HNPPV联合舒利迭长期治疗稳定期重度COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者的疗效及安全性

目的 探讨家庭无创正压机械通气(HNPPV)联合舒利迭长期治疗稳定期重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者的疗效及安全性.方法 选择60例稳定期重度COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者,根据治疗方案不同分为HNPPV+舒利迭组(观察组)、单用舒利迭组(对照组)各30例.分别观察两组治疗前、治疗1年后肺功能、动脉血气分析、6 min行走距离、肺动脉平均压力、病死率及1年内住院次数等指标.结果 治疗前两组各生理学指标比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);治疗1年后,观察组各生理学指标均优于对照组(P＜0.05或＜0.01).结论 HNPPV联合舒利迭治疗稳定期重度COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者安全、有效.     

肺康复联合噻托溴铵对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者BODE指数的影响

目的 观察肺康复联合吸入噻托溴铵粉剂对中-重度COPD稳定期患者BODE指数的影响.方法 选择我院呼吸科门诊2013年10月至2015年7月确诊COPD稳定期患者60例,分为联合组(肺康复联合噻托溴铵)和对照组.对照组给予常规COPD药物基础上吸入单一噻托溴铵粉吸入剂治疗.联合组指在常规药物治疗基础上给予肺康复(包括呼吸功能锻炼、长期家庭氧疗、营养支持、心理疏导等综合治疗),联合每日吸入噻托溴铵粉吸入剂.对比2组治疗后3个月、6个月的BODE指标及BODE指数变化.结果 联合组与对照组比较治疗3个月后BODE指标(BMI、呼吸困难程度、6MWD、FEV1％ pred)、BODE指数有改善,差异有统计学意义(t=2.23,P＞0.05;t=2.44、7.78、4.36、2.61,P＜0.05),治疗6个月后BODE指标(BMI、呼吸困难程度、6MWD、FEV2％ pred)、BODE指数有显著改善,差异有统计学意义(t=4.26、3.25、23.74、9.73、4.78,P＜0.05).结论 中-重度COPD稳定期患者实施肺康复联合吸入噻托溴铵粉剂治疗后,BODE相关指标及BODE指数显著改善,长期的肺康复及噻托溴铵使用有更大获益.     

高压力无创通气治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病的疗效观察

目的 探讨高压力无创正压通气治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼衰的疗效.方法 2007年1月～2010年12月在我科住院的29例稳定期COPD合并Ⅱ型呼衰的患者,高压力无创通气组(16例)及低压力无创通气组(13例)进行家庭无创通气,比较两组患者治疗前后FEV1、FVC、PaO2、PaCO2的变化.结果 治疗前,FEV1、FVC、PaO2、PaCO2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后,高压力通气组上述4指标及低压力通气组PaCO2与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 高压力无创通气能更好地改善稳定期COPD合并Ⅱ型呼衰患者的肺功能,提高PaO2,改善二氧化碳潴留.     

无创机械通气结合认知康复训练对稳定期重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并认知障碍患者的疗效评价

目的 :评价无创机械通气结合认知康复训练对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并认知障碍患者的综合康复疗效。方法:61例稳定期重度COPD合并认知障碍患者分为2组,分别给予无创机械通气+认知康复及低浓度持续吸氧治疗,为期12周。比较康复前后及2组患者认知、BODE指数、动脉血气分析、心理状态及日常生活能力的差异。结果:经过12周的治疗,无创机械通气+认知康复组治疗前后自身比较:1 s用力呼气量(FEV1)、6 min步行距离(6MWD)、改良呼吸困难评分(MMRC)、BODE指数、pH、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、Barthel指数(BI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HRSD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、简易精神状态检查(MMSE)评分及各分项均有显著差异(均P0.05)。低浓度持续吸氧组治疗前后自身比较MMRC有显著差异(P0.05)。治疗12周后,无创机械通气+认知康复组在FEV1、6MWD、pH、PaO_2、HRSD、BI、MMSE总分及地点定向、复述、计算、语言等分项较低浓度持续吸氧组有显著差异(均P0.05)。结论:经过12周的无创机械通气+认知康复治疗,稳定期COPD合并认知障碍患者的综合康复疗效包括认知、BODE指数、动脉血气分析、心理状态及日常生活能力有明显改善。     

多学科综合呼吸康复联合无创正压通气对老年重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者康复效果的影响

目的探讨多学科综合呼吸康复联合无创正压通气对老年重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(CPOD)患者的康复效果。方法 80例老年重度COPD患者随机分为对照组25例、康复干预Ⅰ组26例及康复干预Ⅱ组29例,对照组只采用内科药物治疗及氧疗;康复干预Ⅰ组在对照组的基础上给予多学科综合呼吸康复;康复干预Ⅱ组在康复干预Ⅰ组的基础上加用无创正压通气。3组患者治疗前及12 w时均进行心肺运动试验、BODE指数评分、生存质量评分及动脉血气分析。结果康复干预Ⅰ组及Ⅱ组治疗后的最大运动功率(Wmax)、最大摄氧量(VO2max)、6 min步行距离(6-MWD)、改良版英国医学研究委员会呼吸问卷(MMRC)、BODE指数、生存质量各项评分、动脉血氧分压(Pa O2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)均较康复前有显著改善(P<0.01),以上指标和对照组治疗后对比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。康复干预Ⅱ组治疗后的6-MWD、MMRC、生存质量各项评分、Pa O2、Pa CO2较康复干预Ⅰ组有较大改善(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论多学科综合呼吸康复能显著提高老年重度COPD患者的康复效果,在多学科呼吸康复的基础上加用无创正压通气,可进一步改善患者的呼吸困难症状,提高运动耐力及生活质量。     

无创正压同期治疗老年COPD重症呼吸衰竭患者的疗效

目的 探讨无创正压通气(NPPV)治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并重症呼吸衰竭的临床疗效.方法 将我院收治的老年COPD并发重症呼吸衰竭的患者108例随机分为研究组和对照组,每组54例.对照组给予常规治疗,研究组在对照组常规治疗的基础上应用无创正压通气治疗.观察患者治疗前及治疗后2h、24 h生命体征变化及pH、PaCO2、PaO2的变化.结果 ①治疗2h后,研究组患者pH、PaCO2、PaO2较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05);对照组患者pH、PaCO2、PaO2指标改善不明显(P＞0.05).②治疗24 h后,两组患者各指标均有所改善,但对照组患者各项指标改善幅度低于研究者(P＜0.05).③研究组治疗成功率显著高于对照组;需气管插管率及平均住院时间显著低于对照组.结论 无创正压通气治疗老年COPD合并重症呼吸衰竭可以显著改善患者的临床症状,纠正血气分析指标,治疗效果较好.     

BiPAP无创通气对中重度COPD稳定期患者运动耐力及肺功能的影响

目的探讨双水平气道正压(Bi-level airway pressure ventilation,BiPAP)无创通气对中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)稳定期患者运动耐力及肺功能的影响。方法选择符合标准的患者86例随机分为治疗组和对照组各43例,治疗组给予BiPAP通气,对照组给予鼻导管吸氧,测定治疗前后2组患者运动耐力及肺功能改变并比较。结果 2组治疗前运动耐力及肺功能指标均无显著性差异(P均>0.05),对照组鼻导管吸氧后与治疗前指标无显著性差异(P均>0.05),治疗组在BiPAP通气后相比治疗前各指标均有显著性改善(P均<0.05)。结论 BiPAP通气对中重度COPD稳定期患者运动耐力及肺功能改善作用明显,值得在临床推广应用。     

噻托溴铵联合双水平气道正压通气治疗稳定期COPD患者的疗效以及对血清SOD、LPO的影响

目的探讨噻托溴铵联合双水平气道正压通气治疗稳定期COPD患者的疗效以及对患者外周血超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化脂质(LPO)水平的影响。方法选择COPD稳定期患者152例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组76例。对照组患者进行常规治疗,观察组患者在对照组治疗的基础上使用噻托溴铵联合双水平气道正压通气治疗。治疗4周(1个疗程)后,比较两组患者的临床治疗效果、症状改善情况及生活质量,检测比较两组患者的血清SOD、LPO水平。结果 1个疗程后,观察组患者的治疗总有效率为98.7%,对照组为97.4%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者症状或体征改善时间显著短于对照组(P0.01)。治疗后两组患者呼吸困难指数(mMRC)、慢阻肺症状(CAT)和呼吸疾病问卷(SGRQ)评分均显著降低(P0.05),观察组患者mMRC、CAT和SGRQ评分显著低于对照组(P0.01)。治疗后两组患者外周血SOD水平显著提高、LPO水平显著降低(P0.05),观察组外周血SOD浓度高于对照组、LPO浓度低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论噻托溴铵联合双水平气道正压通气治疗COPD稳定期患者,能够缩短患者症状或体征改善时间,有效改善患者临床症状或体征,显著提高血清SOD水平、降低LPO水平。     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍的临床疗效观察

目的观察无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍的临床效果。方法选择2010年3月—2012年12月我院收治的COPD呼吸衰竭患者92例,根据治疗方法不同将其分为治疗组和对照组,各46例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,治疗组患者在常规治疗的基础上加用无创正压通气治疗,比较两组患者治疗前后动脉血气分析指标、临床疗效及治疗期间并发症情况。结果治疗前两组患者PaCO2、PaO2及pH值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后治疗组患者PaCO2低于对照组,PaO2高于对照组(P0.05);两组pH值比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组患者总有效率为89.1%,高于对照组的76.1%(χ2=3.148,P0.05);并发症发生率为4.3%,与对照组的6.5%比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论无创正压通气治疗COPD呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍疗效显著,能有效改善患者动脉血气分析指标,且未增加并发症的发生。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者长期家庭无创正压通气疗效观察

目的观察在重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者长期家庭无创正压通气（NPPV）治疗的疗效。方法慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并慢性呼吸衰竭患者45例,随机分为治疗组20例和对照组25例,在病情的稳定期,治疗组给予长期家庭无创正压通气及常规治疗,对照组仅给予常规治疗。随访2～3年,观察两组治疗前后的每年平均急性加重次数、平均住院时间、平均住院费用、呼吸困难程度、血气指标及病死率的变化。结果两组患者的每年急性加重次数及病死率差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）,住院时间、住院费用、血气指标中pH值均有显著差异沪〈0．05）,呼吸困难程度、PCO：有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论长期家庭无创正压通气治疗是重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并慢性呼吸衰竭稳定期患者有效的治疗手段。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.