探索不用Halo电极射频消融治疗典型心房扑动的方法

目的探讨不用Halo电极消融典型心房扑动(AF)的方法和右心房峡部传导时间间期的意义。方法对9例AF患者进行了心脏电生理检查和射频消融。将普通标测电极分别放置高位右房(HRA、A点)、低位右房(LRA、B点)、希氏束(His、C点)、冠状窦(CS、CS34为D点),标测AF发作时右房激动顺序,起搏时测量右心房峡部传导时间间期,然后,对峡部行线形消融直至双向传导阻滞,测量右心房峡部传导时间间期(BD、DB)。结果不用Halo电极成功消融所有典型心房扑动病例,消融后冠状窦口处起搏时,起搏信号至右房下侧壁的时间间期(DB=140.7±66.1ms)和右房下侧壁起搏时起搏信号至冠状窦口CS34的时间间期(BD=123.2±42.1ms)均较消融前(DB=66.0±12.5ms,BD=62.5±13.0ms)明显延长,P<0.01。结论不用Halo电极能成功消融典型心房扑动(AF),右心房峡部传导时间间期的定量测定可作为判断峡部完全性双向传导阻滞的方法之一。     

影像与心电生理融合技术在快速心律失常治疗中的应用

快速心律失常主要包括房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)、房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)、特发性室性心动过速(室速)、房性心动过速(房速)、心房扑动(房扑)、心房颤动(房颤)和器质性心脏病伴发室性心动过速.其治疗包括经导管消融、基因治疗、药物治疗3部分.其中发展最快的是经导管射频消融技术,而现有的影像与电生理融合技术可以简化这一手术过程,提高成功率.Carto系统和Ensite系统等三维标测系统可以为术者提供较为直观的心脏三维图像,MERGE/Fusion技术则进一步将多排CT或MRI获得的影像与三维标测系统获取的解剖图像结合,更清楚地显示与消融密切相关的信息,从而大大提高了消融的精确性.     

风湿性瓣膜病合并心房颤动的导管消融治疗

目的评价风湿性瓣膜病合并心房颤动（房颤）经导管射频消融的安全性和疗效。方法57例风湿性瓣膜病合并房颤患者，其中男性34例，女性23例，年龄39～65岁，平均年龄47．6岁（标准差16．7岁），轻度二尖瓣狭窄4例，二尖瓣球囊扩张术后2例，二尖瓣置换术后17例，二尖瓣、主动脉瓣置换术后34例（其中8例同时行三尖瓣成形术），左心房内径（45．6±7．1）mm，阵发性房颤3例，持续性房颤54例，房颤病程（2．1±1．7）年。术前均经食管超声心动图排除左心房血栓。采用CARTO三维系统引导环肺静脉消融电隔离术．附加二尖瓣峡部、三尖瓣峡部线性消融及左心房碎裂电位消融以改良基质。术后定期随访Holter、ECG及UCG。结果57例患者均顺利完成消融术。操作时间（184±26）min，X线透视时间（25±14）min。环肺静脉消融使左肺静脉电隔离49例（86．0％）、右肺静脉电隔离52例（91．2％）。其余病例结合肺静脉节段性消融实现电隔离。持续性房颤消融恢复窦性心律9例，其中3例环肺静脉消融终止，6例碎裂电位消融终止；持续性房颤转为不典型房扑4例,消融未能终止，转为典型房扑2例，三尖瓣峡部消融恢复窦性心律。消融结束未恢复窦性心律者,均行直流电复律成功转复。术后1个月1例阵发性房颤和10例持续性房颤因复发再次消融。随访时间（7±4）个月，45例（78．9％）患者维持窦性心律。无明显并发症。结论CARTO系统引导环肺静脉消融电隔离结合基质改良治疗瓣膜性心脏病合并的房颤在有经验的治疗中心安全有效。     

导管射频消融治疗房室结折返性心动过速

目的总结房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）射频消融治疗的经验。方法房室结双径路通过下位能量递增消融法改良房室结慢径。结果房室结折返性心动过速16例，房室结双径路改良全部成功。结论导管射频消融治疗房室结折返性心动过速安全、有效；准确的靶点标侧是成功的关键。     

CARTO系统指导下射频消融特发性室性心律失常

目的：观察特发性室性心律失常射频消融治疗的成功率、复发率及并发症的发生率。方法选择15例特发性频发室早伴发或不伴阵发性室性心动过速、药物治疗无效或不能耐受长期服药且要求手术的患者,在CARTO系统指导下以单一专用导管行心室电解剖重建,激动顺序标测、起搏标测后,实施射频消融,观察结果。结果射频消融的15例患者中12例即刻消融成功,术后随访3~6个月均未见复发;3例不成功,改为药物治疗后室早有所减少。15例患者均未见并发症。结论射频消融治疗特发性室性心律失常是一种安全有效的方法。可以提高室性心律失常的治愈率,减少长期服药所带来的副作用。     

导管射频消融治疗特发性室性心动过速

目的探讨标测特发性室性心动过速(IVT)有效靶点的方法及对射频消融成功的影响。方法8例IVT的病人,其中右室流出道特发室速(RVOT)5例,左室特发室速(ILVT)3例,先采用激动标测,然后采用起搏标测,标测到靶点后行射频消融。结果8例室速病人均一次消融成功,无复发。结论不论RVOT或ILVT,激动标测 起搏标测具有很高的准确性。     

射频消融治疗阵发性室上性心动过速35例分析

目的 总结射频消融（RFCA）治疗阵发性室上性心动过速（PSVT）35例的经验。方法 左房室旁路消融二尖瓣室侧，右侧房室旁路消融三尖瓣房侧；房室结双径路通过下位法能量递增消融法改良房室结。结果 19例房室折返型心动过速，左侧旁道13条，右侧旁道6条，16例房室结折返型心动过速（AVNRT）首次消融均成功。术后1周1例AVNRT复发，再次消融成功。1～20个月随访无复发及严重并发症。结论 RFCA治疗PSVT安全、有效。     

特殊左侧房室旁路的射频导管消融策略

目的探讨特殊左侧旁路射频导管消融中的策略。方法行射频消融手术治疗房室旁路引起的房室折返性心动过速合并永存左上腔静脉患者3例,其中男性2例,女性1例,年龄51、42和48岁。经主动脉逆行途径在二尖瓣心室侧、穿间隔途径在二尖瓣心房侧行射频消融。随访4~12个月,观察患者有无室上性心动过速复发及心电图检查有无显性旁路恢复。结果具有一定特殊性左侧旁路的3例患者均消融成功,手术成功率100%,无并发症发生。3例患者合并永存左上腔静脉,其中1例经房间隔穿刺途径在二尖瓣心房侧消融时出现迷走神经反射,心率、血压下降,广泛导联ST-T改变,经冠状动脉造影证实非冠状动脉病变,为完全性左束支传导阻滞。术后随访4~12个月,3例患者均无室上性心动过速发作。结论左侧房室旁路导管射频消融存在特殊情况时,需仔细鉴别,通过不同的方法及途径消融,仍可获得较高的成功率。     

顽固频发性室性早搏与特发性室性心动过速的射频消融治疗

目的 通过对48例顽固频发性早搏(室早)及特发性室性心动过速(室速)的射频消融的疗效观察,探索其射频消融治疗的有效性和安全性.方法 48例顽固频发性室早与特发性室性心动过速患者,所有病例无器质性心脏病证据.男29例,女19例,年龄(45.3±6.8)岁,采用激动标测和起搏标测,确定室速和室早的起源部位,标测到靶点后行射频消融.并比较室早者消融前24小时动态心电图记录及消融后心电监护室早数.结果 48例室早与室速多数起源于心室流出道占87.5%(42/48).消融即刻成功率95.83%(46/48),其中33例顽固性室早24小时动态心电图记录消前室早数为(16016±2891)次,短阵室速(612±86)阵次,消融后室早数(142±170)次(P＜0.001),无室速再发.所有病人无任何并发症.随访3～48个月未服用任何抗心律失常药物,复发率为4.4%(2/46).结论 经导管射频消融可有效而安全地消除正常心脏顽固频发性室早与特发性室性心动过速.     

Carto引导下环肺静脉消融术治疗心房颤动的护理

心房颤动（简称房颤）是最常见的心律失常之一，分为阵发性，持续性和永久性心房颤动，且随年龄增长其患病率增高…。目前由于三维标测系统的临床应用，使得房颤导管射频消融的方法学得以改进，大量的试验结果提示该术式对于房颤的治疗可获得很高的成功率。自2005年10月至2011年2月，我科采用Carto标测系统对300例房颤患者进行消融治疗，取得了满意的效果，现将护理体会报告如下。     

成人房室交界区过渡细胞束形态学及连接蛋白43和40的表达

目的 观察临床上心律失常常见发生部位及射频消融治疗靶点部位--房室交界区和邻近区域的形态学特点及连接蛋白(Cx)43和40的表达,为心律失常发生机制及可能的有效治疗部位提供形态学依据.方法 10例正常成人心脏,选取房室交界区及其邻近部位,常规石蜡包埋,HE、Masson染色,选定目标部位行Cx43、Cx40免疫组织化学...     

Predictors of Sick Sinus Syndrome in Patients after Successful Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Flutter

Purpose

The identification of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) in patients with atrial flutter (AFL) is difficult before the termination of AFL. This study investigated the patient characteristics used in predicting a high risk of SSS after AFL ablation.

Materials and Methods

Out of 339 consecutive patients who had undergone radiofrequency ablation for AFL from 1991 to 2012, 27 (8%) had SSS (SSS group). We compared the clinical characteristics of patients with and without SSS (n=312, no-SSS group).

Results

The SSS group was more likely to have a lower body mass index (SSS: 22.5±3.2; no-SSS: 24.0±3.0 kg/m²; p=0.02), a history of atrial septal defects (ASD; SSS: 19%; no-SSS: 6%; p=0.01), a history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG; SSS: 11%; no-SSS: 2%; p=0.002), and a longer flutter cycle length (CL; SSS: 262.3±39.2; no-SSS: 243.0±40; p=0.02) than the no-SSS group. In multivariate analysis, a history of ASD [odds ratio (OR) 3.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-11.4, p=0.02] and CABG (7.1, 95% CI 1.5-32.8, p=0.01) as well as longer flutter CL (1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2, p=0.04) were independent risk factors for SSS.

Conclusion

A history of ASD and CABG as well as longer flutter CL increased the risk of SSS after AFL ablation. While half of the patients with SSS after AFL ablation experienced transient SSS, heart failure was associated with irreversible SSS.     

Efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation in a patient with sinus node reentrant tachycardia

We performed electrophysiological study and catheter ablation on a 62-year-old patient with supraventricular tachycardia(SVT). This SVT was reproducibly initiated and terminated by atrial stimulation during the electrophysiological testing. The P-wave morphology and atrial activation sequence of intracardiac electrograms were identical to those in normal sinus rhythm. SVT was terminated with carotid sinus massage that increased vagal tone, and for this reason, the reentry circuit of SVT could be localized in sinus node. On the basis of these findings, the SVT was diagnosed as sinus node re-entrant tachycardia and was successfully eliminated by radiofrequency catheter ablation. Radiofrequency catheter ablation would be effective in patients with sinus node reentrant tachycardia refractory to anti-arrhythmic drugs. It should, however, be performed with careful consideration to the influence of the sinus node.     

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia associated with systemic sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SS) is a connective tissue disease and cardiac involvement is common. Primary cardiac involvement such as conduction system disturbances and arrhythmias can also occur. However, reports of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) are rare. We report a case of catheter ablation of sustained ventricular tachycardia in a patient with systemic sclerosis using a conventional mapping system. A 64-yr-old woman with a 10-yr history of SS was referred for management of her ventricular tachycardia. There was no structural abnormality in cardiac chambers. However, electrophysiologic study revealed electrical substrate of ventricular tachycardia which could be ablated with pacemapping and substrate mapping. This case demonstrated successful conventional mapping and catheter ablation in a hemodynamically unstable patient with SS.     

The effects of a bidirectional cavo-tricuspid isthmus block in persistent atrial fibrillation

Purpose

Hybrid therapy with catheter ablation of the cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) and continuation of anti-arrhythmic drugs (AAD), or electrical cardioversion with AADs might be alternative treatments for patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). The goal of study was to assess the long term success rate of hybrid therapy for persistent AF compared to antiarrhythmic medication therapy after electrical cardioversion and identify the independent risk factors associated with recurrence after hybrid therapy.

Materials and Methods

A total of 32 patients with persistent AF who developed atrial flutter after the administration of a class Ic or III anti-arrhythmic drug were enrolled. This group was compared with a group (33 patients) who underwent cardioversion and received direct current cardioversion with AADs. Baseline data were collected, and electrocardiogram and symptom driven Holter monitoring were performed every 2-4 months.

Results

There was no significant difference in the baseline characteristics between the groups. The 12 month atrial arrhythmia free survival was better in the hybrid group, 49.0% vs. 33.1%, p=0.048. However, during a mean 55.7+/-43.0 months of follow up, the improved survival rate regressed (p=0.25). A larger left atrium size was an independent risk factor for the recurrence of AF after adjusting for confounding factors.

Conclusion

Despite favorable outcome during 12 month, the CTI block with AADs showed outcomes similar to AAD therapy after electrical cardioversion over a 12 month follow up period. Minimal substrate modification with AADs might be an alternative treatment for persistent AF with minimal atrial remodeling.     

Novel Noncontact Catheter System for Endocardial Electrical and Anatomical Imaging

The study objective was to integrate noncontact mapping and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in a single catheter system that enables both electrical and anatomical imaging of the endocardium. We developed a catheter system on the basis of a 9-F sheath that carried a coaxial 64-electrode lumen-probe on the outside and a central ICE catheter (9 F, 9 MHz) on the inside. The sheath was placed in the right atrium (RA) of 3 dogs, and in the left ventricle (LV) of 3 other dogs. To construct cardiac anatomy, the ICE catheter was pulled back over several beats inside the sheath starting from the tip and two-dimensional tomographic images were continuously acquired. To recover endocardial electrograms, the probe was advanced over the sheath and single-beat noncontact electrograms were simultaneously recorded. Endocardial contact electrodes were placed at select sites for validation as well as for pacing. Three-dimensional electrical-anatomical images reconstructed during sinus and paced rhythms correctly associated RA and LV activation sequences with underlying endocardial anatomy (overall activation error = 3.4 +/- 3.2 ms; overall spatial error = 8.0 +/- 3.5 mm). Therefore, accurate fusion of electrical imaging with anatomical imaging during catheterization is feasible. Integrating single-beat noncontact mapping with ICE provides detailed, three-dimensional electrical-anatomical images of the endocardium, which may facilitate management of arrhythmias.     

Clinical Significance of Additional Ablation of Atrial Premature Beats after Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation

Purpose

The clinical significance of post-procedural atrial premature beats immediately after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been clearly determined. We hypothesized that the provocation of immediate recurrence of atrial premature beats (IRAPB) and additional ablation improves the clinical outcome of AF ablation.

Materials and Methods

We enrolled 200 patients with AF (76.5% males; 57.4±11.1 years old; 64.3% paroxysmal AF) who underwent catheter ablation. Post-procedure IRAPB was defined as frequent atrial premature beats (≥6/min) under isoproterenol infusion (5 µg/min), monitored for 10 min after internal cardioversion, and we ablated mappable IRAPBs. Post-procedural IRAPB provocations were conducted in 100 patients. We compared the patients who showed IRAPB with those who did not. We also compared the IRAPB provocation group with 100 age-, sex-, and AF-type-matched patients who completed ablation without provocation (No-Test group).

Results

1) Among the post-procedural IRAPB provocation group, 33% showed IRAPB and required additional ablation with a longer procedure time (p=0.001) than those without IRAPB, without increasing the complication rate. 2) During 18.0±6.6 months of follow-up, the patients who showed IRAPB had a worse clinical recurrence rate than those who did not (27.3% vs. 9.0%; p=0.016), in spite of additional IRAPB ablation. 3) However, the clinical recurrence rate was significantly lower in the IRAPB provocation group (15.0%) than in the No-Test group (28.0%; p=0.025) without lengthening of the procedure time or raising complication rate.

Conclusion

The presence of post-procedural IRAPB was associated with a higher recurrence rate after AF ablation. However, IRAPB provocation and additional ablation might facilitate a better clinical outcome. A further prospective randomized study is warranted.     

Diagnosis and cure of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias during a single electrophysiologic test

BACKGROUND. We conducted this study to determine the feasibility of an abbreviated therapeutic approach to the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, in which the diagnosis is established and radiofrequency ablation carried out during a single electrophysiologic test. METHODS. One hundred six consecutive patients were referred for the management of documented, symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (66 patients) or the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (40 patients). All agreed to undergo a diagnostic electrophysiologic test and catheter ablation with radiofrequency current. No patient had had such a test previously. RESULTS. Among the 66 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias, the mechanism was found to be atrioventricular nodal reentry in 46 (70 percent) (typical in 44 and atypical in 2), atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia involving a concealed accessory pathway in 16 (24 percent), atrial tachycardia in 2 (3 percent), and noninducible paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in 2 (3 percent). A successful long-term outcome was achieved in 57 of 62 patients (92 percent) with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in whom ablation was attempted and in 37 of 40 patients (93 percent) with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The only complications were one instance of occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery, leading to acute myocardial infarction, and one instance of complete atrioventricular block. The mean (+/- SD) duration of the electrophysiologic procedures was 114 +/- 55 minutes. CONCLUSIONS. The diagnosis and cure of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia or the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome during a single electrophysiologic test are feasible and practical and have a favorable risk-benefit ratio. This abbreviated therapeutic approach may eliminate the need for serial electropharmacologic testing, long-term drug therapy, antitachycardia pacemakers, and surgical ablation.