基于电流谐波优化的混合脉宽调制策略

受轨道车辆牵引功率大、开关频率低的限制,牵引传动系统多采用低频区异步调制,基频以上单脉冲调制的脉宽调制方式,且在中频过渡区通常需采用优化同步调制以达到改善变流器输出特性的目的。电流谐波最小脉宽调制技术(CHMPWM)是优化同步调制的一种,它以电机电流谐波整体最优为目标进行调制,有助于高性能电流闭环控制的实现,近年来受到广泛关注。对基于电流谐波优化的混合脉宽调制策略展开研究,首先分析CHMPWM的开关角求解方法及不同开关角分布方式对其性能的影响,并从电流谐波、转矩脉动等方面与特定谐波消除脉宽调制技术(SHEPWM)进行对比;然后完成基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)构架的混合脉宽调制技术,并实现不同调制模式间的平滑过渡。最后对所提方法进行仿真和实验验证。     

基于PSO算法的三电平优化PWM方法

受大功率开关器件开关频率的限制,牵引逆变器输出波形中含有大量的谐波,所以有必要采用优化的脉宽调制（ PWM ）方法来减少牵引逆变器输出波形的谐波。首先,建立了最小电流总谐波畸变率（ THD ）谐波优化模型,并采用粒子群优化（ PSO ）算法对模型进行求解。其次,在分段同步调制的不同分频段上对PSO-PWM和传统正弦脉宽调制（ SPWM）进行了比较,得到PSO-PWM具有良好谐波优化效果的结论。最后,用仿真和半实物实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

Analysis of PWM GTO Current Source Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drive System

A GTO current source inverter which consists of six main GTO's, two auxiliary GTO's, and three capacitors is presented. This inverter can supply both the sinusoidal voltage and current to the motor by pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques. The normal PWM pattern produced by two control signals with the carrier and the modulating waves and the optimal PWM pattern determined by the harmonic analysis are described. The experimental waveforms for 2.2-kW induction motor drives are given and the circuit operation of this inverter in the PWM technique is clearly shown. In addition, the steady-state characteristics of this inverter-induction motor drive system are analyzed by the state-variable methods, and a close agreement between the analyzed and the experimental waveforms is obtained. It is shown that the harmonic components are eliminated or reduced by using the optimal PWM pattern, and the new inverter with sinusoidal current and voltage is very excellent for ac motor drive.     

Comparison of PWM and PFM induction drives regarding audible noise and vibration for household applications

This paper is aimed at comparing the performance of pulse frequency modulation (PFM) and pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques regarding audible noise generated from inverter-driven induction motors. For the purpose of illustrating the performance of the two modulation techniques, a drive developed for washing machine applications is considered. First, the measured and simulated harmonic content of this inverter is compared with the measured harmonic spectrum of a three-phase input-output commercial variable-frequency inverter. It is found that despite the 8-bit processor inexpensive implementation, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of PFM is comparable to the THD of PWM in more sophisticated applications. It is discovered that the harmonic spectrum of PFM exhibits harmonics of smaller magnitude distributed over 0.9f/sub o/--2.1f/sub o/ (base switching frequency) range, as opposed to a smaller number of dominant harmonics of PWM. Next, the prototype drive is programmed to generate both sine-PWM and PFM waveforms. The motor is driven at several frequencies and the audible noise and vibration level of the motor is measured. It is observed that the type of current harmonic content of PFM leads to reduced noise and vibration.     

A Sinusoidal Pulsewidth Modulated Three-Phase AC to DC Converter-Fed DC Motor Drive

The external performances such as power factor, displacement factor, harmonic factor, and ripple factor of a three-phase ac to dc converter-fed separately excited dc motor drive employing sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) control technique are obtained for different speeds and modulation indexes. Since separately excited dc motors with armature voltage control provide constant torque operation, the external performance is also determined for the drive motor operating at different values of constant load torque. Motoring and regenerating operations of the dc drive machine are considered. The three-phase PWM converter-motor drive system is analyzed, taking commutation effects into account in motoring and regenerating operations. The analysis has revealed 27 common modes in one repetitive period of the output voltage. The sequence of modes for all pulses in one period of the output voltage is established. Experimental oscillograms of typical waveforms from a laboratory-sized dc motor are illustrated to verify the basic principles of operation. Although the converter circuit requires some additional components in comparison with the commonly used phase-controlled converter, the improved performance characteristics make it attractive for industrial applications involving large power ratings.     

Programmed PWM techniques to eliminate harmonics: a criticalevaluation

Programmed pulsewidth modulators (PWMs) eliminating several lower-order harmonics generate high-quality output spectra, which in turn result in minimum current ripple and reduced torque pulsations, thereby satisfying several performance criteria and contributing to overall improved performance. Several programmed PWM switching patterns to eliminate harmonics in the output spectra of single-phase and three-phase inverters are possible. Each of these leads to a specific advantage in single- and three-phase inverters, depending on the application. First, the superiority of programmed PWM techniques over the conventional carrier-modulated PWMs is established. Next, a critical evaluation of the programmed PWM schemes on the basis of applications for single- and three-phase inverters is used to provide a framework and guidelines for the selection of the appropriate technique for each application area. Evaluation criteria include harmonic loss factor and total harmonic distortion factors defined at the input and output of the inverter terminals. Finally, a simple low-cost solution for obtaining the required PWM switching points is proposed. Selected results are verified experimentally     

一种新颖的用于六相感应电机调速系统的空间矢量PWM方法

基于三相调速系统中传统的空间矢量理论和统一电压调制技术,本文提出了一种新颖的用于六相感应电机调速系统的空间矢量SVPWM方法.该方法有效地抑制了电压源逆变器供电的六相感应电机中定子谐波电流,提高了直流母线电压利用率,且易于实现,执行速度快,极易推广到以三相组为子集的多相感应电机调速系统PWM控制中.本文给出了这种SVPWM方法具体的实现思路,通过数字仿真和实验结果将它与传统的SPWM和SVPWM方法做了深入的分析和比较研究,研究结果验证了该算法的有效性,它具有谐波电流最小和实现简单的突出优点,在多相PWM逆变器控制中有广阔的应用前景.     

基于优化PWM的定子磁链轨迹跟踪控制研究

在异步电机的高性能控制方案中,为了降低开关损耗,采用优化脉宽调制(PWM)实现低开关频率下较小的电流谐波畸变。但在调制模式频繁切换时,优化PWM会产生电流和转矩冲击。因此,研究了将优化脉冲在线移位的闭环定子磁链轨迹跟踪控制方法,提出了由基于自控电机的降阶观测器与电机电流模型观测器组成的双观测器模型,实现了基波分量观测。结合电流谐波最小脉宽调制（CHMPWM）开关角,利用其重构参考磁链与实际磁链的差值,实现定子磁链轨迹跟踪。提出了无差拍下修正开关角小于2时的脉冲模式调整方案,消除了系统的动态调制误差,实现了低开关频率下异步电机的高性能控制。在开关频率为300 Hz以下的NPC型三电平逆变器上的仿真和试验证明了定子磁链轨迹跟踪控制策略的有效性。     

Optimal pulse patterns of a nine-phase voltage source PWM inverter for use with a triple three-phase wound ac motor

The authors have already described the nine-phase inverter driving system providing both the triple three-phase voltage source inverter with 180-deg conducting period and the ac motor windings with triple three-phase construction. The nine-pulse inverter driving system used three small-capacity three-phase coupling reactors having special windings for current balance and reduction of higher harmonics. In addition, for voltage control, current balance, and waveform improvement, optimal PWM pulse patterns were applied to the six-phase inverter driving system using a three-phase coupling reactor to provide double three-phase construction. In the system based on the mode in the title, the PWM control was applied to the nine-phase inverter driving system described in the foregoing. The coupling reactors in the system balance the fundamental currents of three sets of three-phase inverters and also absorb higher harmonic voltages other than 18p±1 (p = 1, 2, …) orders. The optimal pulse patterns found by the approach to make the performance index minimum using the Lagrange multiplier method can be applied to the PWM to reduce the higher harmonic currents greater than those calculated by the modulation method comparing the sinusoidal signal wave with triangular carrier signal. This system can have a larger capacity than the six-phase PWM inverter driving system in which coupling reactors absorb higher harmonic voltages other than the 12p±1 orders and also improve output current waveforms. In addition, the system includes the capacity of coupling reactors slightly larger than the six-phase PWM inverter driving system but enables operation with smaller torque ripples and electromagnetic noises in low- to high-frequency ranges.     

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER FED SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the design optimization of current source inverter (CSI) fed squirrel cage induction motor. For this a set of ten independent variables is selected and seven objective functions are considered namely, the active material cost, operating cost, a mixed objective function of the active material cost and operating cost, torque pulsations, voltage across commutating capacitor, maximum commutation time of CSI and an integrated objective function. To visualize extreme performance for a particular objective function, the design is optimized considering only one objective function at a time. Finally an integrated objective function is proposed which is formed as a combination of all other objective functions with suitable weighting factors to suit optimum design for a particular application. In the task of design optimization the desired thermal, starting and normal operating performance are optimally met by imposing twelve suitable constraints. In this investigation the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) with interior penalty function approach is used to optimize the design. In this method, Rosenbrock's method is used to achieve unconstrained minimization. The optimized design results of a 7.5 kW, delta connected CSI fed cage motor are given and discussed in detail.     

基于SHEPWM的三电平NPC逆变器中点电位平衡控制算法

以三电平中性点钳位型(NPC)逆变器为对象,提出基于特定次谐波消除脉宽调制(SHEPWM)的中点电位平衡控制算法。首先介绍空间矢量脉宽调制中点电位平衡原理与SHEPWM开关角求解模型,然后分析三相SHEPWM波形在不同调制度下对应的开关矢量序列和作用角度,基于此设计了三种冗余矢量调整方案,最后通过检测负载电流与中点电位,由中点电位滞环控制器和控制逻辑组合作用,直接对三相脉宽调制信号进行在线调整,实现中点电位平衡。实验结果表明:不同的矢量调整方案具有不同的中点电位平衡速度、平均开关频率等,但均不影响线电压的谐波消除能力;采用中点电位三级滞环控制器可兼顾中点电位平衡、波形对称、共模电压幅值,且不增加器件开关次数。     

Basic Study on Loss Factor Evaluation of Concentrated Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

This paper describes the influence of pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter harmonic loss on concentrated winding interior permanent magnet synchronous motor characteristics by using finite element method (FEM) analysis and several measurements. In the measurements, the PWM inverter harmonic loss was evaluated by using a PWM inverter and a sinusoidal power supply. By using the FEM analysis, it was confirmed that the PWM inverter harmonic mainly caused an increase of eddy current losses in the magnetic steel sheet and the permanent magnet. The results indicate that higher inductance of the motor is effective in reducing the harmful effects of PWM inverter harmonics.     

A New Control of PWM Inverter Waveform for Minimum Loss Operation of an Induction Motor Drive

A simplified method to calculate harmonic currents of an induction motor and optimum PWM switching patterns to minimize the harmonic loss are presented. Neglecting the harmonic iron loss, the harmonic loss of the motor is proportional to the square of the rms current. The waveform of the harmonic current is approximately equal to that of the leakage reactance applied to the same PWM voltage. Its approximation error is very small under normal operating condition. The main results obtained using these approximation are as follows: 1) the optimum PWM patterns of the pulsenumber from seven to 41; 2) how to choose the optimum pattern and calculate it by using a computer; 3) the effect of a resistance of the windings and skin effect of the secondary conductor; and 4) microcomputer PWM optimum voltage control schemes. Comparison with other controls is shown by using experimental and calculating results and confirms the effectiveness of this control scheme.     

Comparison of different switching patterns in direct torque control technique of induction motors

In this paper, the direct torque control (DTC) technique is used for induction motor control. Non-pulse-width modulation (NPWM) techniques are frequently preferred due to the high switching frequency resulting from conventional PWM switching schemes. Four different switching algorithms using hysteresis and non-hysteresis controllers are proposed and compared. Results are presented of the steady-state and dynamic behaviour of a drive with speed and torque references, controlled using the four switching techniques. The harmonic spectra of the stator voltage and current are determined and compared for the four switching techniques. The results indicate that the non-hysteresis controllers are cheaper and consume less electric power than the hysteresis controllers. Among these algorithms, the non-hysteresis controllers, referred to as the two-band flux controller and the triple-band torque controller, lead to a better result with an advantage of simpler control algorithms.     

一种新的分相控制式三相电流型五电平逆变器

在一个三相直接式多电平电流型逆变器（CSI）中利用PWM技术来消除输出电流谐波是非常困难的。文中提出了一类新的三相分相控制式电流型5电平逆变器拓扑。这类拓扑通过三相星形负载的中性线进行解耦，逆变器的每相都可以独立控制，因此可以将多电平PWM技术应用到该类逆变器以减小输出电流谐波。文中给出了一种多载波PWM技术的数字化实现方案。文中以单相逆变器单元为例介绍了三相5电平逆变器的工作原理。最后建立了一个三相分相式5电平CSI的实验系统，验证了文中的结论。随着超导储能系统技术的发展及其应用，电流型多电平变流器将具有广泛的应用前景。     

变频器供电永磁直线同步电动机谐波特性分析及计算

研究了变频器输出谐波电源对永磁直线同步电动机的磁势、电流、损耗、效率等的影响,分别计算了同台永磁直线同步电动机在传统正弦波电源与变频器输出非正弦电源下的效率、功率,分析了谐波问题的影响。给出了补偿变频器输出谐波的方案,采用基于瞬时无功功率理论的ip-iq的谐波电流检测法对谐波进行检测,仿真结果为提高变频器供电电机的绝缘及永磁直线同步电动机的推广应用提供了依据。     

单相PWM整流器输入电流波形的改善技术

PWM整流器是一种新型的功率因数校正方式,具有高功率因数、输入电流波形正弦、能量可双向流动、动态响应性能较快等优点。为提高其工作性能,阐述了单相PWM整流器的工作原理、控制方法,分析了输入电流波形中低次谐波(主要是3次)产生的原因,推导了其计算公式,并提出了采用低通滤波器和采用补偿器来改善电流波形的方法。仿真和实验的验证结果表明:加入低通滤波器可有效地改善输入电流波形,但却恶化了系统的动态性能;加入直流电压动态补偿器,可更好地改善输入电流波形,系统的动态性能不但不会恶化,反而稍微有所改善。     

Influence of the modulation method on the conduction and switchinglosses of a PWM converter system

The authors explore the dependency of the conduction losses of a bridge leg of a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) power converter system with a high pulse rate on the shape of the phase modulation functions. This is done for modulation methods that are optimized with respect to minimum harmonic current RMS values. The results are compared to the results gained for simple sinusoidal modulation. Besides conduction losses, the switching losses of the electric valves are calculated. The main topic is the determination of those power loss components of a PWM converter system that can be (besides the harmonic losses) influenced by the modulation method selected. As the calculations show, these modulation methods allow a significant increase of the effective switching frequency. The optimal modulation as calculated leads to a reduction of the harmonic power loss in the upper modulation region. Furthermore, due to the frequency modulation the spectrum is spread out to a wider frequency band as compared to operation with constant pulse frequency     

Multilevel inverter modulation schemes to eliminate common-mode voltages

It is well known that conventional two-level pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverters generate high-frequency common-mode voltages with high dv/dt. Similarly, commonly used multilevel inverter modulation schemes generate common-mode voltages. Common-mode voltages may cause motor shaft voltages and bearing currents and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). Premature motor bearing failures and electronic equipment malfunctions have been reported to be directly related to bearing currents and EMI. In this paper, approaches to eliminating common-mode voltage when using multilevel PWM inverters are presented. It is shown that inverters, which have an odd number of levels, will generate zero common-mode voltage by switching among certain states. Therefore, motor bearing currents will be eliminated and conducted EMI will be reduced. Both sinusoidal PWM and space-vector modulation (SVM) schemes are discussed and detailed comparative simulation results between conventional and novel modulation schemes are provided. The value of the proposed technique is demonstrated experimentally by applying the novel SVM approach to a conventional multilevel inverter.     

Optimal Pulsewidth Modulation for Feeding AC Motors

A pulsewidth modulation (PWM) technique is proposed, intended particularly for the reduction of the harmful effects of the harmonics in the inverter-fed drive systems. The approach is based on the minimization of the rms value of the current harmonics in the motor by a proper choice of the commutation angles. Switching patterns are calculated for a different number of commutations per period, for both single-phase and three-phase half-bridge inverters. In the case of the single-phase, an analytical procedure is developed which simplifies the computations. Comparisons are made of the results thus obtained with those given by other PWM techniques in use.