半干旱环境下的土地利用/覆被时空变化研究-以吉林省通榆县为例

通榆县作为松嫩沙地的重要组成部分，是半干旱环境下典型的土地生态环境脆弱区。以1979年、1992年和2001年3期Landsat影像为数据源，在RS、GIS技术和景观生态学理论的支持下，全面分析了通榆县22 a来土地利用/覆被类型的时序和空间景观变化特征。结果表明：研究区土地利用/覆被类型以耕地、草地、林地和重度盐碱地为主，并且在时序上呈现出草地迅速减少、重度盐碱地大面积增加的趋势；在空间景观上呈现出耕地、草地、林地高度破碎与重度盐碱地高度集聚的特征。土地利用程度指数还表明研究区土地正处于由衰退期向发展期过渡的转型阶段。
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吴哥遗产地土地利用/土地覆盖变化遥感分析

吴哥窟是柬埔寨的象征,近年来深受严重的环境问题的困扰。利用长时间序列卫星影像,采用最大似然分类方法,提取吴哥遗产本体及周边区域近30年土地利用/土地覆盖及变化信息,并基于转换矩阵方法分析各土地类型变化规律,最后利用野外地面实测数据对分类精度进行了验证。研究表明:基于光学影像的吴哥遗产地土地利用/土地覆盖分类精度可达81.4%;遗产地周边建设用地增加迅猛;林地面积大量减少,主要转化为农业用地及草地;农业用地显著增加,来源于裸地及林地;水体和湿地变化较少;导致吴哥土地类型变化的主要驱动因素是旅游业带来的资源过度开发、森林大量砍伐,吴哥遗产的原真性、完整性和蕴含的历史与文化价值也正遭受极大威胁。     

内蒙古东部自然保护区天然湿地动态遥感分析

为有效分析天然湿地动态变化的影响因素,该文提出了利用景观发展强度指数量化人类活动对保护区天然湿地的影响强度。以内蒙古东部2000年和2012年Landsat TM影像为数据源,运用面向对象与决策树相结合的分类方法获得各国家级湿地自然保护区土地覆盖数据,结合动态度与空间分析方法对保护区天然湿地动态变化进行分析,为湿地研究和保护提供参考。结果表明:2000~2012年间,内蒙古东部国家级湿地自然保护区内天然湿地面积呈下降的趋势,其中达赉湖自然保护区天然湿地面积减少最多;减少的天然湿地主要转变为裸地和草地,分别占湿地转化总面积的50.57%和46.22%;图牧吉和达赉湖自然保护区在2000~2012年间,受到人类活动的影响强度增大趋势最为明显;天然湿地减少是自然环境变化和人类活动共同作用的结果,自然环境变化为内因,人类活动影响是外因。     

京津风沙源治理工程区LUCC及土壤风蚀强度动态遥感监测研究

以遥感手段监测京津风沙源治理工程区土地利用/覆盖变化及土壤风蚀强度,分析了工程区LUCC及土壤风蚀时空格局特征及关系。结果表明:工程实施前后,LUCC及土壤风蚀强度差异明显。近30a,LUCC过程主要表现了由耕地开垦向生态退耕还林、草转变,伴随生态恢复和沙化有效抑制态势;耕地总体表现出先增加后减少态势,耕地面积1990～2000年增加面积是2000～2015年减少面积的1.9倍;林地总体呈增加态势;2000～2015年耕地转化为林地和草地面积分别为446.1km2和1 129.3km2,西部最为明显;建设用地面积扩张明显;未利用地呈减少趋势,转换类型以沙地向草地转化为主,面积为1 493.1km2。京津风沙源治理工程区土壤风蚀侵蚀模数整体呈下降趋势,生态工程实施后改善趋势明显(P0.01);总体上,东部、南部地区以高覆盖、中覆盖草地类型为主的地区土壤风蚀量小;浑善达克沙地治理区土壤风蚀量较大,但总体呈减少趋势。不同土地利用/覆盖类型对土壤风蚀强度影响较大,土壤风蚀模数依次为沙地低覆盖度草地中覆盖度草地旱地灌木林水田高覆盖度草地其他林地疏林地有林地;低覆盖度向高覆盖度草地类型转化有效抑制土壤风蚀量(减少66.12%),植被覆盖度的增加有效降低土壤风蚀模数;沙地周边区域,高/中覆盖度向低覆盖度草地类型转换过程中,土壤风蚀量呈增加(58.26%)态势,草地转化为沙地、旱地土壤风蚀量增加。     

张掖市土地利用/覆盖变化模拟

土地利用/覆盖变化是全球变化的主要原因,也是与可持续发展密切相关的课题。土地利用/覆盖变化模拟是预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化的重要方法。将国际上先进的CLUE-S模型应用到位于黑河中上游的张掖市,模拟该地区的土地利用/覆盖变化。模拟时段为2001～2020年。模型中将土地利用类型分为:①耕地;②林地;③草地;④水域;⑤城镇用地;⑥未利用地。用回归分析的方法,选择了对该地区土地利用/覆盖变化有重要贡献的7种驱动因子,分别为:与城市的距离、与河流的距离、与道路的距离、人口密度、海拔、坡度、坡向。模拟结果显示:到2020年,林地、草地、水域和城镇用地面积增加,耕地,未利用地面减少。     

遥感与地理信息系统技术在湿地研究中的应用

基于遥感和地理信息技术,对黄河三角洲河口湿地土地利用/覆盖现状和变化进行分析,利用多维信息图像对土地利用状况进行分类,然后利用景观分析法对该地区土地利用/覆盖变化信息进行评定,并对变化驱动力做出推断,最后据此提出合理利用和保护黄河三角洲湿地的建议。     

密云水库上游土地利用与景观格局变化特征

基于遥感监测的多期土地利用/土地覆盖数据,详细分析了密云水库上游地区近10年土地利用类型的时空转变,并借助Fragstats软件分析了研究区景观格局的变化。研究结果表明：灌木林、有林地、中高覆盖草地始终是研究区的优势类型,维持着景观的基本功能,但土地利用与景观格局在近10年仍发生了较大的变化,2000年前有较多的林草地转变为耕地,之后,大量的耕地实现退耕,林草植被增加迅速。研究区整体景观格局破碎化有增加的趋势,但对水土保持与水源涵养有利的景观类型也在同步增加。     

基于遥感的干旱区典型绿洲LUCC研究

以干旱区典型的条带状且末绿洲为例,采用1973年MSS、1991年TM、2001年和2008年ETM+遥感影像为数据源,结合野外考察数据,选择适宜的分类指标体系,对遥感图像进行了监督分类,并获得了研究区土地利用/覆盖转移矩阵。 研究结果表明:近35 a 来耕地面积一直呈现出增加的趋势,增加了105.32 km²,耕地面积的增加量主要是由草地和林地的转化而来,是增加最快的土地利用类型;林地和草地面积一直呈逐渐减少的趋势,其中减少最多的土地类型是林地,减少了69.459 km²,林地面积的减少是由于林地转移草地、水体和耕地的比例超过草地转移林地的比例所致;草地面积减少了63.093 km²,主要是由一部分草地转移耕地、未利用地而引起;水域面积总体上有增加趋势,增加了22.073 km²,主要由草地和未利用地转移水体而引起;未利用地变化幅度不大,有缓慢增加的趋势,增加5.093 km²。     

洪泽湖区土地利用/覆盖变化分析

利用1973年、1984年和2006年3期Landsat卫星遥感图像,分别对校正处理后的3期图像进行缨帽变换,并利用亮度、绿度和湿度这3个分量的差值运算进行信息复合。然后利用变化向量分析法确定复合图像中的变化和非变化像元之间的变化强度阈值。最后利用阈值分割和掩膜技术,对3期图像进行土地利用/覆盖变化监测。研究表明,近33年来洪泽湖区土地利用结构发生根本性改变:天然湿地面积大幅度缩减,1973年～1984年间减少了200.55km2,1984年～2006年间减少了357.04km2,主要表现为敞水区和湿地植被面积的减少,养殖场、农田面积显著增加,城镇用地略有增加。本文研究表明基于缨帽变换并结合差值运算方法和变化向量分析法实现土地利用/覆盖变化监测的可行性。     

洪泽湖区土地利用/覆盖变化分析

利用1973年、1984年和2006年3期Landsat卫星遥感图像,分别对校正处理后的3期图像进行缨帽变换,并利用亮度、绿度和湿度这3个分量的差值运算进行信息复合。然后利用变化向量分析法确定复合图像中的变化和非变化像元之间的变化强度阈值。最后利用阈值分割和掩膜技术,对3期图像进行土地利用/覆盖变化监测。研究表明,近33年来洪泽湖区土地利用结构发生根本性改变：天然湿地面积大幅度缩减,1973年~1984年间减少了200.55km2,1984年~2006年间减少了357.04km2,主要表现为敞水区和湿地植被面积的减少,养殖场、农田面积显著增加,城镇用地略有增加。本文研究表明基于缨帽变换并结合差值运算方法和变化向量分析法实现土地利用/覆盖变化监测的可行性。     

Study on Dynamic Remote Sensing Monitoring of LUCC and Soilwind Erosion Intensity in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project Region

The Land Use/Cover Change(LUCC) and soil wind erosion intensity of the Beijing\|Tianjin sandstorm source control project region were monitored by remote sensing.The spatial and temporal patterns of LUCC and soil wind erosion in the project region were analyzed.The results showed that there was significant difference in LUCC and soil erosion intensity before and after the project was implemented.In the recent 30 years,the LUCC process mainly manifested the change from cultivated land reclamation to ecological conversion of farmland to forest and grass,with the ecological restoration and desertification effectively inhibited.The overall arable land showed an increase and then decreased.The area of arable land increased from 2000 to 2015,the area of cultivated land converted to forest and grassland was 446.10 km² and 1 129.32 km²,with the most obvious in the west;the area of land for construction expanded obviously;the trend of unutilized land decreased significantly The type of conversion is dominated by grassland conversion to grassland with an area of 493.12 km².The erosion-mitigating modulus of soil erosion in the project region with wind-blown sand control decreased overall,especially after the implementation of ecological engineering (p<0.001).The eastern and southern areas are covered with high-coverage grassland and soil wind erosion in the area with the main type is small;Soil wind erosion in the Hunshandake sandy land is larger,but the overall trend is decreasing.Different land use/cover types have a greater impact on soil wind erosion intensity.The order of soil wind erosion modulus is Sandy land> Sparse grass> Moderate grass>dryland> Shrub>Paddy>Dense grass> Other woods> Sparse woods> Forest;The conversion of low coverage to high coverage grassland types effectively inhibited soil erosion (-66.12%),and the increase of vegetation coverage effectively reduced soil erosion.The soil wind erosion increased (58.26%) in the surrounding area of sandy area,the soil wind erosion increasedduring the conversion process of low coverage grassland type,and the grassland was converted into sand,and the wind erosion in the dry land increased.     

The change of land cover and land use and its impact factors in upriver key regions of the Yellow River

Owing to the influence of global change, land cover and land use have changed significantly over the last decade in the cold and arid regions of China, such as Madoi County which is located in the source area of the Yellow River. In this paper, land‐use/cover change and landscape dynamics are investigated using satellite remote sensing (RS) and a geographical information system (GIS). The objectives of this paper are to determine land‐use/cover transition rates between different cover types in the Madoi County over 10 years e.g., from 1990 to 2000. Second, the changes of landscape metrics using various indices and models are quantified. The impact factors of LUCC (Land‐Use land cover Change) are systematically identified by integrating remote sensing as well as statistical data, including climate, frozen soil, hydrological data and the socio‐economic data. Using 30 m×30 m spatial resolution Landsat (Enhanced) Thematic Mapper (TM/ETM+) data in our study area, nine land cover classes can be discriminated. Our results show that Grassland, Marshes and Water Bodies decrease notably, while oppositely, Sands ‐ Gobi and Barren land increase significantly. The number of lakes with an acreage larger than six hectares decreased from 405 in 1990 to 261 in 2000. Numerous small lakes dried out. The area of grassland with a high cover fraction decreased as well, while the surface area of grassland with a medium level of cover fraction increased. The medium cover fraction grassland mainly originates from high cover fraction grassland. The desertification of land is a serious issue. (ii) The inter‐transformations between Grasslands, Barren Land, Sands, Gobi, Water Bodies and Marshes are remarkable. The Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index (SWDI), the Evenness Index (EI) and the extent of Landscape Heterogeneity (LH) has improved. Marshes have become more fragmented hence, with less connected patches. (iii) In the recent 30 years, average annual temperature, the power of evaporation and the index of dryness did increase significantly. Moreover, soil moisture content (SMC) decreased and the drought trend accelerated. The degradation of frozen soil has impacted on the decrease of surface water area and induced a drop in groundwater levels. Monitoring LUCC in sensitive regions would not only benefit from a study of vulnerable ecosystems in cold and high altitude regions, but would provide scientifically based decision‐making tools for local governments as well.     

水利工程对云南省戛旧(二)水文站影响分析

戛旧_(二)水文站是澜沧江干流的重要控制站。上游有曼湾电站,下游有大朝山电站,人类活动影响显著。采用《水文站网规划技术导则》中推荐的评价方法,通过对戛旧_(二)水文站实测月平均流量、输沙与还原后月平均流量、输沙对比,经过对水位涨落率、蓄水程度、回水及顶托影响进行分析,判断水利工程建设对戛旧_(二)水文站的影响程度。研究结果表明,上下游水利工程建设对戛旧_(二)站的水文测验成果影响严重,具体表现为径流影响时段越短,影响越大;水库拦沙作用使得其对泥沙的影响大于对径流量的影响。     

Modeling the potential effects of sea-level rise on the coast of New York: Integrating mechanistic accretion and stochastic uncertainty

The Sea-Level Affecting Marshes Model was applied to coastal New York State at a 5 m horizontal resolution to investigate marsh conservation and potential migration under multiple sea-level rise scenarios. Feedbacks between sea-level rise and marsh accretion rates based on mechanistic modeling were included. Simulation results predict extensive marsh losses in microtidal regimes behind the barrier islands of Long Island, vulnerable dry lands on barrier islands, and opportunities for upland migration of coastal marshes. Results also indicate changes in the composition of marsh types. Confidence of predictions due to model parameter variabilities and spatial data error were estimated with the uncertainty estimation module. Likelihood maps of land cover changes were produced. Uncertainty results suggest that variability in land cover projections is mostly due to the wide range in potential sea-level rise signals by 2100 while impact from uncertainties in model parameters, spatial data errors and linked models is less significant.     

Numerical Study on the Drag Coefficients of Sphere and Double Spheres

Winds on the earth are commonly strong enough to erode transport and deposit sediment. The modes of sand transport by the wind are greatly different from those by water flow. On the other hand wind-blown sands are of a material circulation process of the earth surface. They affect wind-sand transport flux and sand ejection of a flux, the damage of grains formed cannot be neglected in engineering. Because of the complexity of windblown sand flux system, the understanding of its basic mechanics is not yet cle...     

The consequences of urban land transformation on net primary productivity in the United States

We use data from two satellites and a terrestrial carbon model to quantify the impact of urbanization on the carbon cycle and food production in the US as a result of reduced net primary productivity (NPP). Our results show that urbanization is taking place on the most fertile lands and hence has a disproportionately large overall negative impact on NPP. Urban land transformation in the US has reduced the amount of carbon fixed through photosynthesis by 0.04 pg per year or 1.6% of the pre-urban input. The reduction is enough to offset the 1.8% gain made by the conversion of land to agricultural use, even though urbanization covers an area less than 3% of the land surface in the US and agricultural lands approach 29% of the total land area. At local and regional scales, urbanization increases NPP in resource-limited regions and through localized warming “urban heat” contributes to the extension of the growing season in cold regions. In terms of biologically available energy, the loss of NPP due to urbanization of agricultural lands alone is equivalent to the caloric requirement of 16.5 million people, or about 6% of the US population.     

抚仙湖流域土地退化动态遥感监测研究

通过对抚仙湖流域1974年MSS,1990年TM,2000、2006、2009、2012年ETM+、2014年OLI数据的土地利用/覆被(LUCC)、复合植被指数、水土流失、土地沙化和土壤含水率各指标的获取,构建流域土地退化评价模型,开展抚仙湖流域土地退化评价研究,并采用层次分析法(AHP)构造包含上述5种指标的判断矩阵,利用层次分析软件对判断矩阵的计算分别获得上述退化指标的权重,通过GIS空间分析方法完成对抚仙湖流域土地退化的动态监测与评价并由此提出退化防治综合措施。结果表明:抚仙湖流域土地退化从1974~1990年总退化面积趋势急剧上升,到2000和2006年土地退化面积又有小幅下降,2009和2012年期大幅下降,土地退化总面积到2012年为200.27km~2达到历史最低,2012~2014年总退化面积又有小幅增加,但增幅不大。     

黄河流域甘肃片土壤侵蚀遥感普查的初步分析

以TM影像为主要信息源,借助GIS(地理信息系统)软件ARC/INFO作技术支撑,对黄河流域甘肃片土壤侵蚀现状进行普查。通过提取影响土壤侵蚀主导因子并综合分析确定甘肃片土壤侵蚀类型、分布及强度。     

Mapping and monitoring of degraded lands in part of Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh using temporal spaceborne multispectral data

Apart from soil erosion by wind and water, the major land degradation processes operating in irrigated commands in arid and semi-arid regions are waterlogging and subsequent salinization/alkalinization. Remote sensing data have been used successfully in studies of the spatial extent, magnitude and temporal behaviour of lands affected by such processes. In this work we interpreted Landsat Multispectral Scanner images acquired during 1975 and Landsat Thematic Mapper data acquired during 1993, in conjunction with ancillary information and adequate ground data, to derive information on the extent and spatial distribution of various degraded lands, namely salt-affected soils, waterlogged areas and eroded lands in part of the Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The results indicate a significant shrinkage in the spatial extent of salt-affected soils (of the order of 49.76%) over the period 1975 to 1993. A similar trend was observed in the temporal behaviour of waterlogged areas, but an increase (6.45%) was found in the spatial extent of eroded lands. The methodology employed and the observations made are described here in detail.     

基于面向对象分类方法的乌苏里江流域中俄跨境区域湿地景观动态研究

选取乌苏里江中下游干流50km缓冲区为研究区,以1989、2000和2013年的Landsat TM、OLI遥感影像为数据源,利用面向对象的分类方法获取湿地信息;在GIS技术支持下,选取斑块类别面积(CA)、面积所占比例(PLAND)、最大斑块面积指数(LPI)、平均斑块面积(AREA-MN)、斑块数(NP)、斑块密度(PD)等景观格局指数,分析了研究区1989~2013年湿地的景观格局动态特征。结果表明:面向对象的分类方法能够准确提取湿地信息,并且有效地避免"椒盐现象";1989~2013年,该区水田、水库/坑塘、运河/水渠、灌丛沼泽增加和河流、湖泊、草本沼泽、森林沼泽减少;大量草本沼泽转为水田为该区湿地变化主要特征;1989年湿地类型以草本沼泽为主,2013年水田的斑块面积略高于草本沼泽斑块面积;湿地景观变化区主要分布于中国一侧的挠力河流域和穆棱河流域;天然湿地景观破碎化程度逐年加深,人工湿地景观趋于聚集,人为干扰是导致湿地景观格局变化的主要动力;中俄两国境内湿地景观变化程度差异显著,中国境内大量天然湿地转为人工湿地;俄罗斯境内的湿地变化微小,天然湿地保存较好。农田垦殖是导致两国湿地景观破碎程度差异的主要原因。