibited thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation. PPG also elicited anticoagulant effects in mice. In addition, treatment with PPG resulted in significant reduction of the PAI-1 to t-PA ratio. Collectively, PPG possesses antithrombotic activities and offers a basis for development of a novel anticoagulant. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(7): 376-381]     

Growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis thaliana in relation to storage of starch and nitrate in the wild-type and in starch-deficient and nitrate-uptake-deficient mutants

We have investigated the interactions between resource assimilation and storage in rosette leaves, and their impact on the growth and reproduction of the annual species Arabidopsis thaliana. The resource balance was experimentally perturbed by changing (i) the external nutrition, by varying the nitrogen supply; (ii) the assimilation and reallocation of resources from rosette leaves to reproductive organs, by cutting or covering rosette leaves at the time of early flower bud formation, and (iii) the internal carbon and nitrogen balance of the plants, by using isogenic mutants either lacking starch formation (PGM mutant) or with reduced nitrate uptake (NU mutant). When plants were grown on high nitrogen, they had higher concentrations of carbohydrates and nitrate in their leaves during the rosette phase than during flowering. However, these storage pools did not significantly contribute to the bulk flow of resources to seeds. The pool size of stored resources in rosette leaves at the onset of seed filling was very low compared to the total amount of carbon and nitrogen needed for seed formation. Instead, the rosette leaves had an important function in the continued assimilation of resources during seed ripening, as shown by the low seed yield of plants whose leaves were covered or cut off. When a key resource became limiting, such as nitrogen in the NU mutants and in plants grown on a low nitrogen supply, stored resources in the rosette leaves (e.g. nitrogen) were remobilized, and made a larger contribution to seed biomass. A change in nutrition resulted in a complete reversal of the plant response: plants shifted from high to low nutrition exhibited a seed yield similar to that of plants grown continuously on a low nitrogen supply, and vice versa. This demonstrates that resource assimilation during the reproductive phase determines seed production. The PGM mutant had a reduced growth rate and a smaller biomass during the rosette phase as a result of changes in respiration caused by a high turnover of soluble sugars ( Caspar et al. 1986 ; W. Schulze et al. 1991 ). During flowering, however, the vegetative growth rate in the PGM mutant increased, and exceeded that of the wild-type. By the end of the flowering stage, the biomass of the PGM mutant did not differ from that of the wild-type. However, in contrast to the wild-type, the PGM mutant maintained a high vegetative growth rate during seed formation, but had a low rate of seed production. These differences in allocation in the PGM mutant result in a significantly lower seed yield in the starchless mutants. This indicates that starch formation is not only an important factor during growth in the rosette phase, but is also important for whole plant allocation during seed formation. The NU mutant resembled the wild-type grown on a low nitrogen supply, except that it unexpectedly showed symptoms of carbohydrate shortage as well as nitrogen deficiency. In all genotypes and treatments, there was a striking correlation between the concentrations of nitrate and organic nitrogen and shoot growth on the one hand, and sucrose concentration and root growth on the other. In addition, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was correlated with the total carbohydrate concentration: low carbohydrate levels in starchless mutants led to low NRA even at high nitrate supply. Thus the concentrations of stored carbohydrates and nitrate are directly or indirectly involved in regulating allocation.