中国北方沙尘灾害特点及其下垫面状况的遥感监测

2000年春季,中国北方地区多次受到沙尘灾害的影响,对生产、生活活动造成了多方面的不利影响。采用遥感和GIS技术进行沙尘灾害的过程监测、空间特点分析和下垫面状况分析是一个有效的技术方法,通过对沙尘灾害发生、发展的环境条件的了解,可以减轻沙尘天气的危害、防治等一系列决策措施的制定、实施提供客观、及时的空间信息,有助于制定和实施区域生态环境保护措施,以便减少沙尘天气的次数和减轻灾害性天气的危害程度。     

中国北方沙尘灾害特点及其下垫面状况的遥感监测

2000年春季,中国北方地区多次受到沙尘灾害的影响,对生产、生活活动造成了多方面的不利影响。采用遥感和GIS技术进行沙尘灾害的过程监测、空间特点分析和下垫面状况分析是一个有效的技术方法,通过对沙尘灾害发生、发展的环境条件的了解,可以减轻沙尘天气的危害、防治等一系列决策措施的制定、实施提供客观、及时的空间信息,有助于制定和实施区域生态环境保护措施,以便减少沙尘天气的次数和减轻灾害性天气的危害程度。     

Effect of dust storm on ocean color and snow parameters

The present study clearly shows the influence of dust storms on chlorophyll bloom in the offshore region of the Arabian Sea, with a time lag of few days, during the pre-monsoon season. Various satellite derived parameters over the Arabian Sea, Himalayan and Tibet snow covered regions show large changes due to the influence of dust storms. The MODIS snow albedo gives unreliable values under the influence of dust storms due to increase in the aerosol loading over these regions and snow albedo product must be used in combination with snow pixel counts during the dust storm season. A detailed study is required for the quantitative evaluation of dust storms on the chlorophyll blooms in the Arabian Sea region and on the snow parameters in the Himalayan region.     

THE STUDY AND MAPPING OF HUMAN IMPACTS ON NATURE IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE USSR USING SPACE IMAGERY

The authors present the results of experiments in the use of remote sensing imagery for construction of maps depicting human modification of nature. Four diverse areas within the USSR were selected as mapping sites, providing a broad range of environmental and land-use characteristics for investigation. Human impacts were most effectively mapped for two desert sites. The authors recommend combining satellite imagery with terrestrial spectrometric observations or color-infrared photography in investigations of environmental change in steppeland and forested territory. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1984, No. 6, pp. 11-18.     

遥感在沙尘暴监测领域中的应用

沙尘是全球气溶胶系统的主要特征之一,其对地表辐射收支平衡具有显著影响。在过去的几年中,卫星遥感技术已被广泛应用于空气质量监测。本文整理了不同传感器在该领域中的应用,并分析提出了新的理论和方法。文中提供了一份国内外对雾霾监测研究的简要概述,并有针对性地评估了各种方法和经典指数。最后提出一些观点和建议,希望提高遥感在探测全球沙尘暴事件中所起到的作用。     

The brightness temperature adjusted dust index: An improved approach to detect dust storms using MODIS imagery

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery provides a good data source for timely and accurate monitoring of dust storms. However, effective MODIS-based dust indices are inadequate. In this study, we proposed an improved brightness temperature adjusted dust index (BADI) by integrating the brightness temperatures of three thermal infrared MODIS bands: band₂₀ (3.66–3.84 μm), band₃₁ (10.78–11.28 μm) and band₃₂ (11.77–12.27 μm). We used the BADI to monitor several representative dust storms over the Northeast Asia between 2000 and 2011. When compared to commonly used MODIS-based dust indices, such as the brightness temperature difference index in band₃₂ and band₃₁ (BTD_32-31) and the normalized difference dust index (NDDI), the BADI captured the spatial extent and density of dust storms more accurately. The BADI detected dust storm extent with an overall accuracy >90%, which was 7% and 29% higher than the results derived from BTD_32-31 and NDDI, respectively. The BADI also demonstrated good agreement with the density indicator of MODIS Deep Blue Aerosol Optical Depth (R² = 0.59, P < 0.01). We suggest that the BADI is an effective tool to monitor large-scale dust storms.     

Integrated approach of using remote sensing and GIS to study watershed prioritization and productivity

Soil data obtained from soil resource inventory, land and climate were derived from the remote sensing satellite data (Landsat TM, bands 1 to 7) and were integrated in GIS environment to obtain the soil erosion loss using USLE model for the watershed area. The priorities of different sub-watershed areas for soil conservation measures were identified. Land productivity index was also used as a measure for land evaluation. Different soil and land attribute maps were generated in GIS, and R,K,LS,C and P factor maps were derived. By integrating these soil erosion map was generated. The mapping units, found not suitable for agriculture production, were delineated and mapped as non-arable land. The area suitable for agricultural production was carved out for imparting the productivity analysis; the land suitable for raising agricultural crops was delineated into different mapping units as productivity ratings good, fair, moderate and poor. The analysis performed using remote sensing and GIS helped to generate the attribute maps with more accuracy and the ability of integrating these in GIS environment provided the ease to get the required kind of analysis. Conventional methods of land evaluation procedures in terms of either soil erosion or productivity are found not comparable with the out put generated by using remote sensing and GIS as the limitations in generating the attribute maps and their integration. The results obtained in this case study show the use of different kinds of data derived from different sources in land evaluation appraisals.     

A new spectral index for the extraction of built-up land features from Landsat 8 satellite imagery

Abstract

Extracting built-up areas from remote sensing data like Landsat 8 satellite is a challenge. We have investigated it by proposing a new index referred as built-up land features extraction index (BLFEI). The BLFEI index takes advantage of its simplicity and good separability between the four major component of urban system, namely built-up, barren, vegetation and water. The histogram overlap method and the spectral discrimination index (SDI) are used to study separability. BLFEI index uses the two bands of infrared shortwaves, the red and green bands of the visible spectrum. OLI imagery of Algiers, Algeria, was used to extract built-up areas through BLFEI and some new previously developed built-up indices used for comparison. The water areas are masked out leading to Otsu’s thresholding algorithm to automatically find the optimal value for extracting built-up land from waterless regions. BLFEI, the new index improved the separability by 25% and the accuracy by 5%.     

Asian Dust Storm Monitoring Combining Terra and Aqua MODIS SRB Measurements

Sand and dust storms (SDSs), which present environmental risks and affect the regional climate, have been worsened in the East Asian regions over the last decade. Monitoring SDS from space using satellite remote sensing (RS) has become one of the most important issues in this field. At present, satellite RS of SDS is limited to using true-color images or aerosol optical thickness (AOT), or a new algorithm called "Deep Blue". Using current existing approaches makes it difficult to identify SDS from clouds. The authors have detected SDS by combining Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) solar reflectance band (SRB) measurements. Based on the dust spectral characteristic, this letter proposes a normalized difference dust index (NDDI) using MODIS reflectance measurements and applies it to the Asian SDS cases. The simple NDDI index is found to be able to identify SDS and clouds easily. The results suggest that NDDI could be used to detect SDS over bright surfaces where the MODIS AOT product is not available     

遥感影像的古长城信息提取方法研究

从分析古长城的遥感信息机理及其光谱特征入手,发现陕北榆林地区古长城与沙地、道路的光谱特性极其相似,因此用单一的阈值法很难将古长城信息提取出来。在综合考虑古长城的空间几何特性(包括形状、大小等)及其在遥感影像上的光谱表现特征的基础上,提出了灰度坡度法对古长城信息进行提取,即利用古长城在IKONOS图像上仅有1—2个像元宽,且与背景地物的灰度差较大的特征,把它与沙地和道路分离出来。运用这一方法并结合光谱阈值分析,从图像上进行了明代长城的提取,取得了较满意的效果,并为进一步的长城考古研究和遥感图像信息提取提供了参考。     

Mapping alteration mineral zones and lithological units in Antarctic regions using spectral bands of ASTER remote sensing data

Abstract

Geological mapping is one of the primary tasks of remote sensing. Remote sensing applications are especially useful when extreme environmental conditions inhibit direct survey such as in Antarctica. In this investigation, a satellite-based remote sensing approach was used for mapping alteration mineral zones and lithological units using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data in the Oscar II coast area, north-eastern Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula. Specialized band ratios and band combinations were developed using visible and near infrared, shortwave infrared (SWIR) and thermal infrared spectral bands of ASTER for detecting alteration mineral assemblages and lithological units in Antarctic environments. Constrained Energy Minimization, Orthogonal Subspace Projection and Adaptive Coherence Estimator algorithms were tested to ASTER SWIR bands for detecting sub-pixels’ abundance of spectral features related to muscovite, kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, epidote, chlorite and biotite. Results indicate valuable applicability of ASTER data for Antarctic geological mapping.     

Detecting of Mining-Quarrying Activities in Turkey Using Satellite Imagery and its Correlation with Daytime to Nighttime Ratio Analysis

Satellite remote sensing images play an important role in environmental monitoring for mining industry. There are a number of environmental variables, soil and surface variables, associated with mineral activities, that are to some extent detectable easily with satellite earth observation data. The aim of this paper is to detect the quarrying-mining activities are located in seismically active regions of Turkey using satellite images. Because mining-quarrying blasts have been observed and listed as earthquakes in the seismicity catalogue by seismic networks. The presence of mines-quarries in an active seismic zone can cause errors during the analysis of the distribution of microseismicity and the editing of seismic catalogs. Therefore, this study is a meaningful analysis for seismic networks interested in tectonic researches, because it highlights areas where need to pay careful attention is advisable for identification of mining-quarrying blasts. The new digital database was created using the satellite images of mining and quarrying areas taken from the Google Earth program (http://maps.google.com). In the study, approximately 721 known and illegal mining-quarrying sources have been detected. That were organized in an informational atlas includes information on locations, geographic coordinates and satellite images of the mining-quarrying sources in Turkey which can be distributed as a CD or on the WEB. Kekovali et al. (International Journal of the Physical Sciences 6(15), 3784–3794, 2011) estimated potential mining and quarry areas of Turkey from the Kandilli Observatory Earthquake Research Institute & National Earthquake Monitoring Center (KOERI-NEMC) seismic catalogs using daytime to nighttime ratio analysis (Qm). In this study, the correlation between the estimated satellite locations of the mining and quarrying activities and the areas with Qm?≥?2.0 values taken from the previous study was examinated. The result of the study, the important potential mining-quarrying sources were estimated for Turkey includes: Kütahya, Mu?la, Manisa, Bal?kesir, ?stanbul, ?zmit, Edirne, Bursa, Bilecik, Tekirda?, Ankara, Konya, Eski?ehir, Malatya, Yozgat, K?r?kkale, Malatya, ?anl?urfa, Sinop, Trabzon. Monitoring and controlling mining-quarrying activities through traditional methods is quite difficult due to high costs and lengthy time in obtaining accurate and updated maps. The use of satellite images is an inexpensive and effective tool for mapping large mining-quarrying activity areas that can be also used to supplement data from environmental studies. In the future work, the satellite database can be processed and analyzed in order to produce a proper GIS database that includes important mining-quarrying sources of Turkey.     

Mapping forest windthrows using high spatial resolution multispectral satellite images

Wind disturbances represent the main source of damage in European forests, affecting them directly (windthrows) or indirectly due to secondary damages (insect outbreaks and forest fires). The assessment of windthrows damages is very important to establish adequate management plans and remote sensing can be very useful for this purpose. Many types of optical remote sensing data are available with different spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions, and many options are possible for data acquisition, i.e. immediately after the event or after a certain time. The objective of this study is to compare the windthrows mapping capabilities of two multispectral satellite constellations (i.e. Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope) characterized by very different spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions, and to evaluate the impact of the acquisition conditions on the mapping results. The analysed area, with an extent of 732 km², is located in the Trentino-South Tyrol region (Italy) which was affected by the Vaia storm on the 27th-30th of October 2018, causing serious forest damages. The change vector analysis technique was used to detect the windthrows. For each data source, two pairs of images were considered: 1) pre- and post- event images acquired as close as possible to the event; 2) pre- and post- event images acquired at optimal conditions, i.e. at similar phenological state and similar illumination conditions. The results obtained with the two satellite constellations are very similar despite their different resolutions. Data acquired in optimal conditions allowed having the best detection rate (accuracy above 80 %), while data acquired just after the event showed many limitations. Improved spatial resolution (PlanetScope data) allows for a better delineation of the borders of the windthrow areas and of the detection of smaller windthrow patches.     

面向新型基础测绘的遥感影像数据源保障探讨

卫星遥感影像是现代基础测绘最为重要的数据源之一,随着新型基础测绘对卫星影像数据的要求不断提高,我国卫星遥感影像数据源建设水平与新型基础测绘数据需求的不匹配问题也变得更加突出。该文通过分析新型基础测绘在覆盖范围、分辨率、时效性和覆盖频次等多方面的新需求,结合国内外遥感卫星资源,提出了基于虚拟星座的多星协同影像获取解决方案,并从构建虚拟星座、多星组网拍摄、多源影像优选等关键技术点介绍了虚拟星座的构建途径。最后通过在第一次全国地理国情普查标准时点核准遥感影像保障工作中的成功应用,验证了基于虚拟星座的多星协同影像获取方案的可行性和有效性,同时表明其在新型基础测绘影像保障方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

无人机低空摄影测量在城市测绘保障中的应用前景

无人机低空摄影测量具有高清晰、大比例尺、小面积、高现势性的优点,是卫星遥感与普通航空摄影不可缺少的补充。可为大比例尺影像地图生产、重点地区正射影像制作、高精度DEM格网和DLG产品提供高分辨率清晰影像数据源,满足城市信息化建设对大比例尺基础地理空间数据的需求,为城市建设提供有效的测绘保障。通过高分辨率测绘产品支持、应急测绘保障、三维数字建模和重点区域动态监测等多个方面对无人机低空摄影测量在城市测绘保障中的应用前景进行论述展望。     

外军遥感测绘卫星现状与趋势研究

进入21世纪以来,遥感测绘卫星技术的飞速发展,以及在测绘领域的广泛应用,极大地改变了传统军事测绘的面貌。本文主要研究各军事强国遥感测绘卫星发展的现状,分别从高分辨率测绘卫星、雷达测绘卫星、重力测量卫星、雷达测高卫星以及地磁测量卫星进行分析比较,并总结其发展的趋势。     

Understanding satellite-derived bathymetry using Sentinel 2 imagery and spatial prediction models

ABSTRACT

Optical satellite data is an efficient and complementary method to hydrographic surveys for deriving bathymetry in shallow coastal waters. Empirical approaches (in particular, the models of Stumpf and Lyzenga) provide a practical methodology to derive bathymetric information from remote sensing. Recent studies, however, have focused on enhancing the performance of such empirical approaches by extending them via spatial information. In this study, the relationship between multibeam depth and Sentinel-2 image bands was analyzed in an optically complex environment using the spatial predictor of kriging with an external drift (KED), where its external drift component was estimated: a) by a ratio of log-transformed bands based on Stumpf’s model (KED_S) and b) by a log-linear transform based on Lyzenga’s model (KED_L). Through the calibration of KED models, the study objectives were: 1) to better understand the empirical relationship between Sentinel-2 multispectral satellite reflectance and depth, 2) to test the robustness of KED to derive bathymetry in a multitemporal series of Sentinel-2 images and multibeam data, and 3) to compare the performance of KED against the existing non-spatial models described by Stumpf et al. and Lyzenga. Results showed that KED could improve prediction accuracy with a decrease in RMSE of 89% and 88%, and an increase in R² of 27% and 14%, over the Stumpf and Lyzenga models, respectively. The decrease in RMSE provides a worthwhile improvement in accuracy, where results showed effective prediction of depth up to 6 m. However, the presence of higher concentrations of suspended materials, especially river plumes, can reduce this threshold to 4 m. As would be expected, prediction accuracy could be improved through the removal of outliers, which were mainly located in the channel of the river, areas influenced by the river plume, abrupt topography, but also very shallow areas close to the shoreline. These areas have been identified as conflictive zones where satellite-derived bathymetry can be compromised.     

气象卫星多通道信息监测沙尘暴的研究

介绍了利用气象卫星多通道信息监测沙尘暴的原理和方法，并利用此技术方法对2000年3－4月北方沙尘暴过程进行了监测，分析了影响北京地区沙尘暴过程的沙源和可能路径，取得了较好结果。     

亚洲沙尘暴的遥感监测方法研究 --以中国-日本合作研究区为例

介绍了亚洲沙尘暴遥感监测的一些新方法,并对监测结果与数据进行了综合分析,这些结果能够为GCM全球尺度沙尘模型提供参数和验证数据。本次研究结果为亚洲沙尘暴的中长期预测/预警系统提供了新的遥感技术方法。     

How sensitive are estimates of carbon fixation in agricultural models to input data?

Background

Accurate, high-resolution mapping of aboveground carbon density (ACD, Mg C ha^-1) could provide insight into human and environmental controls over ecosystem state and functioning, and could support conservation and climate policy development. However, mapping ACD has proven challenging, particularly in spatially complex regions harboring a mosaic of land use activities, or in remote montane areas that are difficult to access and poorly understood ecologically. Using a combination of field measurements, airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and satellite data, we present the first large-scale, high-resolution estimates of aboveground carbon stocks in Madagascar.

Results

We found that elevation and the fraction of photosynthetic vegetation (PV) cover, analyzed throughout forests of widely varying structure and condition, account for 27-67% of the spatial variation in ACD. This finding facilitated spatial extrapolation of LiDAR-based carbon estimates to a total of 2,372,680 ha using satellite data. Remote, humid sub-montane forests harbored the highest carbon densities, while ACD was suppressed in dry spiny forests and in montane humid ecosystems, as well as in most lowland areas with heightened human activity. Independent of human activity, aboveground carbon stocks were subject to strong physiographic controls expressed through variation in tropical forest canopy structure measured using airborne LiDAR.

Conclusions

High-resolution mapping of carbon stocks is possible in remote regions, with or without human activity, and thus carbon monitoring can be brought to highly endangered Malagasy forests as a climate-change mitigation and biological conservation strategy.