柴油微乳化技术中乳化剂的选择及配方的研究

讨论了柴油微乳化研究中的应用理论,应用相似相溶原理和HLB值初选柴油乳化剂并对乳化剂进一步筛选和复配,同时确定助表面活性剂为正戊醇.利用HLB值的计算对复配得到的微乳化剂进行验证,表明:非离子表面活性剂Span80、AEO-3、TX-4与阳离子表面活性剂DO8/1021或D12/1421复配作乳化剂时HLB值在6-1 5.9范围内均可制得柴油微乳液;对不同复配乳化剂制得微乳化柴油稳定性验证表明:微乳化剂的组成以AEO-3、TX-4与DO8/1021三种乳化剂复配,复配比为0.6:1.4:8时掺水量达14%,且稳定性高.     

复配非离子生物柴油纳米乳的制备工艺

选用复配壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚非离子表面活性剂作为生物柴油的乳化剂,考察了2种壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚m（NP-6）∶m（NP-10）、复配表面活性剂HLB值、m（油）∶m（表面活性剂）、水滴加速率以及搅拌速度等因素对纳米乳液乳化性能的影响。通过实验确定了制取纳米乳液的最佳工艺条件：m（NP-6）∶m（NP-10）=6∶4,复配表面活性剂HLB值为11.88,m（油）∶m（表面活性剂）=1.6～1.8,水滴加速率在0.7mL/min以下,以及搅拌速度为700～800r/min时,在25℃下用乳化反转点法制得稳定的水包油纳米乳,此条件下纳米乳颗粒形貌为球形,粒径分布主要在20～30nm。     

表面活性剂HLB值对炭黑色浆分散稳定性的影响

考察了表面活性剂的亲水疏水平衡值(HLB)及添加量对色浆中炭黑润湿、分散及稳定性的影响,借助等效润湿接触角法、润湿热法、分散函数、稳定函数法和理想化模型法等对色浆体系稳定性进行了评价,并对稳定机理进行了分析. 结果表明,无论是引入单一型表面活性剂还是复配型表面活性剂,只有当体系的HLB值与炭黑的HLB值接近时,才能达到良好的润湿、分散与稳定效果;复配表面活性剂对炭黑分散效果优于单一型表面活性剂;阴离子与非离子表面活性剂复配的分散效果明显优于非离子与非离子表面活性剂复配;添加5.0wt%表面活性剂时体系分散稳定性最佳;基于吸附层理论与结合力理论较好地解释了表面活性剂存在最佳HLB值和添加量的原因.     

胶原基有机硅表面活性剂的性能研究

合成了胶原基有机硅表面活性剂(CBES),并研究了CBES的表面张力、临界胶束浓度、HLB值、乳化性能以及与非离子表面活性剂异构十三醇聚氧乙烯醚复配后的表面活性和乳化性能。通过吊片法测得CBES可使水的表面张力降低至30.5 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为0.44 g/L;采用乳化法测定CBES的HLB值为14~15,表明CBES为水溶性表面活性剂。此外,CBES乳化大豆油、氨基硅油和聚醚硅油的乳化率分别为10.5%,48.7%和90.0%,且与异构十三醇聚氧乙烯醚复配在乳化效力上具有协同增效作用。     

10％辛硫磷水乳剂的研究

用Span20和Tween20以不同比例复配对10%辛硫磷进行乳化,发现复配乳化剂的最佳HLB值为11.5。再根据此HLB值选择出由阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂组成的乳化剂对,确定了最佳乳化剂对。乳化剂的用量为2%,加入0.5%的助乳化剂十六醇和0.1%的增稠剂可明显提高水乳剂的稳定性。     

一种渣油乳化燃料油的制备研究

根据表面活性剂知识,采用HLB值法筛选和复配乳化剂.观察乳化燃料油离心分离后出水情况,显微镜观察其内部水颗粒状况,分析乳化燃料油的稳定性,以稳定性为依据,选择复配乳化剂及其HLB值,并确定合理的乳化加工工艺;对影响乳化燃料油的因素进行分析.     

乳化石蜡的制备与对木材处理的研究

本实验筛选了Tween和Span的系列非离子表面活性剂,在筛选过程中借助乳化剂合适的HLB值和水包油型(O/W)乳化石蜡所需的HLB值来进行。通过更变Tween和Span复配的的系列乳化剂,最终选取Tween 80和Span 80并且得到了一种稳定性较好的乳化蜡。对其进行红外研究,研究了反应物与生成物的峰位,并将此乳化蜡涂饰于木材上,测试了渗透率。     

DATS乳化剂的稳定性研究

采用HLB值法制备DATS乳化剂,确定DATS乙醇溶液的HLB值为16.3,复配表面活性剂的浓度为0.1g.mL-1。制备的乳化剂具有良好的外观、乳化性能、稳定性和分散性,并增加了DATS的稳定性。     

苦楝素乳油配方的研究

采用HLB值法制备苦楝素乳油,确定苦楝素乙酸乙酯溶液的RHLB值为16.4;优化SDS,Tween-20和Span-60复配表面活性剂,优化表面活性剂的浓度为0.1 g/mL。所制备乳油具有良好的制剂外观、乳化性能优良、稳定性和分散性好。     

AEO6对铜CMP后清洗颗粒去除的影响

硅溶胶等残留颗粒是铜CMP后清洗需要去除的沾污之一.在FA/OⅡ螯合剂的协同作用下,对比了八种表面活性剂和四种添加剂对铜表面颗粒沾污去除的影响,表面活性剂包括阴离子型ALS、LABSA、MAP-K、LPS-30和非离子型AEO6、LEP-10、LDEA、APG1214,添加剂为硝酸钾、柠檬酸、乙二醇、枧油.并对表面活性剂和添加剂的浓度进行优化.清洗方式为使用PVA刷进行刷洗,清洗后通过金相显微镜检测剩余颗粒,扫描电镜观测铜表面形貌.实验得出颗粒去除效果较好的表面活性剂为AEO6,较佳的浓度为0.02 M.聚氧乙烯类表面活性剂与FA/OⅡ螯合剂的配伍效果较好.添加0.9wt％枧油可使AEO6清洗液的颗粒去除效果略微提升,枧油做复配的非离子表面活性剂.     

稠油乳化催化降粘体系的研究

针对新嘏稠油粘度高难以开采的问题,文章俐：究r表面活性剂和催化荆复合用于稠油蒸汽开采的复合降粘体系。以新疆稠油为研究对象,首先对其含水牢进行了测定,在油水比为7：3的情况下,控温,探究加碱量与粘度的关系,确定了稠油的最适加碱量。利用HLB值法确定出了新疆稠油乳化的最佳HLB值为12．98,通过与多种未知HLB值的表面活性剂之间按不同比例的复配实验,分别确定出了表面活性剂OP-10、TX-10、FJC的HLB值分别为15．15、13．94、12．05。根据其形成乳状液的最佳HLB值,得到了该稠油的乳化降粘体系的两种配方,再进行耐高温实验,最终确定了乳化配方体系为30％OP-10＋70％FJC,降粘体系在水相中的最佳加量为0．8％。降粘率达到95．56％。     

柴油微乳状液及微小乳状液的制备

以HLB值选择乳化剂 ,制备出了柴油O/W微小乳状液及W /O微乳状液 ,系统地考察了复合乳化剂的HLB值、种类、组成、乳化温度、极性添加剂对两种乳状液的形成及粒径的影响     

The effect of shear and oil/water ratio on the required hydrophile-lipophile balance for emulsification

Required hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values were examined in terms of the nature of kerosene-water, both oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O), emulsions formed using Span 80/Tween 80 surfactant blends. Both the nature of the emulsification method and the oil/water ratio were critical in determining the resulting emulsion type. Both high- and low-shear conditions were investigated. Under high shear, low internal phase emulsions formed using the surfactant mixtures that corresponded to the required HLB values for emulsification involving kerosene (6 for W/O and 14 for O/W). However, at low shear, high internal phase (concentrated) emulsions resulted. Furthermore, depending on the oil/water ratio, some of the high internal phase emulsions were opposite to the type expected, given the HLB of the surfactant blend used. From these results, it appears that the emulsification technique (applied shear and oil/water ratio) used can be of greater importance in determining the final emulsion type than the HLB values of the surfactants themselves.     

Making homogeneous and fine droplet O/W emulsions using nonionic surfactants

In many emulsion systems, creaming occurs during the first stage of emulsion breakdown. To reduce the rate of creaming, emulsions having small and uniform droplets are desirable. In this work, types and HLB of nonionic surfactants, emulsification methods, and combinations of oils and nonionic surfactants were investigated in order to make stable and homogeneous emulsions. Emulsification was attained by dissolving the surfactants in the oil phases. The addition speed and volume of water to the oil phases were important factors affecting the emulsion droplet size. The change of the solute state in the process of emulsification was observed stage by stage, and the mechanism of emulsification was elucidated. Homogeneous emulsions were formed in the HLB region, showing liquid crystalline and gel phases in the emulsifying process. The addition speed of water to the oil phase was very important in forming the liquid crystalline and gel phases. Polyoxyethylene(n)sorbitan monostearate could emulsify three kinds of oils (hydrocarbon, fatty acid ester and triglyceride). Polyoxyethylene(n)alkyl ether could emulsify hydrocarbon and fatty acid ester. Polyoxyethylene(n)-monostearate could emulsify only hydrocarbon. Surfactants with proper HLB which were soluble in the oil phase and in the presence of a very small amount of water formed a stable emulsion. The solubility state of oil and surfactant was the key to making a fine emulsion.     

Emulsification of Chemically Modified Vegetable Oils for Lubricant Use

Oil in water emulsions of several vegetable oils were studied in order to prepare a useful lubrication fluid. Several previously uncharacterized systems were studied in this paper, including those made from epoxidized vegetable oils. A series of different surfactants were studied in order to obtain emulsions suitable for lubrication applications. The epoxidized oils were found to form stable oil in water emulsions using several different surfactant systems. Only the (4) lauryl ether dodecyl polyethoxylated nonionic surfactant and a modified palm stearin methoxy ester ethoxylate were able to stabilize ordinary soybean oil for 1 week under our test conditions. Overall, the best surfactants were those with an HLB value slightly above 9. The droplet size of emulsions made with surfactants formed submicron droplets, whereas only droplets of larger diameter were obtained when surfactants were not added. Most importantly, a lubrication study was performed showing that even a 1% emulsion of the vegetable oils used in this study can reduce friction nearly as well as using the base oil alone.     

Edible oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by hydrophile–lipophile balanced sucrose ester

Conventional emulsions are mostly stabilized by surfactants and for stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions the surfactants should be hydrophilic or with HLB numbers larger than seven. In this work, we report that edible oil-in-water emulsions can also be stabilized by surfactants with an HLB value close to seven. With edible sucrose ester C-1807 (HLB no. = 7) as emulsifier and three edible oils (canola oil, olive oil, soybean oil), edible oil-in-water emulsions can be stabilized by C-1807 at concentrations beyond its critical aggregation concentration (CAC). Although monomeric C-1807 behaves as an inferior emulsifier, they assemble to form multilamellar vesicles in water at concentrations higher than the CAC giving a viscoelastic/gel-like aqueous phase which is partly responsible for emulsion stabilization. Specifically, at 2 wt%, high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) with ϕ_o = 0.75 can be obtained, which are stable against cooling–heating cycles between 5 and 30°C during storage. The vesicles disperse in the aqueous lamellae surrounding the oil droplets, which together with the viscoelastic/gel-like continuous phase prevents them from flocculation and coalescence.     

Effect of mixing protocol on formation of fine emulsions

Emulsions are usually stabilised with a mixture of surfactants with different hydrophilicity. The initial partitioning of surfactants between the dispersed phase and continuous phase, and how these phases are brought into contact, can significantly affect the emulsification processes. Dynamic-phase behaviour maps were prepared to allow for a systematic investigation of the effects of emulsification routes on emulsion properties. Six semibatch modes of additions with constant surfactant concentration across the routes were selected. For a target cyclohexane-in-water emulsion using a pair of polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether surfactants with a specified HLB and water volume fraction, fine droplets could form only if water dissolving the water-soluble surfactant was added to the oil dissolving the oil-soluble surfactant. This route allowed the transitional inversion to occur and as a result fine droplets were formed due to an ultra-low interfacial tension. The addition of water dissolving the water-soluble surfactant to oil dissolving the oil-soluble surfactant, direct emulsification method, produced by far large droplets because of a rather high interfacial tension. In a series of experiment, the semibatch direct and phase-inversion emulsification method, were assimilated in situ. The impeller location was used as a variable that controls which phase is added as the dispersed phase. The location of impeller in relation to the interface did not affect the emulsion drop size at a high agitation rate, but it did at a low agitation rate. Under low agitation speed and when the impeller was placed in the oil phase, the oil layer progressively, but slowly, dragged the water phase and eventually inverted to an oil-in-water emulsion, indicating that transitional-phase inversion has locally occurred in the oil layer. At a high agitation speed the mechanical energy provided by the impeller homogenised the emulsion instantaneously and did not allow the optimum formulation and the associated ultra-low interfacial tension to be reached regardless of location of the impeller. A high impeller speed increased drop size by transforming the transition inversion mechanism to a catastrophic mechanism under which the size of drops is mainly determined by the mechanical energy provided. This paper aims to show how some of the complexities involved in emulsification processes can be explained by consulting with dynamic-phase maps.     

三元复合驱乳化作用对提高采收率影响研究

通过系统的室内实验 ,研究了不同机械搅拌力、不同含水率条件下 ,表面活性剂、碱、聚合物组成的一元、三元溶液与原油的乳化能力、形成乳化液的类型、稳定性和相关性质 ,揭示了影响三元复合驱乳化的主要因素是油水比、化学剂类型及浓度、外力 ,且上述各种因素是综合起作用的。同时揭示了大庆油田三元复合驱矿场试验中井口采出液乳化产生的原因。乳化携带及乳化调剖等乳化作用是三元复合驱提高洗油效率、扩大波及体积的机理之一。通过室内物理模拟实验 ,得出三元复合驱原油乳化调整了层间、层内矛盾及三元复合驱原油乳化 ,在一定条件下有利于提高采收率的结论     

Synthesis and Properties of Alkoxyethyl β‐d‐Xylopyranoside

In order to improve the water solubility of sugar‐based surfactants, alkyl β‐d‐ xylopyranosides, novel sugar‐based surfactants, 1,2‐trans alkoxyethyl β‐d‐ xylopyranosides, with alkyl chain length n = 6–12 were stereoselectively prepared by the trichloroacetimidate method. Their properties including hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) number, water solubility, surface tension, emulsification, foamability, thermotropic liquid crystal, and hygroscopicity were investigated. The results indicated that their HLB number decreased with increase of alkyl chain, the water solubility improved since the hydrophilic oxyethene (─OCH₂CH₂─) fragment was introduced. The dissolution process was entropy driven at 25–45 °C for alkyl chain length n = 6–10. Octyloxyethyl β‐d‐ xylopyranoside had the best foaming ability. Nonyloxyethyl β‐d‐ xylopyranoside had the best foam stability and the emulsifying ability was better in toluene/water system than in rapeseed oil/water system. The surface tension of in aqueous solution dropped to 27.8 mN m^?1 at the critical micelle concentration, and it also showed the most distinct thermotropic liquid phases with cross pattern texture upon heating and the fan schlieren texture on cooling. Hexyloxyethyl β‐d‐ xylopyranoside possessed the strongest hygroscopicity. Based on the effective improvement of water solubility, the prepared alkoxyethyl β‐d‐ xylopyranosides showed excellent surface activity and are expected to develop their practical application as a class of novel sugar‐based surfactants.     

Investigating Factors Affecting Water-In-Diesel Fuel Nanoemulsions

In this work, water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsions were prepared with mixed nonionic surfactants. Several mixtures of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, with different Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values (9.6, 9.8, 10, 10.2 and 10.4) were prepared to achieve the optimal HLB value. Three mixed surfactant concentrations were prepared at 6, 8 and 10 wt% to identify the optimum concentration. Five emulsions with different water contents: 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 % (wt/wt) were prepared using a high energy method under the optimum conditions (HLB = 10 and mixed surfactant concentration = 10 %). The effect of the HLB value, mixed surfactant concentration and water content on the droplet size has been studied. The interfacial tension and thermodynamic properties of the individual and the blended emulsifiers were investigated. Droplet size of the prepared nanoemulsions was determined by dynamic light scattering and the nanoemulsion stability was assessed by measuring the variation of the droplet size as a function of time. From the results obtained, it was found that the mean droplet size was formed between 49.5 and 190 nm depending on the HLB value, surfactant concentration and water content of the blended emulsifiers.