全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器对流换热试验与模拟

以可再生能源总能系统为研究背景,通过搭建太阳能辅助燃料电池试验平台,逐步完成不同涂层材料、内置导流板太阳能集热器自然对流试验研究;在试验验证基础上,分别建立太阳能集热器自然对流和强迫对流三维数学模型,应用场协同和火积理论分析流动和传热数据。自然对流研究表明,吸收率在0.95~1.0、发射率在0.06~0.16时,随吸收率升高,发射率降低,热效率升高1.71%,火积增量逐渐增大;加装导流板后,真空管内部混流消失,底部流动得到强化,实验热效率提高2.17%;确定全玻璃真空管热水器导流板合理板厚为2 mm,合理板长为距离真空管底部60~100 mm,合理位置为中心线以上16~20 mm;强迫对流研究表明,横双排集热器雷诺和努赛尔数、火积增量均高于竖单排集热器,火积耗散低于竖单排集热器。确定太阳能辅助燃料电池集热场在中低温条件下,自然对流采用内置导流板集热器,强迫对流采用横双排集热器。     

全玻璃真空管太阳能阵列供暖系统性能试验

为了研究实际工况下全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器系统的动态供暖性能,通过试验研究和理论分析得出了储热水箱总热损系数、太阳能集热器阵列集热效率的回归方程以及系统太阳能利用率的计算公式,结果表明:2015年11月24日至2015年12月5日,储热水箱总热损系数为25.82~31.53 W/℃,全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器阵列的集热效率为38%~72%。以2015年11月30日为例,系统的太阳能利用率为37.1%,太阳能集热器所收集的热量仅有54.6%被利用,系统热损过大。通过对比系统供热量和建筑逐时耗热量发现:在供暖期间,系统所提供的热量远大于该段时间的建筑耗热量,特别是在供暖初期,供热量达到了该时段建筑耗热量的10倍以上,供热量和供暖时间过于集中;针对此问题提出了单户太阳能供暖系统运行策略的改进建议。     

基于微热管阵列的平板太阳能热水器的性能试验

为了检验一种新型平板太阳能热水器的性能,该文对其核心部件—基于微热管阵列的集热器及其组成的热水器进行了热性能试验。集热器热性能测试结果表明,微热管阵列平板太阳能集热器瞬时效率的斜率为4.7,截距为0.80,分别优于国家标准要求值11.0%和22.3%。在满足测试要求的天气情况下,对微热管阵列平板太阳能热水器进行的多次热性能测试结果表明,热水器的日有效得热量均高于国家标准要求值,日平均集热效率均高于60%。同时,该热水器具有承压能力强、无炸裂、轻巧、成本低、无需焊接、抗冻性能好、易于建筑一体化等优势。基于微热管阵列的平板太阳能热水器由于性能优异,并能克服现有太阳能热水器的缺点,具有广阔的应用前景。     

地上式户用太阳能恒温沼气池产气性能

为突破传统砖混沼气池产气不稳定、产气速率低、冬季不产气的问题,研发并搭建了新型地上式户用太阳能恒温沼气池,系统主要由集热面积为2.96 m2的全玻璃真空管太阳能热水器、2m×2m×3.2m保温室、3m3软体沼气池和3m3储气袋构成,试验研究了冬季条件下系统的产气性能,结果表明:39d内,当环境温度在-19.8~-10.0℃变化时,太阳能集热器可以保证恒温沼气池在(26±2)℃稳定运行,恒温沼气池累计产气42.520m3,平均日产沼气1.380m3,甲烷平均体积分数58.2%;系统可保证4~5口农户的生活燃气需求。地上式户用太阳能恒温沼气池对利用农村有机废弃物资源满足农民燃气需求有重要意义。     

固定条形镜面太阳能聚光器设计及性能试验

为了提高固定条形镜面太阳能聚光集热器的集热性能,该文介绍了固定条形镜面聚光集热的工作原理,利用矢量分析方法得到了固定条形镜面任一镜元入射角及有效采光面积的计算公式。与此同时,建立了固定条形镜面反射聚光器的腔体式玻璃-金属真空管吸收器三维模型,利用蒙特卡洛光线追迹模拟不同偏转角情况下的聚光吸收器面上能流分布特征、光学效率、光学损失及能流分布。结果表明,镜面反射率和吸收器吸收率分别为0.92、0.9时,聚光系统在太阳光线偏转0~40°角范围内光线吸收率为74.08%~98%、光学效率为56.97%~73.65%。此外试验研究了梯形槽吸收器和腔体式玻璃-金属真空管吸收器在不同偏转角及不同集热温度的热性能。在环境温度和辐射相对较低情况下,腔体式玻璃-金属真空管吸收器的热效率比梯形槽吸收器热效率高2%~3%;流体出口温度由76.7℃升至99.6℃时,腔体式玻璃-金属真空管吸收器效率由46.93%降至39.98%。     

夏热冬暖地区阳台壁挂式平板型太阳能热水器水量配比优化

基于中国夏热冬暖地区13城市的典型气象数据,利用所建数学模型对阳台壁挂式平板型太阳能热水器的水量配比、方位角因子和太阳能保证率进行了计算。结果显示,南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器春、夏、秋、冬4季和全年水量配比分别位于21.1~50.3、22.9~55.7、33.8~57.9、25.0~54.6和28.3~49.3 kg/m~2之间。为便于应用,该文分别给出了南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器水量配比与水平面日均总太阳辐射量、温升-辐射量比值、倾角间的线性关系式。对于非南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器,季均和年均方位角因子随方位角的增大而逐渐减小。倾角为60°~90°、方位角为10°~90°时,季均和年均方位角因子分别位于0.67~0.99和0.74~0.99之间。当方位角小于20°、30°、40°、50°时,方位角对水量配比的影响分别约为3%、7%、10%和15%。方位角位于60°~90°时,方位角对水量配比存在20%~33%左右的影响。进一步分析发现,夏热冬暖地区南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器的年均太阳能保证率位于0.41~0.56之间,推广应用潜力较大。     

利用旋流效应强化平板型太阳能空气集热器性能

为了进一步提高平板型太阳能空气集热器热性能,该文提出一种在集热腔室内引入旋流效应的方法,并建立数值模型,分析了旋流类型和旋流强度对集热性能提升效果的影响,通过对旋流型集热器内部的流动及换热特性进行分析,揭示旋流强化集热器热性能机理。计算结果表明,主动旋流的集热性能提升效果明显优于被动旋流;与无旋流对照模型相比,主动旋流型集热器的集热效率增长率最高可达23.83%,且对于特定尺度的集热器,存在最佳的旋流强度。试验结果表明,旋流方法对集热器集热性能的提升效果受流量影响较大。在小流量下,旋流对集热器性能提升较为明显,集热效率增长率可达13.24%;大流量下的提升效果则不明显。本文研究结果对平板型太阳能空气集热器的性能优化提供了一种思路。     

阳台壁挂式平板型太阳能热水器水量配比优化

基于温和地区9城市的典型气象数据,利用所建数学模型对阳台壁挂式平板型太阳能热水器的水量配比和太阳能保证率进行了计算,并讨论了方位角对水量配比的影响。结果显示,南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器春、夏、秋、冬4季和全年水量配比的取值范围分别为28～51、21～41、31～53、37～57和31～47 kg/m2。为便于应用,给出了南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器季均和年均水量配比与倾角间相关系数大于0.99的线性回归关系式。对于非南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器,季均和年均水量配比的方位角因子随方位角的增大而逐渐减小。倾角为60°～90°、方位角为10°～90°时,季均和年均水量配比的方位角因子分别位于0.57～1.00和0.72～1.00之间。方位角分别小于20°和30°时,方位角对冬季水量配比和春、夏、秋3季及年均水量配比的影响约为5%;方位角分别小于30°和40°时,方位角对上述水量配比的影响约为10%。进一步讨论发现,温和地区南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器的年均太阳能保证率位于0.55～0.70之间,推广应用潜力较大。     

蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器的热性能

太阳能集热器是太阳能热泵系统的核心部件.该文设计了一种蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器,将其应用于蓄能型太阳能热泵系统中,可根据太阳辐射强度切换工作模式,实现太阳能分季节全天候利用,能提高系统热力性能.搭建了蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器热性能测试试验台,对振荡热管换热器内充灌不同工质(R134a、乙醇/水、丙酮/水)、集热管内分别利用空气显热蓄能或者石蜡潜热蓄能的蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器在白天和夜间工况下的热性能开展了试验研究.结果表明:振荡热管换热器内充灌R134a的集热器,白天工况下集热效率最高,平均集热效率在0.45以上,利用石蜡蓄热时最高达到了0.90;日有用得热量最大,最低可达到7.14 MJ/(m2·d);夜间工况下供热水水温最高.无论利用空气和石蜡蓄能,白天工况下集热器瞬时集热效率均与太阳辐射强度的变化规律相反.真空管内利用石蜡蓄能的蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器,阴雨天其集热效率远高于利用空气蓄能的集热器,平均提高64.0％,夜间供水水温均能保持在50℃以上,高于利用空气蓄热的集热器.该研究可为蓄能型太阳能热泵的推广应用提供参考依据.     

温和地区阳台壁挂式平板型太阳能热水器水量配比优化

基于温和地区9城市的典型气象数据,利用所建数学模型对阳台壁挂式平板型太阳能热水器的水量配比和太阳能保证率进行了计算,并讨论了方位角对水量配比的影响。结果显示,南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器春、夏、秋、冬4季和全年水量配比的取值范围分别为28~51、21~41、31~53、37~57和31~47 kg/m2。为便于应用,给出了南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器季均和年均水量配比与倾角间相关系数大于0.99的线性回归关系式。对于非南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器,季均和年均水量配比的方位角因子随方位角的增大而逐渐减小。倾角为60°~90°、方位角为10°~90°时,季均和年均水量配比的方位角因子分别位于0.57~1.00和0.72~1.00之间。方位角分别小于20°和30°时,方位角对冬季水量配比和春、夏、秋3季及年均水量配比的影响约为5%;方位角分别小于30°和40°时,方位角对上述水量配比的影响约为10%。进一步讨论发现,温和地区南向阳台壁挂式太阳能热水器的年均太阳能保证率位于0.55~0.70之间,推广应用潜力较大。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.