硝酸钾溶液中铅、镉的氯基及硫酸根络合物稳定常数

近年来,人们对海水中重金属的存在形式和形态方面的研究越来越重视。不同存在形式和形态的重金属,对海洋生物的毒性亦不同;同时它们也是海洋环境中污染机制的重要参数之一。对于铅及镉在海水中的无机化学形式,曾有过一些报道。由于在计算金属各种存在形式百分数时选用的络合常数不同,计算结果往往差异很大。为了正确了解重金属在海水中的存在形式,首先必须要有正确的络合常数。本文使用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV法)测定了KNO_3溶液中铅、镉的氯基及硫酸根络合物稳     

海水中重金属对生物毒性：机理和微观研究

关于海水中重金属形态与其毒性的关系已有许多作者进行了探讨。近年来,不少学者也对海水中各种污染物互相作用进行了研究;有的学者研究了生物在接触毒性金属离子后的保护性反应(去毒作用);随着近年来,电子显微镜、扫描隧道显微镜等高分辨、强有力的仪器应用于藻类与重金属作用后发生的微观变化观察,得出了关于重金属毒性的一些有价值的理     

硝酸钾溶液中锌、铅、镉羟基络合物的稳定常数

近十多年来，国内外对海水中重金属的研究比较重视．研究海水中重金属时，不仅要测定它的含量，进而研究其分布变化规律，而且更需要了解它的存在形态和形式，这对研究元素的迁移过程及其对生物的影响都是重要的。对锌、铅及镉在海水中的无机络     

湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其污染评价

根据2013年01月(冬季)和2013年06月(夏季)的调查数据对湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物中的重金属(铜、锌、铅、镉、砷和汞)进行了研究,调查结果显示调查海域海水和表层沉积物中重金属含量呈现岸边海域高于深海海域,东海岛北面海域高于东面海域;对比冬季和夏季的调查结果,调查海域海水中重金属平均含量夏季高于冬季。用单项污染指数对海水中的重金属进行了评价,结果表明,冬、夏两季海水中的Pb污染较明显,Cu和Zn轻度污染,其余元素(Cd,As和Hg)均未超过相应的国家海水水质标准限值,夏季重金属污染指数高于冬季,可能与陆源重金属污染物入海的影响有关;表层沉积物中重金属均低于相应的标准限值,沉积物环境质量状况良好。采用瑞典科学家H覿kanson的潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害较轻,生态危害程度HgAsCdPbCuZn。     

海洋沉积物的污染机理和防治对策——以重金属为例

随着工业领域的高速发展,工业废液频繁排入水体,导致被排入的水体中的重金属含量越来越高.重金属是主要的海洋污染物之一,易被生物体吸收富集,转化为毒性更大的金属有机化合物,再经食物链传递,危害人体健康,而海洋沉积物是进入海水中具有毒性的重金属的主要归宿地.笔者主要讨论了沉积物吸附重金属的沉积物重金属的质量基准和背景值、吸附机理和海域金属污染防治措施等方面的内容,并进行了研究展望.     

铅在海水中的析出及其对急性毒性实验的影响

铅(Pb)在海水中易产生沉淀,这将影响毒性实验中效应值的计算。本研究通过海水中不同重金属对中国广泛分布的底栖无脊椎动物双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)以及毒理学研究常用的海水模式生物卤虫(Artemiasalina)的急性毒性实验,对比分析了海水中Pb的生物毒性特点以及暴露溶液中Pb的析出对毒性实验结果的影响。用人工海水与天然海水配制Pb溶液时,理论浓度为18.7～1 200mg/L的Pb溶液中均出现大量白色沉淀。通过扫描电子显微镜能谱(SEM-EDS)对析出物进行检测,根据元素组成推测析出物主要为氯化铅与碳酸铅。对溶液浓度进行检测发现,Pb的实测浓度仅为理论浓度的1/15～1/2,根据实测浓度计算的Pb对双齿围沙蚕和卤虫的96h/48h半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)值低于根据理论浓度计算值的1/10。对比Pb、Cu、Cd对双齿围沙蚕与卤虫的LC₅₀值发现, Pb对水生生物的毒性低于Cu和Cd,且对不同生物的毒性效应存在差异。对比研究报道中Pb对海洋生物的急性毒性效应发现,Pb对幼体生物的毒性效应较显著,而在海水有效溶解...     

灰色聚类法评价长江口、杭州湾海域表层海水中的重金属污染程度

通过2007年秋季航次我国近海海洋环境的综合调查,研究了长江口与杭州湾海域表层海水中重金属汞、砷、铜、铅、锌、镉、总铬的含量与分布,利用灰色聚类法对海水中的重金属元素进行评价。参照《国家海水水质标准GB3097-1997》,通过灰类白化权函数确定海水水质分级界限及各参评指标对不同等级的聚类权,构建了海水中重金属的灰色聚类法综合评价模型。该模型能够较客观、合理地评价海水中的重金属。评价结果表明,长江口与杭州湾海域表层海水中的重金属总体情况良好,但是汞、铅含量偏高,尤其是汞。长江口外以北、杭州湾北岸口外及舟山群岛邻近海域的海水水质相对较差,陆源排污为主要影响因子。     

海洋环境中的金属赋存形态及生物可利用性研究现状

自20世纪70年代人们就认识到,环境中重金属的浓度常常不能反映其生物可利用性和毒性,这些性质不仅取决于它们在环境中的浓度,而且还与其形态有关[1].在海水的溶解态金属中,通常认为自由水合离子对浮游植物具有较高的生物可利用性和毒性,而无机络合物和有机络合物的生物可利用性很小[2～4].在沉积物中,普遍认为可交换态的重金属最易被生物所利用,毒性最强,铁锰氧化物态可在还原条件下释放,而残渣态的重金属与沉积物的结合最牢固,活性最小,因而毒性最小[5].同种金属的不同赋存形态有着不同的生物可利用性,也就是说金属总的含量中只有一部分是具有生物可利用性的.因此在评价海洋环境中重金属的污染情况和制定相关标准时,必须考虑到重金属的赋存形态对生物可利用性和毒性的影响,以便更好的保护和管理海洋环境.海洋中的有机物质是痕量金属的重要配位体,这些金属-有机配位体影响着大部分生物可利用金属的化学形态[6].因此,作者在综述了海洋环境中重金属的赋存形态及生物可利用性的基础上,还详细讨论了有机物对海洋环境中重金属的赋存形态及生物可利用性的影响.     

海水中锌的羟基络合物

近年来,人们对海水中的微量重金属进行了许多研究,特别对其在海水中的化学形式和形态更为重视。不同形式和形态的重金属对海洋生物的毒性不同,也直接影响元素在海洋中的行为(如吸附)和迁移过程。因此,测定海水中微量金属的存在形式和形态对研究元素的地球化学循环有着重要的意义。 关于锌在海水中的无机化学形式的研究,以往曾有过一些报道。Baric等用锌汞齐的极谱法直接测定不同pH值时锌的半波电位(E_(1/2))的移动,测得Zn(OH)~+的logK_1=5.67,认为海水中锌的主要形式是Zn(OH)~+。Zirino,Stumm,Florence等则根据已     

海南万宁乌场海域海水及沉积物重金属含量分析

为探究海南万宁乌场海域重金属的污染状况，2020年3月和9月对13个站位的海水、沉积物中重金属铜（Cu）、汞（Hg）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）含量进行测定，并采用综合污染指数法和Hankanson潜在生态风险指数法分别对海水重金属污染状况及沉积物潜在生态风险进行分析及评价。结果显示：调查期间海水中重金属含量符合第一类海水水质标准，综合污染指数小于1，海水属于清洁状态；沉积物中单项重金属潜在生态风险参数小于40，重金属总潜在生态风险指数小于150，属于低级潜在生态风险水平。研究表明：海南万宁乌场海域海洋环境较好，重金属污染属于低风险级，对人类危害较小。本文的研究结果可为下一步海域建设、海洋环评等工作提供基础资料和科学依据。     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

中国海洋腹足类分类学研究进展——纪念中国科学院海洋研究所建所70周年

中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来，在海洋贝类分类学研究领域取得了长足发展与进步，做出一系列开创性研究成果。本文综述了建所以来我所海洋腹足类分类学研究方面的主要进展，概述了取得的主要科研成果，分析了现代腹足类分类学研究的发展趋势以及面临的挑战，并对今后的发展提出了相应对策和建议。     

Mesozooplankton in the Arctic Ocean in summer

The biomass, species and chemical composition of the mesozooplankton and their impact on lower food levels were estimated along a transect across the Arctic Ocean. Mesozooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column was significantly higher (19–42 mg DW m^-3) than has previously been reported for the Arctic Ocean, and it reached a maximum at ca. 87°N in the Amundsen Basin. The lowest values were recorded in the Chukchi Sea and Nansen Basin, where ice cover was lower (50–80%) than in the central Arctic Ocean. In the deeper strata (200–500 m) of the Canadian and Eurasian Basins, the biomass was always much lower (4.35–16.44 mg DW m^-3). The C/N (g/g) ratio for the mesozooplankton population was high (6.5–8.5) but within the documented range. These high values (when compared to 4.5 at lower latitudes) may be explained by the high lipid content. Mesozooplankton accounted for approximately 40% of the total particulate organic carbon in the upper 100 m of the water column. Mesozooplankton species composition was homogeneous along the transect, consisting mainly of copepods (70–90% of the total number). It was dominated by four large copepod species (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, C. finmarchicus and Metridia longa), which together accounted for more than 80% of the total biomass. According to measurements of gut pigment and gut turnover rates, the mesozooplankton on average ingested between 6 and 30% of their body carbon per day as phytoplankton. Microzooplankton may have provided an additional source of energy for the mesozooplankton community. These data emphasize the importance of mesozooplankton in the arctic food web and reinforce the idea that the Arctic Ocean should no longer be considered to be a “biological desert”.     

微生物对土壤中镉的固定作用

镉是一种重要的环境污染物,它通过沉淀作用、磷酸肥料的使用等排放到农田中。由于镉具有较高的蒸气压,因此,人为排放的镉大部分来自工业的挥发。排放到大气中的镉通过沉积作用转移到植物、土壤及水体中。在污染的土壤中镉被植物吸收并且在植物体内富集,通过这种机制镉进入了食物链。镉是一种诱导有机体突变的物质,能对动物和人类产生有害影响,并能够抑制植物的光合作用,因此,环境中镉的存在一直被人们所关注。     

海水双壳类受精生物学研究进展

1 研究概况,在海水双壳类中开展的大量受精生物学研究表明,绝大部分的海水双壳类为卵生型,雌雄配子被排放到海水中完成受精。排放的卵子处于第一次减数分裂前期(生发泡期)或中期。精子入卵后,受精卵恢复减数分裂,先后排放出两个极体,形成雌雄原核并最终启动卵裂。