1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb（GX—8）钢的回火转变研究

本文叙述了1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb(GX—8)钢的回火转变机制的研究结果。该钢经300℃回火析出Fe_3C型碳化物,400～500℃回火析出M_7C_3与M_2X,500～600℃回火析出M_2X和M_(23)C_6,600℃以上回火析出M_(23)C_6。由于在不同温度下回火,析出的碳化物类型、形态、数量和分布的不同,因而使钢具有不同的物理、力学和化学性能。     

G18CrMo2-6钢在高温回火过程中第二相的演变

应用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和能谱技术等手段研究了G18CrMo2-6钢正火组织中第二相在680℃下保温一系列时间段的转变。结果表明,在正火后贝氏体中析出相主要为马氏体/奥氏体(M/A)组元和合金渗碳体(M_3C);在回火保温初期M/A分解为铁素体(α)与M3C组织,随着保温时间延长M3C逐渐球化并溶解,M_(23)C_6在晶界析出并长大,同时基体上有细小弥散的MC相析出。即回火保温过程中组织随时间的延长发生M/A→α+M_3C,M_3C→M_(23)C_6+MC的变化。     

激光表面重熔对高速钢显微组织的影响

采用CO_2连续波激光对W18Cr4V高速钢进行表面重熔处理。分析结果表明,经激光重熔后高速钢的显微组织明显细化,重熔层内的相构成为马氏体、奥氏体,过剩的δ铁素体和M_6C、M_(23)C_6型碳化物。枝晶内为孪晶马氏体和部分板条马氏体。枝晶间为富合金元素的奥氏体和M_6C碳化物,孪晶马氏体上沿孪晶面有M_(23)C_6碳化物共格析出。激光扫描速度增加、δ铁素体量增多,重熔层显微硬度下降。     

低活化钢析出相热力学研究

设计了一种低碳低活化铁素体/马氏体钢,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜和拉伸实验等方法观察和测定了实验钢在不同制备工艺下的显微组织和力学性能,并对其析出物进行EDS化学成分检测,同时通过热力学计算研究了低碳低活化钢析出相的析出规律。结果表明:热轧后经980℃保温1h完全奥氏体化淬火与750℃保温1h空冷处理后,能够制备出性能达标的超低碳实验钢;析出相主要为M_(23)C_6和MX相,其中M_(23)C_6主要在950℃以下轧制和热处理过程中析出,而MX主要在轧制过程中大量析出,同时在快速冷却和热处理过程中的二次析出比较少。     

18Cr10NiNb耐热钢析出相的热力学计算和平衡相分析

将18Cr10NiNb耐热钢在650℃进行10,000h的时效试验,用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了18Cr10NiNb奥氏体耐热钢的组织,通过热力学计算研究了500-1400℃碳、铌和氮含量的变化对平衡析出相的影响。结果表明:在18Cr10NiNb钢的时效过程中在晶内析出了富Nb的MX相,在晶界析出了富Cr的M_(23)C_6相。根据热力学计算,其平衡析出相为MX,M_(23)C_6和σ相。MX相和M_(23)C_6型碳化物的最高溶解温度分别约为1340℃和840℃。MX相的数量随C和Nb含量的提高而增加。σ相的数量随着C含量的提高而减少。添加0.2%的N元素后,MX相为含有N、Nb、Cr和少量C的复杂碳氮化物,且在其平衡组织中出现了Cr_2N相。     

4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢的奥氏体晶粒度和孪晶及碳化物

对锻造的4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢经相应热处理后的奥氏体晶粒度、孪晶及碳化物类型进行了研究。认为固溶处理后的奥氏体晶粒度主要取决于固溶加热温度,与锻造温度关系不大。固溶加热过程实质是再结晶过程的继续,即二次再结晶。奥氏体晶粒的大小只能通过控制再结晶温度的高低和时间长短来实现。该钢热处理后,碳化物类型为M_(23)C_6和M_7C_3两种,而以M_(23)C_6居多。其中M_(23)C_6为(Cr、Fe、W、Mo)_(23)C_6和(Fe、Ni)_(23)C_6两种结构,而M_7C_3为(Cr、Fe)_7C_3。     

AMS5616钢的回火脆性

本文研究了AMS5616钢经990℃淬火、不同温度回火后的室温力学性能,特别是室温冲击韧性的变化。发现该钢在450～550℃回火,存在一个明显的回火脆性区。显微组织研究表明:该回火脆性主要与残余奥氏体的大量分解和M_3C型碳化物向M_(23)C_6型碳化物的转化有关。     

航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE的真空低压渗碳

对航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE进行真空低压渗碳热处理,研究了真空渗碳、淬火、冰冷处理以及回火工艺对材料的组织和性能的影响。结果表明：实验钢经渗碳淬火处理后,从表面到心部的组织可分为碳化物区、碳化物与针状马氏体混合区、针状马氏体区和心部板条马氏体区。在碳化物区的晶界有大量的块状Cr碳化物析出,在析出位置Ni元素较少。在针状马氏体和板条马氏体基体中细小的析出物为Nb、V、Mo微合金元素的碳化物。从渗碳钢表面到心部,随着碳浓度的降低硬度曲线呈现先升高后降低的趋势,渗层深度为0.95 mm。冰冷处理使残余奥氏体进一步转化为马氏体,使实验钢的硬度大幅度提高。     

热处理回火温度对Cr26高铬铸铁组织与性能的影响

目前,有关淬火后回火温度对Cr26高铬铸铁组织及性能的研究报道不多。为此,采用XRD、OM、SEM、TEM和电子拉力试验机和洛式硬度计,研究了回火温度对Cr26高铬铸铁调质处理前后的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:调质处理前Cr26高铬铸铁中碳化物类型有M_7C_3、M_(23)C_6和M_3C_2;调质处理后Cr26高铬铸铁的显微组织得到明显改善,基体上弥散分布着细小的碳化物;抗拉强度和硬度值随回火温度的增加而降低,延伸率有所提高;回火温度为560℃左右时,抗拉强度、延伸率和硬度值分别为1 294 MPa、8.02%和38.6 HRC,有良好的力学性能。     

深冷处理对低碳高合金马氏体轴承钢力学性能及组织的影响

利用洛氏硬度计、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜等研究了低碳高合金马氏体轴承钢深冷处理后的硬度变化及组织演化。结果表明:深冷处理促使部分残留奥氏体转变为马氏体,导致深冷处理后实验钢的硬度较淬火态硬度有所升高。经深冷处理后实验钢在0~100 h回火过程中的硬度均比未深冷处理实验钢的硬度高。深冷处理促使钢中碳原子偏聚并在回火过程中以碳化物的形式析出,与未经深冷处理的实验钢相比,经深冷处理的实验钢回火后马氏体基体中的含碳量更低,表明实验钢经深冷处理后在回火过程中析出更多的碳化物。透射电镜分析表明,实验钢在回火过程中析出的大量弥散分布的纳米级M2C和M6C型碳化物是实验钢长时间回火后保持高硬度的主要原因。     

回火方式对调质高强度钢组织和性能的影响

为改善高强度钢的塑性和韧性,对同一种低合金高强度钢进行两种不同回火方式的调质处理,淬火+缓慢加热回火的传统调质与淬火+感应加热回火的新调质工艺,分析该工艺对钢的组织与性能的影响.利用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察组织及析出物的变化,采用X射线衍射仪分析了钢中残余奥氏体体积分数.结果表明:两种工艺下,钢的组织均为板条宽300～500 nm左右的马氏体组织,感应加热回火调质工艺处理后,板条组织明显,析出物大多约为20 nm,比传统调质处理后的细小;两种不同热处理工艺均能提高钢的屈服强度.感应加热至500℃回火后试验钢具有16%以上的延伸率,-40℃冲击功达到32 J,优于传统调质工艺处理钢板的综合性能.感应加热回火能获得更多小尺寸析出物和更多的残余奥氏体,有利于改善钢的塑性和韧性.     

国产T92钢高温持久过程中的显微组织演变

对某国产T92钢进行了620,650,700℃三个温度下不同时间的高温持久试验和显微组织观察试验。结果表明:在620,650℃时,随着持久试验时间的延长,T92钢基体显微组织仍保持板条状马氏体形貌特征,碳化物析出数量不断增加,尺寸也有所长大,且持久试验达到一定时间后晶界会产生微孔洞;在700℃长时间高温持久试验后,T92钢基体显微组织板条状马氏体形貌特征消失,且晶界碳化物粗化严重。     

Precipitation,microstructure and mechanical properties of low nickel maraging steel

Abstract

A maraging steel with a composition of Fe–12·94Ni–1·61Al–1·01Mo–0·23Nb (wt-%) was investigated. Optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were employed to study the microstructure of the steel after different aging periods at temperatures of 450–600°C. Hardness and Charpy impact toughness of the steel were measured. The study of microstructure and mechanical properties showed that nanosized precipitates were formed homogeneously during the aging process, which resulted in high hardness. As the aging time is prolonged, precipitates grow and hardness increases. Fractography of the as forged steel has shown mixed ductile and brittle fracture and has indicated that the steel has good toughness. Relationships among heat treatment, microstructure and mechanical properties are discussed. Further experiments using tensile testing and impact testing for aged steel were carried out.     

Microstructural evolution during simulated OLAC processing of a low-carbon microalloyed steel

The microstructural evolution during simulated on-line accelerated cooling (OLAC) of a commercial Grade 80 pipe steel was studied using a quench deformation dilatometer. The transformed matrix microstructure contains various amounts of polygonal ferrite, granular bainite and acicular ferrite, depending mainly on the accelerated-cooling interrupt temperature. The final microstructure is predicted well by drawing the OLAC schedule on the appropriate CCT diagram. Three distinct groups of precipitates are found in the final microstructure, which form during reheat, austenite deformation, and cooling, respectively. The distribution and composition of the precipitates varies widely with steel composition and processing schedule. The microstructure of industrially processed plate agrees well with that of corresponding laboratory simulations.     

Effect of nanoprecipitates and grain size on the mechanical properties of advanced structural steels

The microstructure and nanometric precipitates present in advanced structured steel have been studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersion X-ray microanalysis, in order to relate the nanometric precipitates and grain size with the improvement of the yield strength value of the API steel. The microstructure and nanometric precipitates of the advanced steel were obtained by a combination of thermo-mechanical controlled hot rolling and accelerated cooling procedures. The API steel composition consisted of hot rolled Nb-Ti microalloyed with: 0.07C, 1.40Mn, 0.24Si, 0.020Al, 0.009P, 0.001S, 0.05Mo, 0.5Cr, 0.05Nb, 0.25Ni, 0.10Cu, 0.012Ti, 0.05N in wt%. As a result, this hot rolled steel tested at a strain rate of 5 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ showed an improved yield strength from 798 MPa to 878 MPa due to the micrometric grain size of 2.2 μm and to the nanometric precipitates with a size of around 5 nm in the microstructure of the steel studied.     

Stainless steel lined composite steel pipe prepared by centrifugal-SHS process

The tension properties, thermal expansion coefficient, microstructure and the causes of crack formation of the stainless steel layer in the composite pipe made by centrifugal-SHS process were investigated. It was shown that the tensile strength is 316 MPa and the percentage elongation is 5–8%. The nonmetal inclusions make the stainless steel brittle. In the brittle stainless steel layer the crack is caused by the thermal stress. The stainless steel mainly composed of austenite phase which grows in columnar grain in the radial direction of a carbon steel pipe and a thin ferrite layer was distributed between the austenite phases. The intermetallic compound AlNi precipitates in the ferrite phase and sigma-phase precipitates at the phase boundarie between the austenite and ferrite.     

Effect of aging on the corrosion resistance of 2101 lean duplex stainless steel

The microstructure and localized corrosion behavior of a 2101 lean duplex stainless steel aged at 700 °C were investigated. The results showed that changes in the microstructure of the duplex stainless steel, due to the formation of precipitates, affected its pitting corrosion resistance. The values of the pitting potential and the critical pitting temperature dropped drastically before aging time up to 30 min. The potentiostatic pitting corrosion measurement indicated more sensitive to the small amount of precipitates compared to the potentiodynamic test. Pitting nucleated mainly in the ferrite phase for the solution-annealed specimen, while the initiation of pitting corrosion for the aged specimen took place at Cr-depletion area around the precipitates, i.e. in the newly formed secondary austenite phase.     

The microstructure and mechanical properties of prolonged and lower temperature aged Fe–Ni–Mn–Mo–Ti–Cr maraging steel

In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–Ni–Mn–Mo–Ti–Cr maraging steel at low temperature and prolonged aging condition were investigated. Optical and scanning electron microscopy examinations, tensile and hardness tests were conducted to study the microstructure, aging behavior and mechanical properties of the cold‐rolled steel. The results showed that aging of cold rolled Fe–Ni–Mn–Mo–Ti–Cr maraging steel resulted in the formation of Mo rich and Ti rich Lave phase precipitates. Existence of many dislocation cores due to cold rolling and subsequently, low temperature aging caused to formation of uniform distribution of very fine precipitates. The presence of these precipitates increased the yield and ultimate tensile strengths but couldn't improve the uniform tensile ductility. This alloy showed ultra‐high fracture stress of about 1950 MPa with a negligible tensile elongation (about 2 %) at the peak aged condition. The fractographic studies indicated this alloy shows semi‐brittle fracture in the subsequent aging treatment.     

Microstructure and properties of Nb-bearing high-strength low-alloy surfacing layers

Based on Q345 steel, high-strength low-alloy surfacing layers with Nb content ranging from 0.0041 to 0.26?wt-% were prepared by adding Nb element into electrode coating and manual electric arc welding, the microstructure as well as mechanical properties of surfacing layers were evaluated and analysed. The experimental results show that with the increasing of Nb content, the grain size becomes smaller meanwhile the microstructure distribution is more uniform, the size of hard phase martensite/austenite gradually decreases and the NbC precipitates increases. The yield and tensile strength greatly increase for the fine-grain strengthening of Nb and the precipitation strengthening of NbC, moreover, the impact toughness is significantly improved due to the microstructure variation and obvious grain refinement.     

Study on dislocation density,microstructure, and mechanical properties of P92 steel for different heat treatment conditions

The impact of various heat treatment procedures on microstructure, dislocation density, hardness, tensile characteristics, and impact toughness of P92 steel was examined in the current experiment. The martensitic microstructure and average microhardness of 463 HV 0.2±8 HV 0.2 of the normalized steel were prevalent. A tempering procedure was carried out at 760 °C for a range of 2 hours to 6 hours. Additionally, an X-ray diffraction examination was carried out, and the results were used to determine the dislocation density. The normalized sample was characterized by a high dislocation density. The dislocation density was decreased by tempering of normalized samples. With an increase in tempering time, the effect of the treatment coarsened the grains, precipitates, and decreased the area fraction of precipitates. After tempering, MX, M₂₃C₆, and M₇C₃ types precipitates were found to have precipitated, according to energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction research. The ideal tempering period was determined to be 4 hours at a tempering temperature of 760 °C based on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics. Steel that was tempered at 760 °C for 4 hours had a yield strength of 472 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 668.02 MPa, and an elongation of 26.05 %, respectively.