种植体直径和长度在Ⅰ类骨质中的优化选择

目的:应用Ansys DesignXplorer模块,研究圆柱形种植体直径和长度同时连续变化对Ⅰ类骨质的颌骨应力影响,为临床选择和设计种植体提供理论依据。方法:建立包含圆柱状种植体的下颌骨Ⅰ类骨质骨块的三维有限元模型,设定种植体直径(D)变化范围为3.0~5.0mm,种植体长度(L)变化范围为6.0~16.0mm,观察D和L变化对颌骨Von Mises应力峰值的影响。同时进行颌骨Von Mises应力峰值对变量的敏感度分析。结果:随着D和L的增加,垂直向加载时,皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了54.5%和70.2%,颊舌向加载时,皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了73.5%和75.1%;当D大于3.8mm同时L大于9.0mm时,应力峰值的响应曲线的切斜率位于-1和0之间;在垂直向加载和颊舌向加载时,变量D比L更易影响皮质骨的EQV应力峰值。结论:种植体的直径比长度更易影响皮质骨的应力大小。从生物力学角度而言,对于Ⅰ类骨质,在临床上选择种植体时,种植体的直径应不小于3.8mm,种植体的长度应不小于9.0mm。     

种植体直径和长度在Ⅳ类骨质中的优化选择

目的:应用Ansys DesignXplorer模块,进行圆柱形种植体直径和长度同时连续变化时对Ⅳ类骨质的颌骨应力影响的分析。方法:建立了包含圆柱状种植体的下颌骨Ⅳ类骨质的骨块三维有限元模型,设定种植体直径(D)变化范围为3.0～5.0mm,种植体长度(L)变化范围为6.0～16.0mm,观察D和L变化对颌骨Von Mises应力峰值的影响。同时进行颌骨Von Mises应力峰值对变量的敏感度分析。结果:随着D和L的增加,垂直向加载时,皮质骨、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了63.9%和87.9%,颊舌向加载时,皮质骨、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了76.2%和92.7%;当D>4.0mmL>11.0mm时,应力峰值的响应曲线的切斜率位于-1～0之间;在垂直向加载和颊舌向加载时,变量L和D分别对皮质骨的EQV应力峰值的影响更明显。结论:颊舌向力的力学分布更易受种植体参数影响;松质骨的应力更易受种植体参数影响;种植体直径增加更有利于改善颌骨颊舌向加载下的应力分布,种植体长度的增加更有利于改善皮质骨垂直加载下的应力分布。从生物力学角度而言,对于Ⅳ类骨质在临床上选择种植体时,种植体的直径应≥4.0mm,种植体的长度应≥11.0mm。     

种植体直径和长度在下颌骨Ⅱ类骨质中的优化选择

目的 研究圆柱形种植体直径和长度同时连续变化对下颌骨Ⅱ类骨质的颌骨应力的影响.方法 应用Ansys Workbench DesignXplorer模块,建立包含圆柱状种植体的下颌骨Ⅱ类骨质的骨块三维有限元模型,设定种植体直径(D)变化范围为3.00～5.00 mm,种植体长度(L)变化范围为6.00～16.00 mm,观察D和L变化对下颌骨Von Mises应力峰值的影响.同时进行下颌骨Von Mises应力峰值对变量的敏感度分析.结果 随着D和L的增加,垂直向加载时,皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低67.9%和75.0%,颊舌向加载时,皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低64.9%和65.4%;当D大于3.85 mm同时L大于9.00 mm时,应力峰值的响应曲线的切斜率位于-1和0之间;在垂直向加载和颊舌向加载时,变量D比L更易影响皮质骨的EQV应力峰值.结论 种植体的直径比长度更易影响皮质骨的应力大小.从生物力学角度而言,对于下颌骨Ⅱ类骨质,在临床上选择种植体时,直径应不小于3.85 mm,长度应不小于9.00 mm.     

种植体直径和长度在Ⅲ类骨质中的优化选择

目的应用Ansys DesignXplorer模块，分析圆柱形种植体直径和长度同时连续变化时对Ⅲ类骨质的颌骨应力的影响，为临床选择和设计种植体提供理论依据。方法建立包含圆柱状种植体的下颌骨Ⅲ类骨质的骨块三维有限元模型，设定种植体直径变化范围为3．0～5．0mm，种植体长度变化范围为6．0～16．0mm，观察直径和长度变化对颌骨Von Mises应力峰值的影响。同时进行颌骨Von Mises应力峰值对变量的敏感度分析。结果随着直径和长度的增加，垂直向加载时，皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了65．3％和76．8％；颊舌向加载时，皮、松质骨的VonMises应力峰值分别降低了76．1％和78．0％；当直径大于3．95mm，同时长度大于10．5mm时，应力峰值响应曲线的切斜率位于-1和0之间；在垂直向加载和颊舌向加载时，长度和直径分别对皮质骨EQV应力峰值的影响更明显。结论种植体直径增加更有利于改善颌骨颊舌向加载下的应力分布，种植体长度的增加更有利于改善颌骨垂直加载下的应力分布。从生物力学角度而言，对于m类骨质在临床上选择种植体时，种植体的直径应不小于3．95mm。种植体的长度应不小于10．5mm。     

圆柱形螺纹种植体螺纹的优化设计和应力分析

目的:探讨圆柱状V形螺纹种植体螺纹参数变化对骨组织应力大小的影响,为临床设计和选择最佳的螺纹参数提供理论依据.方法:建立了包含圆柱状V形螺纹种植体的颌骨骨块三维有限元模型,设定螺纹齿高(H)范围为0.2～0.6 mm,螺纹宽度(W)范围为0.1～0.4 mm.在修复体正中分别进行垂直向100N和45°颊舌向50N的力学加载.观察H和W变化对颌骨平均主应力(EQV)峰值的影响,同时进行变量对颌骨的敏感度分析.结果:在垂直向加载中皮质骨和松质骨的EQV应力峰值增幅分别为4.3%和63.0%;在颊舌向加载中皮质骨和松质骨的增幅分别为19.3%和118%;在各种加载情况下,当变量H位于0.34～0.50mm,同时变量W位于0.18～0.30 mm之间时,对颌骨的EQV应力峰值响应曲线的切线斜率位于-1～1之间;变量H比W对颌骨的EQV应力峰值的影响更明显.结论:松质骨的应力大小更易受到螺纹的影响;螺纹对侧向力加载时的力学传递影响更明显;生物力学方面的考虑,圆柱状螺纹种植体最佳的螺纹设计为螺纹高度介于0.34～0.50 mm之间,螺纹宽度介于0.18～0.30 mm之间;在圆柱状螺纹种植体设计中,相对于螺纹宽度而言应更重视螺纹高度的设计.     

圆柱状种植体螺纹的双目标稳健分析

目的:探讨圆柱状V形螺纹种植体螺纹参数变化对骨组织应力大小的影响,为临床设计和选择最佳的螺纹参数提供理论依据。方法:建立了包含圆柱状V形螺纹种植体的颌骨骨块三维有限元模型,设定螺纹齿高(H)范围为0.20-0.60mm,螺纹宽度(W)范围为0.10-0.40mm。在修复体正中分别进行垂直向100N和450颊舌向50N的力学加载。观察H和W变化对颌骨平均主应力(EQV)峰值的影响,同时进行变量对颌骨的敏感度分析。结果:在垂直向加载中皮质骨和松质骨的EQV应力峰值增幅分别为4.3%和63.0%;在颊舌向加载中皮质骨和松质骨的增幅分别为19.3%和118.0%;在各种加载情况下,当变量H位于0.34mm-0.50mm之间,同时变量W位于0.18mm-0.30mm之间时,对颌骨的EQV应力峰值响应曲线的切线斜率位于-1和1之间;变量H比W对颌骨的EQV应力峰值的影响更明显。结论:松质骨的应力大小更易受到螺纹的影响;螺纹对侧向力加载时的力学传递影响更明显;给予生物力学方面的考虑,圆柱状螺纹种植体最佳的螺纹设计为螺纹高度介于0.34mm-0.50mm之间,螺纹宽度介于0.18mm-0.30mm之间;在圆柱状螺纹种植体设计中,相对于螺纹宽度而言应更重视螺纹高度的设计。     

螺纹种植体螺距的优化设计和应力分析

目的应用Ansys Workbench DesignXplorer优化设计模块,探讨圆柱状V形螺纹种植体螺距变化对颌骨和
种植体应力大小的影响,为临床设计和选择最佳的螺纹参数提供理论依据。方法建立了包含圆柱状V形螺纹种植
体的颌骨骨块三维有限元模型,设定螺纹螺距（ P）范围为0.5～1.6 mm,观察P变化对颌骨和种植体Equivale（nt EQV）
应力峰值的影响。结果在垂直向加载中皮质骨、松质骨和种植体的EQV应力峰值增幅分别为7.1%、123.4%和
28.7%;在颊舌向加载中皮质骨、松质骨和种植体的EQV增幅分别为2.8%、28.8%和14.9%;在各种加载情况下,当
变量P大于0.8 mm时,对颌骨及种植体的EQV应力峰值响应曲线曲率位于- 1和1之间。结论松质骨的应力大小更
易受到螺距的影响;螺纹对垂直加载时的力学传递影响更明显;螺距在保护种植体垂直受力时起着更为重要的作
用;圆柱状螺纹种植体螺距最佳设计应不小于0.8 mm,但同时应避免过大的螺距。     

I类骨质中正畸微种植体支抗直径和长度的优化设计

目的：探讨正畸微种植体支抗长度和直径对I类骨质下颌骨的应力和微种植体稳定性的影响,为临床设计I类骨质中微种植体支抗的最佳长度和直径提供理论依据。方法：建立包含正畸微种植体支抗的颌骨骨块的三维有限元模型,设定微种植体的直径和长度为变量,直径变化范围1.0～1.8mm,长度变化范围5.0～11.0mm。设定颌骨平均主应力峰值和正畸微种植体支抗位移峰值为目标函数。观察设计变量变化对目标函数的影响。结果：随着直径的增加,皮质骨、松质骨应力峰值和种植体位移分别降低了67.98%,64.06%,78.55%;随着长度变化皮质骨、松质骨的应力峰值和种植体位移分别降低了13.94%,61.32%,0.01%。结论：种植体支抗的直径对I类骨质颌骨的应力和种植体支抗稳定性的影响更显著。长度对I类骨质颌骨的应力和种植体支抗稳定性的影响并不显著。从生物力学角度而言,直径大于1.4mm种植体支抗更加适用于I类骨质的颌骨。     

种植体颈部锥度和末端倒角的生物力学优化分析

目的:应用Ansys DesignXplorer模块,进行种植体颈部锥度和末端倒角同时变化对颌骨应力影响的分析,为临床优化选择和设计种植体提供理论依据。方法:建立了包含螺纹种植体的下颌骨B/2类骨质的骨块三维有限元模型,设定种植体颈部锥度(T)变化范围为45°~75°,末端倒角(R)变化范围为0.5~1.5mm,观察T和R变化对颌骨平均主应力峰值的影响。结果:随着T和R的变化,垂直向加载时,皮、松质骨的平均主应力峰值分别降低了71.6%和14.8%,颊舌向加载时,皮、松质骨的平均主应力峰值分别降低了68.2%和11.0%;当T变化范围为64°~73°同时R大于0.8mm时,颌骨应力峰值的响应曲线切斜率位于-1和1之间。结论:种植体颈部锥度比末端倒角更易影响皮质骨的应力分布。对于B/2类骨质,从生物力学角度而言,在临床上设计和选择种植体时,种植体的颈部锥度应介于64°~73°之间,种植体的末端倒角应大于0.8mm。     

不同力作用下微种植体长度和直径的双变量优化分析

目的 探讨在不同力作用下,长度和直径同时连续变化情况下微种植体尺寸的优化设计,以期为临床上合理选择微种植体尺寸提供理论基础。方法 建立长度和直径连续变化的微种植体及周围颌骨组织的三维有限元模型,设定长度变化范围为6~12 mm,直径变化范围为1.2~2.0 mm,在微种植体头部的横槽内分别加载水平力（HF）和复合力（ CF）,观察长度和直径同时变化对周围颌骨等效应力峰值（ Max EQV）及微种植体位移峰值（ Max DM）的影响。结果 在两种力的作用下,随着长度和直径的增加,颌骨 Max EQV和微种植体 Max DM均下降,当长度大于 9 mm时,各评估指标值较小且变化幅度较小。灵敏度分析显示,直径对评估指标的影响较大。在 CF作用下,直径对评估指标的影响较 HF作用下显著。结论 在本研究所设定的参数范围内,微种植体的长度应不超过 9 mm,运用微种植体对牙齿进行转矩控制时,其直径应超过1.2 mm。     

Bivariate Evaluation of Cylinder Implant Diameter and Length: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Purpose: To evaluate continuous and simultaneous variations of implant diameter and length for an experimental cylinder implant.
Materials and Methods: A finite element model of a mandible segment with implant was created. The range of implant diameter (D) was set from 2.5 to 5.0 mm, and that of implant length (L) from 6.0 to 16.0 mm. The maximum Von Mises stresses in the mandible were evaluated, and the sensitivity of the stresses in the mandible to the variables was also evaluated.
Results: Under axial load, the maximum von Mises stresses in cortical and cancellous bones decreased by 73.3% and 69.4%, respectively, with D and L increasing. Under buccolingual load, those decreased 83.8% and 79.2%, respectively. When D exceeded 3.9 mm and L exceeded 10.0 mm, the tangent slope rate of the maximum von Mises stress response curve ranged from −1 to 0. The variation of the maximum von Mises stresses in the mandible was more sensitive to D than to L.
Conclusions: Buccolingual force is apt to be influenced by the two implant parameters; implant diameter and length favor stress distribution in cortical bone and cancellous bone, respectively. Implant diameter exceeding 3.9 mm and implant length exceeding 10.0 mm are the optimal choice for type B/2 bone in a cylinder implant. The implant diameter is more important than length in reducing bone stress.     

Selection of the distraction implant length with improved biomechanical properties by three‐dimensional finite element analysis

Summary In this study, the distraction length of distraction implant was set as input variable which ranged from 2 to 10 mm. The effect of distraction length on the maximum Von Mises stress in the jaw bones and the implant were evaluated by a finite element method. The results showed that under axial load, the maximum equivalent stresses in cortical bone, cancellous bone, and distraction screw decreased by 5·8%, 8·6%, and 11·0%, respectively, with the changing of distraction length, and under buccolingual load those decreased by 0·3%, 18·0%, and 13·0%, respectively. The data indicate that cancellous bone is more sensitive to distraction length than the cortical bone. Under both loads, the central distraction screw was subjected to the stress concentration and more easily damaged by buccolingual force than by axial force. Distraction implant with distraction length exceeding 8 mm showed relatively better biomechanical behaviour.     

Selection of optimal dental implant diameter and length in type IV bone: a three-dimensional finite element analysis

This study aimed to create a 3D finite element model for continuous variation of implant diameter and length, thereby identifying their optimal range in type IV bone under biomechanical consideration. Implant diameter ranged from 3.0 to 5.0 mm, and implant length ranged from 6.0 to 14.0 mm. The results suggest that under axial load, the maximum Von Mises stresses in cortical and cancellous bones decrease by 50% and 27%, respectively; and under buccolingual load, by 52% and 60%, respectively. Under these two loads, the maximum displacements of implant-abutment complex decrease by 39% and 43%, respectively. These results indicate that in type IV bone, implant length is more crucial in reducing bone stress and enhancing the stability of implant-abutment complex than implant diameter. Biomechanically, implant diameter exceeding 4.0 mm and implant length exceeding 9.0 mm are the combination with optimal properties for a screwed implant in type IV bone.     

Evaluation of the cylinder implant thread height and width: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis

PURPOSE: To evaluate continuous and simultaneous variations of thread height and width for an experimental screw-type implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A finite element model of an implant with a V-shaped thread was created. The range of thread height was set at 0.20 to 0.60 mm, and the range of thread width was set at 0.10 to 0.40 mm. Forces of 100 N and 50 N were applied along the implant axis (AX) and an angle of 45 degrees in a buccolingual direction (45-degree BL), respectively. The maximum von Mises stresses in jawbone were evaluated, and the sensitivity of the stress in jawbone to the variables was also evaluated. RESULTS: Under AX load, the maximum von Mises stresses in cortical and cancellous bones increased by 4.3% and 63.0%, respectively, as thread parameters changed. Under 45-degree BL load, maximum von Mises stresses in cortical and cancellous bones increased by 19.3% and 118.0%, respectively. When thread height was from 0.34 to 0.50 mm and thread width was 0.18 to 0.30 mm, the tangent slope of the maximum von Mises stress response curve ranged from -1 to 1. The variation of the maximum von Mises stresses in jawbone was more sensitive to thread height than to thread width. CONCLUSIONS: Stress in cancellous bone is more likely to be influenced by thread parameters than stress in cortical bone. A 45-degree BL force is more likely to be influenced by thread parameters than an axial force. A thread height of 0.34 to 0.50 mm and a thread width of 0.18 to 0.30 mm is optimal from a biomechanical point of view. In the design of a screw-type implant, thread height is more important than thread width for the reduction of stress within the bone.     

Implant–Bone Interface Stress Distribution in Immediately Loaded Implants of Different Diameters: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Purpose: To establish a 3D finite element model of a mandible with dental implants for immediate loading and to analyze stress distribution in bone around implants of different diameters. Materials and Methods: Three mandible models, embedded with thread implants (ITI, Straumann, Switzerland) with diameters of 3.3, 4.1, and 4.8 mm, respectively, were developed using CT scanning and self‐developed Universal Surgical Integration System software. The von Mises stress and strain of the implant–bone interface were calculated with the ANSYS software when implants were loaded with 150 N vertical or buccolingual forces. Results: When the implants were loaded with vertical force, the von Mises stress concentrated on the mesial and distal surfaces of cortical bone around the neck of implants, with peak values of 25.0, 17.6 and 11.6 MPa for 3.3, 4.1, and 4.8 mm diameters, respectively, while the maximum strains (5854, 4903, 4344 μ?) were located on the buccal cancellous bone around the implant bottom and threads of implants. The stress and strain were significantly lower (p < 0.05) with the increased diameter of implant. When the implants were loaded with buccolingual force, the peak von Mises stress values occurred on the buccal surface of cortical bone around the implant neck, with values of 131.1, 78.7, and 68.1 MPa for 3.3, 4.1, and 4.8 mm diameters, respectively, while the maximum strains occurred on the buccal surface of cancellous bone adjacent to the implant neck, with peak values of 14,218, 12,706, and 11,504 μm, respectively. The stress of the 4.1‐mm diameter implants was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of 3.3‐mm diameter implants, but not statistically different from that of the 4.8 mm implant. Conclusions: With an increase of implant diameter, stress and strain on the implant–bone interfaces significantly decreased, especially when the diameter increased from 3.3 to 4.1 mm. It appears that dental implants of 10 mm in length for immediate loading should be at least 4.1 mm in diameter, and uniaxial loading to dental implants should be avoided or minimized.     

Selection of the implant transgingival height for optimal biomechanical properties: a three-dimensional finite element analysis

We evaluated the effects of the transgingival height of an implant on the maximum equivalent stress in jaw bones and the maximum displacement in implant-abutment complex by a finite element method. The transgingival height ranged from 1.0-4.0 mm. Under axial load, the maximum equivalent stress in the cortical bone could be reduced by up to 4.7%, and under a buccolingual load, the maximum equivalent stresses in the cortical and the cancellous bones could be reduced by 17.3% and 18.5%, respectively. The maximum displacement of the implant-abutment complex could be reduced by 4.1% and 48.9% under axial and buccolingual loads, respectively. When the transgingival height was in the range of 1.7-2.8 mm, there was minimum stress in the jaw bones and minimum displacement in the implant-abutment complex. Data indicated that transgingival height played a more important part in protecting a dental implant under a buccolingual load than under an axial load; and transgingival heights ranging from 1.7-2.8 mm were biomechanically optimal for a screwed implant.