反渗透海水淡化技术最新研究动态

从降低海水反渗透淡化产水成本和环境友好过程的开发两个方面探讨了国内外海水反渗透淡化技术的最新研究成果和应用情况，包括能量回收器的研究、新型工艺过程的设计、海水反渗透膜的研究和应用、用膜法预处理代替传统化学器预处理以及NF—SWRO—MSF过程集成5个部分．     

海水淡化与反渗透技术的发展形势

全世界海水淡化生产能力统计表明，2000年以前蒸馏法(主要是多级闪蒸)占优势，2000年以后则以反渗透法占优势；海水淡化厂已从中东布遍各大洲．当前除中东国家外，都以反渗透法为首选技术．美国已基本上不再发展蒸馏法，在膜法中除海水反渗透外，纳滤、超滤和微滤都已全面进入水脱盐和水处理领域，而且后二者(水处理膜)增长速度远高于脱盐膜技术．我国反渗透淡化技术已经步入成熟发展阶段，有必要在沿海城市发展以海水淡化为基础的补充水源，并开发自有系列技术，积极从事国际市场的开发．     

反渗透工程的应用及发展趋势

综合叙述了反渗透技术在海水、苦咸水淡化，纯水、超纯水制备，分离、浓缩、提纯和废水资源化及中水回用中的应用情况及其发展趋势．     

纳滤预处理反渗透海水淡化研究进展

反渗透(RO)海水淡化是一种有效获取淡水的技术,同时,结垢、浓水处理、能耗等问题制约着反渗透的进一步发展.采用纳滤(NF)作为反渗透的海水淡化预处理工艺,能有效解决反渗透膜结垢问题,并降低能耗,有助于排放浓水的处理.本文从海水淡化预处理纳滤膜的性能、海水淡化纳滤预处理的工艺以及NF-RO与其他方法联用三个方面综述纳滤-反渗透联用进行海水淡化的研究进展.     

正渗透技术及其应用

一、正渗透技术背景 1748年，法国人Nollet发现了猪膀胱在酒精和水之间的选择透过性，在200多年后的今天，由于他的发现，人类利用反渗透（Reverse Osmosis，RO）技术将海水转化成淡水。RO技术日渐成熟，成本大幅度降低，正迅速替代常规水处理技术。目前，我国反渗透海水淡化产能已经接近日处理量100万t，接近全球反渗透海水淡化规模的10％，而以反渗透为基础的水处理项目正在以超过25％的年增长速度发展。     

海水淡化的成本

简要介绍几种主要海水淡化方法－多级蒸,多效蒸馏和反渗透的投资费,能耗及其淡化水的总成本,在市场竞争中,海水反渗透淡化法近来的市场占有发过其他的方法,海水反渗透的能耗进一步下降到3kW.h/m^3左右,淡化水的成本也几乎下降了一半,即0．55$/m^2以下,预计21世纪的海水淡化市场会有很大发展。     

海水淡化故障判断专家系统研究

伴随水资源危机的不断加剧,海水淡化技术得到快速发展。其中,反渗透技术应用最为广泛,促成了海水淡化故障判断系统的形成,实现了工程诊断智能化,确保海水淡化系统稳定运行。     

功能无机材料在海水淡化技术中的应用与开发

由于水资源紧缺问题日益突出，海水淡化技术的研究与开发将越来越显得紧迫。海水淡化研究的根本是如何降低成本，而其中关键问题是材料的选择。本文旨在对功能无机材料应用于海水淡化技术这一新的研究方向作一详细的分析与展望。其中着重分析无机分离膜在反渗透海水淡化技术中的应用，包括无机分离膜的特点和制备方法，无机反渗透膜替代有机反渗透膜和无机超滤膜应用于海水预处理等；并讨论了无机材料中硅酸盐矿物（粘土和沸石矿物等     

反渗透海水淡化处理工艺分析

基于反渗透技术在实践应用中呈现的显著优势,反渗透海水淡化技术成为海水资源淡化中的重要技术。海水淡化中反渗透工艺也随着技术的发展不断地进行优化,因此对反渗透海水淡化工艺进行分析有现实意义。该文从工艺实践应用角度出发,对海水淡化技术进行了介绍,重点对反渗透工艺及预处理工艺进行了详细分析和讨论,针对水力平衡图、取水方式、反渗透膜组件以及高压泵在实践中的应用,总结了需要注意的问题,以期为我国海水淡化处理技术提供参考。     

反渗透海水淡化能量回收装置中盐水和海水混合过程研究

正位移式能量回收装置利用盐水直接增压进料海水实现反渗透淡化系统余压能回收利用的同时,不可避免会产生盐水和进料海水间的混合．混合使得被增压海水的盐浓度升高,从而导致反渗透系统工作压力及淡化水盐浓度的增加．本文建立了能量回收装置水压缸中盐水和进料海水混合过程的数学模型,利用流体力学模拟软件对水压缸中混合段的形成、混合机理及混合段用作液柱活塞的条件等进行了研究,分析了液柱活塞的局限性和采用实体活塞的重要作用．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.