Investigation and characterization of mining subsidence in Kaiyang Phosphorus Mine

In Kaiyang Phosphorus Mine, serious environmental and safety problems are caused by large scale mining activities in the past 40 years. These problems include mining subsidence, low recovery ratio, too much dead ore in pillars, and pollution of phosphorus gypsum. Mining subsidence falls into four categories： curved ground and mesa, ground cracks and collapse hole, spalling and eboulement, slope slide and creeping. Measures to treat the mining subsidence were put forward： finding out and managing abandoned stopes, optimizing mining method （cut and fill mining method）, selecting proper backfilling materials （phosphogypsum mixtures）, avoiding disorder mining operation, and treating highway slopes. These investigations and engineering treatment methods are believed to be able to contribute to the safety extraction of ore and sustainable development in Kaiyang Phosphorus Mine.     

Cemented backfilling performance of yellow phosphorus slag

The experiments on the cemented backfilling performance of yellow phosphorus slag,including physical-mechanical properties,chemical compositions,optimized proportion,and cementation mechanisms,were carried out to make good use of yellow phosphorus slag as well as tackle with environment problems,safety problems,geological hazards,and high-cost issues during mining in Kaiyang Phosphorus Mine Group,Guizhou.The results show that yellow phosphorus slag can be used as the cement substitute for potential coagulat...     

Cemented backfill technology based on phosphorous gypsum

Physical-chemical properties of phosphorous gypsum, proportion and cemented mechanism of slurry with gypsum as aggregate were studied to remove the harms of gypsum pile, combining with difficult problems of excessive mined-out gobs, enormous ore body under roadway and low recovery ratio of Yongshaba Mine, Kaiyang Phosphor Mine Group, Guizhou Province, China. An appropriate backfill system and craftwork were designed, using shattering milling method to crush gypsum, double-axles mixing and strong activation mixing way to mix slurry, cemented slurry and mullock backfill alternately process. The results show that gypsum is fit for backfilling afterwards by adding fly ash, though it is not an ideal aggregate for fine granule and coagulate retardation. The suggested dosage (the mass ratio of cement to fly ash to gypsum) is 1:1:6–1:1:8 with mass fraction of solid materials 60%–63%. Slurry is transported in suspend state with non-plastic strength, and then in concretion state after backfilling. The application to mine shows the technology is feasible, and gypsum utilization ratio is up to 100%. Transportation and backfill effect is very good for paste-like slurry and drenching cemented slurry into mullock, and the compressive strength and recovery ratio are 2.0 MPa and 82.6%, respectively, with the maximum subsidence of surface only 1.307 mm. Furthermore, the investment of system is about 7×10⁶ yuan (RMB), only 1/10 of that of traditional paste backfill system. Foundation item: Project (2006BAB02A03) supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program; Project (08MX16) supported by Mittal Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects of Central South University during 2008     

Evaluation of the use of sublevel open stoping in the mining of moderately dipping medium-thick orebodies

The flow of blasted ore during mining of moderately dipping medium-thick orebodies is a challenge. Selecting a suitable mining system for such ore bodies is difficult. This paper proposes a diamond layout sublevel open stoping system using fan blastholes with backfilling to mine such orebodies. To evaluate the performance of system the relationships between ore recovery and stope footwall dip angle, footwall surface roughness, drawpoint spacing and production blast ring burden were investigated. An ore recovery data set from 81 laboratory physical model experiments was established from combinations of the listed factors. Various modules in a back propagation neural network structure were compared, and an optimal network structure identified. An ore recovery backpropagation neural network (BPNN) forecast model was developed. Using the model and sensitivity analysis of the factors affecting the proposed open stope mining system, the significance of each factor on ore recovery was studied. The study results were applied to a case study at the Shandong Gold Group Jiaojia Gold Mine. The results showed that the application of a BPNN and sensitivity analysis models for ore recovery prediction in the proposed mining system and field experimental results confirm that the suggested mining method is feasible.     

Cavity 3D modeling and correlative techniques based on cavity monitoring

According to the mining method for Dongguashan Copper Mine and Tongkeng Mine in China, and with the help of the cavity monitoring system（CMS） and mining software Surpac, the 3D cavity models were established exactly. A series of correlative techniques for calculating stope over-excavation and under-excavation, stope dilution and ore loss rates, and the blasting design of the pillar with complicated irregular boundaries were developed. These techniques were applied in Dongguashan Copper Mine and Tongkeng Mine successfully. Using these techniques, the dilution rates of stopes 52-2^#, 52-6^#, 52-8^#and 52-10^# of Dongguashan Copper Mine are calculated to be 2.12%, 8.46%, 12-67% and 10.68%, respectively, and the ore loss rates of stopes 52-6^# and 5-8^# are 4.41% and 3.70%, severally. Furthermore, according to the design accomplished by the technique for a pillar of Tongkeng Mine with irregular boundary, the volume, total length of boreholes and the dynamite quantity of the pillar are computed to be 1.2 ×10^4 m^3, 2.98 km and 10.97 t, correspondingly.     

大姚崩落采矿法借计算机模拟优选采场参数

目前大姚铜矿氧化矿采用的是底盘漏斗崩落采矿法。可是矿石损失值很高,虽然矿山做了大量工作,但是仍然不能将其降至设计的指标。鉴于目前的状况,为了掌握在矿山具体条件下崩落矿岩的流动规律;矿体产状、采场结构参数以及回采工艺与回贫指标之间的关系;以便为改进采矿方法、结构参数和回采工艺提供具有说服力的依据。展开了计算机模拟的最优化研究。论文说明了计算机模拟的试验方法并且分析了所获得的结果,提出了对实际生产具有指导意义的选择与建议。     

建筑物下采矿可行性研究

通过对樟村坪磷矿地质环境的分析，研究了在一定条件下，开采建筑物下矿体时不留保安矿柱的可能性和可行性，探讨了按松散系数计算安全深度的原理和方法．     

Research into stope roof control of compound roof by solid backfilling mining

Based on the analysis of the failure characteristics and backfilling effect of the compound roof at 1801 backfilling workface in Taiyuan coal mine,China,we propose a method of controlling the presubsidence of a compound roof by using pre-stressed bolts to improve the backfilling ratio of the workface so as to maintain the global stability of the stope roof.In addition,PHASE simulation software was employed to analyze the influence law of pre-stressing force,length,and interval on roof subsidence at the workface.On the basis of the numerical simulation results,a model for calculating the pre-stressing force and length of the bolts,the interval between the bolts,as well as roof subsidence at the workface,was established by using SPSS regression analysis software.Moreover,the research results were applied successfully to the 1801 filling workface.According to the monitoring data of roof closure,it was found that the final subsidence value for the goaf roof was 350 mm and the filling ratio at the workface was 86%,which could fully meet the demand for safety production at the workface.The safe and effective control of the stope roof was therefore realized,which achieves the goal of safe and efficient backfilling mining under a compound roof.     

Surface Movement Regularity of Super-Wide Mining Face With Top-Coal Caving

No.4326 super-wide panel of Wangzhuang Coal Mine ( in which the fully-mechanized top-coal caving longwall mining method was used) was monitored for dynamic characteristic of surface movement. The dynamic surface movement in and after mining was predicted by using the Mining Subsidence Prediction System. The results indicate that after mining, the surface above the super-wide panel reaches a state of full subsidence, making the No.309 national highway above the panel be located on the flat bottom of the subsidence basin so that the influence of mining activity in both sides of 4326 panel on the national highway is the smallest.     

倾斜矿床露天矿分期境界的优化

本文从系统工程的角度出发,运用运筹学和计算机,对倾斜矿床露天开采分期境界优化的方法和理论进行了探讨;在倾斜矿床露天矿长远规划模型的基础上,建立了分期开采境界优化模型。运用该模型对齐大山露天铁矿进行了分期开采模拟计算,其模拟结果为齐大山铁矿分期境界设计提供了科学的依据。     

Subsidence control method by inversely-inclined slicing and upward mining for ultra-thick steep seams

Ultra-thick steep coal seam mining will inevitably lead to the increase of greater and violent ground subsidence and deformation. A subsidence control method by inversely-inclined slicing and upward mining is proposed in this paper. By this method, the sequence of collapse of overlying strata and the direction of propagation of strata movement are changed, the extent of roof-side deformation thereby is lessened, and boundary angle of roof-side subsidence is reduced by 5°–10°. The mechanism of this mining method for control of strata movement has been evidenced by numerical simulation and experiments with similarity materials. A subsidence prediction model based on the variation of mining influence propagation angle can be used to evaluate the surface movement and deformation of the mining method. The application of the method in No.3 Mine in Yaojie mining area has yielded the expected result.     

采空区上覆岩层移动破坏动态力学模型的应用

采用采动岩体动态力学模型,对采动引起的覆岩移动破坏的时空规律进行了研究,结合兴隆庄矿５３０６工作面的地质、开采条件,对采动引起的断裂带发育发展规律,岩体内部离层发生发展规律、地表下沉规律等问题进行了分析,并对观测结果作出了较以前的各种理论模型更为符合实际的解释,该模型可在实际工作中得到了很好地应用。     

潼关金矿505~＃矿体采矿方法研究

陕西潼关金矿５０５＃矿体，采用锚杆预控顶爆力运搬采矿法开采，获得成功。本文对应用价值工程优选采矿方法、锚杆预控顶技术、爆力运搬技术、中深孔浅孔一次爆破拉切割立槽等进行简明扼要地论述。     

东乡铜矿Ⅶ号难采矿体采场顶板控制技术

论述了后退或压气罐长锚索注浆法．对东乡铜矿Ⅶ号难采矿体采场进行了长锚索控顶试验，解决了该矿采场顶板控制的难题．     

煤矿开采沉陷有效控制的新途径

开采沉陷是造成矿区环境地质灾害的直接根源，有效控制和减轻地面沉陷程度是减轻或避免开采沉陷环境灾害的根本之路，针对这一问题，分析了充填开采、条带开采和覆岩离层注浆岩层控制技术的优缺点，根据荷载置换原理，提出了“条带开采一注浆充填固结采空区—剩余条带开采”的三步法(二次条带式)开采沉陷控制的新思路，进行了三步法开采沉陷控制的可行性研究，初步分析表明，采用三步法开采可以实现对岩层移动和地表沉陷的有效控制，地表下沉系数可控制在0．25左右，煤炭采出率可达到80％～90％，可基本实现地面建筑物不搬迁和大幅度减轻土地塌陷灾害。     

排上村—75m以上岩层及地表移动与变形分析

通过有限元方法对东乡铜矿排上村 -75 m以上岩层及地表移动与变形分析 ,得出尽管伴随顶板岩层崩落过程 ,地表会产生较大的移动、开裂和其他变形 ,但岩层崩落不会达到地表的结论 ,并通过实践证明给出的结论是正确的 .     

鲍店矿十采区开采沉陷损害耕地的GIS量化评价

鲍店煤矿十采区位于我国东部平原,开采沉陷引起的耕地破坏比较严重.假设十采区103上01、103上02、103上03、103上04和103上05五个采面完全开采,应用前期开发的评价系统,对评价区开采沉陷耕地破坏进行了GIS量化评价.通过现场校验,本评价计算结果与矿区实际情况基本吻合,从而可为该矿区开采沉陷耕地的复垦治理工程与损害补偿提供一定的科学依据.     

露天磷矿数字配矿模型

露天磷矿选矿厂采用合理的配矿方案,对稳定入选磷矿的品位,增加选矿产率,降低生产成本有着重要的意义.为了提高入选磷矿石品位的均匀性和稳定性,提出了针对以入选磷矿品位为目标的从采矿场配矿到精矿仓配矿的整个生产环节的配矿方法.将采场内原矿、选矿厂原矿矿堆和选矿厂精矿仓均定义为矿堆,按照生产实际需求设定其属性.通过设定目标函数,实现使采矿场的开采原矿量最大,配矿方案总的运输距离最小,运输成本最低等目标.同时建立约束条件,使采矿场的开采原矿量要保证选矿厂正常生产,使每一矿堆的品位达到目标要求.最后,采集企业生产实际数据对模型加以验证,证明模型在指导露天磷矿山的生产过程中有重要的实际意义,配矿过程应成为矿山生产组织、管理的一个重要环节.     

Strategic sill pillar design for reduced hanging wall overbreak in longhole mining

Steeply dipping, vein and tabular orebodies are traditionally extracted with longitudinal retreat mining methods such as Eureka and Avoca in a bottom-up sequence with delayed backfill. To increase productivity, sill pillars in the orebody are used to separate mining zones thus allowing production to take place simultaneously in two or more zones. While such mining methods are productive, they may be accompanied with high volumes of hanging wall overbreak causing significant unplanned ore dilution. In this work, it is shown through a mine design case study of a narrow vein deposit that a sill pillar could also play a significant role in limiting hanging wall overbreak. To demonstrate the role of sill pillar, a novel numerical modelling scheme is proposed to account for progressive stope wall overbreak. A numerical modelling approach of element death and rebirth is developed to allow for the detected stope overbreak to be immediately removed and replaced with backfill material before upper-level stope extraction. It is further shown that the average overbreak volume could be reduced by as much as 33% when the sill pillar is strategically placed in the lower half of a mine plan.     

Similar material simulation of time series system for induced caving of roof in continuous mining under backfill

With the help of similar material simulation test,time series system for induced caving of roof in continuous mining under complex backfill in ore body No.92 of Tongkeng Tin Mine was studied. According to the similarity theory,a two-dimensional similar simulation test-bed was constructed. The stress and displacement that change along with the advance of mining were acquired and analyzed automatically by data system. The processes of continuous mining of ore-block in 5 intervals and artificial induced caving of roof were simulated. The results of the test show that ore body remained as safety roof in thickness of 15 m guarantees the safe advance of stoping work face. Caving of safety roof puts in practice at the first two mining intervals when the third interval of continuous mining is finished,and one interval as the safety distance should be kept all the time between stopping and caving. While mining in the last interval,pre-slotting should be implemented first of all,and the roof of the last two mining intervals is caved simultaneously. Only this kind of time series system can be an efficient and safe way for induced caving of roof in continuous mining.