山区弯道水流特性及消能选型

山区弯道水流特性复杂,消能工布置困难,为确定其适宜的消能工型式,分析了山区河流水流特性及工程中常用消能型式,并结合水工模型试验研究了不同消能工布置下弯道水流流态及消力池出口流速分布,提出在弯道出口处设置消力池加辅助消能工(消力墩+异形坝)的工程措施。结果表明,在消力池内设置消力墩和异形坝后,水流流态得到很好的改善,出池水流流速分布均匀,消能效果更好。     

齿坎式宽尾墩消能特性CFD模拟

为了解齿坎式宽尾墩的消能效果和机理,以出山店水库枢纽工程为例,在模型试验和数值模拟结果吻合良好的基础上,研究了齿坎式宽尾墩的消能特性和流态,并进一步分析了齿坎式宽尾墩尾端折角大小和齿坎角度对其消能效果的影响。结果表明,水流通过宽尾墩的齿坎后分层,不同层的水流流速不同而相互紊动摩擦,层间水翅在较远处产生剧烈碰撞,进而增强消能效果,获得了最优齿坎式宽尾墩体型,可为工程设计提供参考。     

低佛氏数T型墩消力池水力特性试验研究

本文结合青海雪龙滩电站底流消能方案试验，对Ｔ型墩消力池的结构尺寸、水流流态、压力分布及其消能效果作了研究，并给出了Ｔ型墩消力池消能率计算公式及结构尺寸选择方法。     

低弗劳德数趾墩悬栅联合消能工数值模拟

针对低弗劳德数水流在消力池内极易形成弱水跃且水面大幅波动的问题,在低弗劳德数情况下,利用RNGκ-ε紊流模型,分别对趾墩悬栅联合消能工与单一悬栅消能工所处流场进行数值模拟,系统分析了水深沿程变化及流速分布规律,得到联合消能结构作用下消力池内部水流流态及过栅绕流涡旋分布。结果表明,联合消能工能增大回流区漩涡尺度,加剧水流卷吸掺混强度,大幅提高掺气浓度,迫使跃前断面向下游推移,相对推移比接近26%,淹没度下降约10%左右,从而显著降低陡坡水流脉动;悬栅附近涡群具有更强的漩涡运动,主、回流间紊动混掺加剧,增强了下泄水流能量耗散。研究结果为同类工程中解决消能防冲问题提供了新思路和参考依据。     

齿墩式内消能工的水力特性数值模拟研究

为了进一步研究齿墩式内消能工的水力特性,采用数值模拟方法,利用Gambit软件建立齿墩式内消能工的计算网格,借助Fluent软件中RNGκ-ε双方程紊流模型对水流流动进行数值模拟,物理模型试验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好,并在此基础上利用数值模拟方法分析了齿墩式内消能工的压强、流速、消能率及过流能力等水力特性。结果表明,在齿墩入口处管道中心附近的压强明显小于管壁的压强,进入齿墩段,压强骤降形成低压区;在齿墩下游0.1 D(D为管道直径)处压强降到最低,之后开始恢复,并逐渐趋于平稳,压强恢复区长度约为3 D;在齿墩末端正后方形成漩涡回流区,漩涡长度约为1.2 D,之后流速分布趋于均匀;与相同面积收缩比的洞塞式内消能工相比,虽然消能率相应降低,但其流量系数的增幅大于消能率的减幅,有利于缓解过流能力与消能效果的矛盾。     

低弗劳德数宽尾墩多级消力池三维数值模拟

低弗劳德数二元水跃消能效率低,当无尾坎消力池受地形限制,其长度较短且下游水位较低时水跃无法稳定在消力池内,消力池下游护坦承受较大冲刷压力,甚至护坦出口水流余能对下游河床造成严重冲刷。对此,提出采用宽尾墩联合尾坎消力池来改善消能效果,并采用RNGκ-ε紊流模型结合自由面追踪的VOF方法对宽尾墩联合尾坎消能工的水流流场进行三维数值模拟,通过宽尾墩与平尾墩、设置尾坎与不设置尾坎的综合对比分析得出,采用宽尾墩联合尾坎消能工的消能体型可有效调控水流并提高水流的消能效率,明显改善消力池内水流流态,有效减少对护坦及下游河岸冲刷。研究成果可为类似工程提供借鉴。     

小挑坎在导流隧洞出口消能中的应用

针对山区河道导流隧洞出口布置消能措施空间有限的问题,采用物理模型试验,对比研究了预留岩埂、消力墩、连续坎与差动坎四种不同布置方案的消能效果,通过对比不同方案下导流隧洞出口水流流态、流速、冲刷等水力学指标,最终确定连续坎方案为最优方案。水面线和水流流态对比结果表明,该方案增大了水流的横向扩散,优化了水流衔接流态,大幅减小了水流衔接段单宽流量,进而降低了下游岸边流速,减小了下游河床冲刷。     

齿墩形内消能工脉动压力特性研究

针对高速水流脉动压强负值会增大泄流边界发生空蚀破坏的问题,提出一种新型齿墩状内消能工,采用物理模型试验分析了3种齿墩形内消能工的消能特性、脉动压力特性和空化特性。结果表明,采用齿墩设施可增进消能作用并达到消能效果。通过对3种不同面积收缩比的齿墩形内消能工脉动压强研究,得到了脉动压强的分布规律,收缩面积比为0.451时的齿墩形内消能工脉动强度较小,抗空化性能更强,其脉动压强最大点的压强概率密度分布接近正态分布。     

拱坝弧形分流墩鼻坎优化试验研究

针对某工程挑流消能对下游河道冲刷破坏严重的问题,采用水工模型试验方法,提出在表孔反弧段增加弧形分流墩的优化方案来解决消能问题。通过对优化前后两种方案的试验数据对比,深入分析了不同工况下弧形分流墩过流时的水流流态和对下游的冲刷特性。结果表明,弧形分流墩方案的溢流坝表面流速稳定,未出现负压,过流能力良好;弧形墩能较好地分散水流,控制水舌的入水方向,使水流在空中发生横向碰撞,消能效果明显。     

陡槽溢洪道上孔板消能特性的试验研究

运用孔板消能工能有效改善低水头、大流量陡槽溢洪道中的水流流态,显著降低陡槽溢洪道中的水流流速和提高消能率。在此采用物理模型试验的方法,结合龙屯水库陡槽溢洪道除险加固工程,通过分析水流流态、水流速度的分布及消能率,对设置在陡槽溢洪道上的孔板的消能特性进行了研究。结果表明,孔板改善了上游弯曲段形成的折冲水流的不良流态,使水流流速明显减小,孔板的消能率达到50%以上,消能效果显著。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.