Effect of Interfacial Bonding on the Toughening of Al_2O_3/Ni Ceramic Matrix Composites

The main Iimitation to the toughening of the α-Al2O3/Ni composite is the poor bonding atthe interface. which causes the nickel particles to be pulled-out during crack propagation with-out obvious plastic deformation. A proper control of oxygen content at the Al2O3-Ni interfacecan promote wetting at the intedece, and produce a mechanically interlocked and chemically strengthened intedece, causing most of the nickel particles to be stretched to failure and to expe-rience severe plastic deformation during crack propagation in the composite. Fracture toughnesstesting using a modified double cantilever beam method with in situ observation of crack prop-agation in a scanning electron microscope shows that the composite with the strengthenedinterface has a more desirable R-curve behaviour and a higher fracture toughness value than thenormal composite.     

熔体浸渗法制备Al/Al2O3复合材料中界面的研究进展

界面是复合材料特有的而且及其重要的组成部分,形成更稳定的界面结合是复合材料研究的重点.理想平面间润湿行为的研究对优化复合材料的制备方法以及提高复合材料的结合性能有重要意义.综述了Al和Al2O3异质材料平面间润湿行为的研究现状,并按界面结合机理对Al2O3复合材料现有制备方法进行了归纳.Al2O3复合材料凸显的性能优势和潜在的商业前景将鼓励人们对这一领域展开更深入的研究.     

Processing of Ceramic Based Nanocomposite Using α-Al2O3 Powder and FeCl2 Solution as Starting Materials

Alumina-iron nanocomposite powders were prepared by a two-step process. In the first step, α-Al2O3-FeCl2 powder mixture was formed by mixing α-Al2O3 powders with FeCl2 solution followed by drying. In the second step, the FeCl2 in the dry power mixture was selectively reduced to iron particles. A reduction temperature of 750℃ for 15 min in dry H2 was chosen based on the thermodynamic calculations. The concentration of iron in FeCl2 solution was calculated to be 20 vol. pct in the final composite. Two techniques were used to produce composite bulk materials. The Al2O3 nanocomposite powders were divided to two batches. The first batch of the produced mixture was hot pressed at 1400℃ and 27 MPa for 30 min in a graphite die. To study the effect of oxygen on the Al2O3/Fe interface bonding and mechanical properties of the composite, the second batch was heat treated in air at 700℃ for 20 min to partially oxidize the iron particles before hot pressing. Characterization of the composites was undertaken by conventional density measurements, X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and electron probe micro analysis （EPMA）. The suggested processing route （mixing, reduction and hot pressing） produces ceramic-metal nanocomposite much tougher than the pure Al2O3. The fracture strength of the produced Al2O3/Fe nanocomposite is nearly twice that of the pure Al2O3. The presence of spinel phase, FeAl204, as thick layer around the Fe particles in the Al2O3 matrix has a detrimental effect on interfacial bonding between Fe and AI203 and the fracture properties of the composite.     

Effect of Cr and Ni on diffusion bonding of Fe3Al with steel

Microstructure at the diffusion bonding interface between Fe₃Al and steel including Q235 low carbon steel and Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel was analysed and compared by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of Cr and Ni on microstructure at the Fe₃Al/steel diffusion bonding interface was discussed. The experimental results indicate that it is favourable for the diffusion of Cr and Ni at the interface to accelerate combination of Fe₃Al and steel during bonding. Therefore, the width of Fe₃Al/Cr18-Ni8 interface transition zone is more than that of Fe₃Al/Q235. And Fe₃Al dislocation couples with different distances, even dislocation net occurs at the Fe₃Al/Cr18-Ni8 interface because of the dispersive distribution of Cr and Ni in Fe₃Al phase.     

Processing of Ceramic Based Nanocomposite Using α-Al2O3 Powder and FeCl2 Solution as Starting Materials

Alumina-iron nanocomposite powders were prepared by a two-step process. In the first step, α-Al2O3-FeCl2 powder mixture was formed by mixing α-Al2O3 powders with FeCl2 solution followed by drying. In the second step, the FeCl2 in the dry power mixture was selectively reduced to iron particles. A reduction temperature of 750℃ for 15 min in dry H2 was chosen based on the thermodynamic calculations. The concentration of iron in FeCl2 solution was calculated to be 20 vol. pct in the final composite. Two techniques were used to produce composite bulk materials. The Al2O3 nanocomposite powders were divided to two batches. The first batch of the produced mixture was hot pressed at 1400℃ and 27 MPa for 30 min in a graphite die. To study the effect of oxygen on the Al2O3/Fe interface bonding and mechanical properties of the composite,the second batch was heat treated in air at 700℃ for 20 min to partially oxidize the iron particles before hot pressing. Characterization of the composites was undertaken by conventional density measurements, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). The suggested processing route (mixing, reduction and hot pressing)produces ceramic-metal nanocomposite much tougher than the pure Al2O3. The fracture strength of the produced Al2O3/Fe nanocomposite is nearly twice that of the pure Al2O3. The presence of spinel phase,FeAl2O4, as thick layer around the Fe particles in the Al2O3 matrix has a detrimental effect on interfacial bonding between Fe and Al2O3 and the fracture properties of the composite.     

Ti/Al_2O_3界面的光电子能谱研究

用X射线光电子谱（XPS）和俄歇电子能谱（AES）研究了Ti／Al_2O_3界面形成的过程。研究表明，活性金属Ti在室温下能与衬底Al2O3（1102）形成约20nm强结合的界面区。从Al，O，Ti的光电子谱形状变化以及它们随着Ti覆盖度的增加而出现结合能位移表明，在界面处形成的反应层中，最初几个单层的Ti很容易被Al2O3表面的活性氧所氧化，从而使Ti／Al2O3界面逐步由具有更强相互作用的TiOx／Al2O3界面所代替，并形成由多相混合体［Ti-O相，（Ti，Al）2O3相以及金属Al相］所组成的界面区。就是说，Ti通过Al—O键的O2-离子转移其电子给Al3 并使它还原成金属Al，从而形成Ti－O键所致。本文用AES强度剖面分析观察到了这种被还原的Al。     

Effect of Iron Morphology and Interfacial Bonding on the Toughening of Al2O3/Fe Composites

Two morphologically different composites comprising an alumina matrix and 20 vol. pct Fe particles have been fabricated by hot pressing technique. Two kinds of microstructures, i.e. a dispersive distribution of Fe particles and a network distribution of Fe particles in alumina matrix, have been produced. Both composites are tougher than the virgin alumina matrix. The fracture toughness of the composite with a network microstructure is much higher than the composite with a microstructure of dispersed particles. For the particulate dispersion microstructure, the main limitation to the toughening is the lack of plastic deformation of the ductile Fe due to the pull out of Fe particles, indicating weak bonding at the Al2O3/Fe interface. For the network microstructure composite, the gauge length of the ductile phase is much larger, allowing the ductile Fe to be stretched to failure between the crack faces. The weak bonding at Al2O3/Fe interface can promote partial debonding and contribute further to toughening in the network microstructure composite.     

纳米MgO和MgAl2O4尖晶石的制备与表征

本文较详细地介绍了用无机盐Ａｌ（ＮＯ３）３９Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｍｇ（ＮＯ３）２．６Ｈ２Ｏ为原料，醇凝胶分段程序升温超临界流体干燥法，制备纳米ＭｇＯ和ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４尖晶石新型功能材料的方法，并对所制得的纳米粒子采用ＴＥＭ、ＸＲＤ和ＦＴ－Ｒ等现代分析测试手段进行了表面形貌、结构、晶型和组成等的表征，掌握了纳米粒子的一些特征。     

机械合金化后注射成形制备Cu/Al2O3复合材料的显微组织与力学性能

采用机械合金化后注射成形制备10%(体积分数,下同)Cu/Al_2O_3复合材料,研究机械合金化时间、烧结温度对复合材料显微组织和性能的影响,并分析复合材料的增韧机理。结果表明:通过机械合金化10h后注射成形、脱脂、1550℃烧结工艺制备的10%Cu/Al_2O_3复合材料具有良好的抗弯强度和断裂韧度,分别为532MPa和4.97MPa·m^1/2;烧结温度低于1550℃导致原子在固态下扩散能力不足,烧结温度高于1550℃则使颗粒边界移动速率大于孔隙逸出速率,二者都造成复合材料孔隙率增加,而导致材料的强度和韧度下降;机械合金化时间延长使复合材料晶粒细化、Cu与Al_2O_3之间的结合强度提高,材料强度和硬度提高,但断裂韧度下降;Cu粉末弥散分布于Al_2O_3基体中,抑制烧结过程中Al_2O_3晶粒粗化,且使裂纹在扩展过程中遇到延性的Cu产生裂纹桥联和偏转,提高材料的韧度。     

Calcia–alumina fibre-reinforced Al 7075 alloy composites produced by melt-infiltration: Interfacial wetting and reaction

Inviscid melt-spun calcia–alumina (CA) fibre-reinforced aluminium 7075 alloy matrix composites were produced at 700 and 927°C by using a melt-infiltration method. Interfacial wetting and chemical reaction of the composites were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The composites processed at 700°C showed interfacial wetting and magnesium accumulation at the interfacial region. The composites processed at 927°C showed the formation of a 15 μm thick interphase region as well as excellent interfacial wetting. EDS analysis gave averaged compositions of this interface region at 63.5 at% Al and 31.5 at% Mg, which corresponds to the composition of spinel, MgAl2O4. The formation of spinel at the interface was confirmed by XRD analysis on the CA fibres separated from the composites. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

90Al_2O_3缸套内衬的显微结构分析

采用宏观和微观分析方法对 90 Al2 O3 缸套内衬的微观结构进行了分析。结果表明 ,该缸套内衬为刚玉 -镁铝尖晶石复合陶瓷 ,显微组织属 Al2 O3 - Mg O- Si O2 和 Al2 O3 - Ca O- Si O2 型结构。二次重结晶和玻璃相的存在及气孔含量偏高 ,将导致韧性降低     

Effect of Nb on the Interfacial Wettability in A12O3／Medium Mn Steel

To develop medium Mn steel (MMS) matrix composites reinforced by Al2O3 particles, the effect of Nb on the interfacial wettability of Al2O3/MMS and its mechanism were investigated in this paper. The results show that the wetting angle of the specimens with different Nb contents are bigger than that of the specimen without Nb at the first stage, and then decreases with time at 1450 ºC. At certain time, the wetting angle is lower than that of the specimen without Nb. At 1550 and 1600ºC, the wetting angle of the specimens containing Nb decreases quickly with time at first stage. After 10 min, the wetting angle reaches a steady state, and hardly changes with time. The mechanisms of Nb to improve the wettability can be attributed to the enrichment of Nb at the interface and Nb serves as surface active agent of MMS at T<1550ºC, and as catalyzer for the interfacial reaction of Al2O3/MMS at T≥1550ºC, and reduces the interfacial energies.     

TiO_2对挤压铸造Al_2O_(3p)/钢基复合材料组织与力学性能的影响

在预制坯中加入TiO_2粉末,利用挤压铸造法制备Al_2O_3颗粒增强1065钢基复合材料,研究TiO_2对复合材料组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:TiO_2使基体与Al_2O_3的结合界面形成了TiO_2、Al_2TiO_5界面层;添加TiO_2的复合材料硬度和三点弯曲强度分别为39.0HRC,743.94MPa,比未添加TiO_2的复合材料分别提高了10.0%,26.4%;断口扫描表明,添加TiO_2的复合材料界面结合良好无裂纹,Al_2O_3颗粒表现为穿晶断裂。说明加入的TiO_2改善了Al_2O_(3p)/钢基复合材料界面结合强度,提高了复合材料力学性能。     

Reactive wetting of rutile by liquid aluminium

Sessile drop wetting experiments of liquid Al on polycrystalline rutile (TiO2) were conducted in the 973.1273 K temperature range under a low total pressure (9.3 10.3 Pa, Ar) and a low oxygen partial pressure ( 1.33 10.7 Pa), as a function of temperature and time. A non-wetting (150., 973 K, t >120 min.) to partial wetting (85., 1273 K, 50.60 min.) transition reflects reactive wetting characteristics. Microstructural investigations of the metal-ceramic interface shows that TiO2 is reduced by liquid Al, resulting in the formation of Al2O3. The steady-state contact angle at 1273 K of Al on -Al2O3 and Al on rutile are very similar, and the role of Ti segregation is minimal. It appears that spreading of the Al drop on TiO2 is governed by the reduction reaction at the solid-liquid interface. The measured activation energy corresponds well to the activation energy for volume diffusion of Al, Ti and O in rutile and the volume diffusion of Al in polycrystalline -Al2O3.     

In-situ Synthesis and Formation Mechanism ofTiN-Al_2O_3/Al Composite

The synthesis of TiN and Al2O3 by in situ injection of reactive nitrogen gas into molten Al alloys has been evaluated over the temperature range from 1000 to 1600℃. It is shown that TiN and Al2O3 can be formed in melt with nitrogen and surplus oxygen (in vacuum room of the induction furnace) as the reactive gases over 1000℃. Up to 2.1 wt pct Al2O3 and 5.2 wt pct of TiN in situ phases in an Al alloy has been formed in a range of size from 0.8 to 5 μm. The formation mechanism of TiN and Al2O3 is discussed in this paper.     

Transient liquid-phase insert metal bonding of Al2O3 and AISI 304 stainless steel

Transition liquid-phase insert metal bonding of Al2O3 and AISI 304 stainless steel based materials is investigated. This joining technique allows the continuous replenishment of the active solute which is consumed by the chemical reaction that occurs at the ceramic/filler metal interface. Replenishment is facilitated by employing a sandwich of filler materials comprising tin-based filler metal and amorphous Cu50Ti50 or NiCrB interlayers. During Al2O3/AISI 304 stainless steel bonding, the highest shear strength properties are produced using a bonding temperature of 500 °C. Thick reaction layers containing defects form at the ceramic/filler material interface when higher bonding temperatures are applied. Bonding at temperatures above 500 °C also increases the tensile residual stress generated at the periphery of Al2O3/AISI 304 stainless steel joints. The shear strength of joints produced using NiCrB interlayers markedly increased following heat treatment at 200 °C for 1.5 h. Heat treatment had little influence on the shear strength of the joint produced using Cu50Ti50 interlayers. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Microstructure Characteristics of Interaction Layer of Zn-Al Eutectic Alloy with Al2Oap/6061Al Composites

The interaction between Zn-Al eutectic alloy and Al2O3p/6061Al composites in the vacuum furnace was investigated. Great attention has been paid to the elements diffusion, the microstructure and formation of the interface between Zn-Al eutectic alloy and Al2O3p/6061Al composites. Experimental results show that Zn-Al eutectic alloy has a good wetting ability to Al2O3p/6061 Al composites and the wetting angle decreases with increasing the temperature in vacuum. After the interaction,an interaction layer forms between Zn-Al alloy and Al2Oap/6061 Al composites. The phases in the interaction layer mainly consist of α-Al(Zn), Al2O3 and CuZns resulted from the diffusion of elements from the Zn-Al alloy. Several porosities distribute in the region near the interface of the Zn-Al alloy/interaction layer. The amount of shrinkage voids in the interacting layer is relevant to the penetration of Zn element into Al2O3p/6061Al composites which is a function of temperature. So it is necessary to lower heating temperature in order to limit the Zn penetration.     

致密TiC-Al2O3-Fe 金属陶瓷的自蔓延高温合成

通过自蔓延高温合成结合准热等静压法(SHS/PH IP) 制备出了致密的TiC₂Al₂O₃-20Fe 金属陶瓷。研究了延迟时间、高压持续时间、压力等工艺参数对金属陶瓷密实度的影响, 分析了金属陶瓷的相组成、微观组织及性能。结果表明, 燃烧合成过程中气体的排放和液相的存在是合成密实材料的关键, 通过优化工艺合成了密实度为97. 7% 的TiC₂Al₂O₃-20Fe 金属陶瓷。金属陶瓷由TiC、Al₂O₃ 和Fe 粘结相组成。粘结相Fe 与Al₂O₃ 之间界面光滑,Fe 与T iC 之间有一较薄扩散层。TiC₂Al₂O₃-20Fe 金属陶瓷的抗弯强度和抗压强度分别为890M Pa 和18. 4 GPa。      

Microstructure Characteristics of Interaction Layer of Zn-Al Eutectic Alloy with Al_2O_3p/6061Al Composites

The interaction between Zn-AI eutectic alloy and Al203p/6061AI composites in the vacuum furnace was investigated. Great attention has been paid to the elements diffusion, the microstructure and formation of the interface between Zn-AI eutectic alloy and Al2O3p/6061AI composites. Experimental results show that Zn-AI eutectic alloy has a good wetting ability to Al2O3p/6061 Al composites and the wetting angle decreases with increasing the temperature in vacuum. After the interaction, an interaction layer forms between Zn-AI alloy and Al2O3p/6061 Al composites. The phases in the interaction layer mainly consist of α-AI(Zn), Al2O3 and CuZn5 resulted from the diffusion of elements from the Zn-AI alloy. Several porosities distribute in the region near the interface of the Zn-AI alloy/interaction layer. The amount of shrinkage voids in the interacting layer is relevant to the penetration of Zn element into Al2O3p/6061Al composites which is a function of temperature. So it is necessary to lower heating temperat     

Al2O3／Al复合材料阻尼行为的研究

研究了Ａｌ２Ｏ３／Ａｌ复合材料的室温和高温阻尼行为，发现增强物含量增加，此复合材料的阻尼性能显著增加，优于铝合金，较多的位错阻尼和界面阻尼是提高复合材料阻尼性能的原因。