薄壁锥形件旋压成型中应力、应变场的有限元分析

应用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS10.0建立了薄壁锥形工件旋压成形的有限元模型,以显式动力学求解器LS-DYNA为基础模拟了其旋压成形过程,分析了工件成形过程中的变形和应力特点,研究了应力和应变等因素对工件成形质量的影响规律。结果表明:应力、应变图显示了成形过程中工件应变和应力的分布特点与规律,为解决工件旋压成形过程中的问题提供了依据;旋压数值模拟有助于发现旋压变形中存在的旋压成形中容易产生断裂、翻边、褶皱和失稳等缺陷问题及产生的原因;旋压力振荡和减薄率过大是工件旋压断裂的主要因素;在旋压工艺中可以通过优化减薄率、转速和进给量等工艺参数有效控制锥形工件旋压成形质量;分析结果对于旋压模具的优化设计和旋压工艺参数合理选择提供了可靠的理论基础。     

药型罩强力旋压的数值模拟结果分析

根据实际工件的尺寸及成形情况,建立了变壁厚药型罩旋压时的数学模型.应用ANSYS软件对其成形过程进行了三维有限元数值模拟,得出了成形过程中变形区应力、应变分布规律,并分析了偏离正弦律对成形的影响.最后根据模拟结果,对在成形过程中出现的缺陷及原因进行了分析.     

不锈钢波纹板冷弯成形有限元模拟研究

利用有限元模拟软件MSC. Marc,模拟研究了不锈钢波纹板冷弯成形过程,建立了冷弯成形有限元模型.对板材咬入过程进行分析,并通过上辊下压方法实现了板材的咬入;对工件典型节点的应力应变变化规律进行模拟,获得了典型节点的应力变化历程曲线和横向、纵向应变分布曲线.模拟结果表明:板料在两架次之间存在变形过渡区,过渡区内板材不...     

AZ31镁合金等通道转角挤压变形均匀性有限元分析

以AZ31镁合金为研究对象,通过对不同模具外角ECAP变形过程的有限元模拟,研究不同模具外角下AZ31镁合金ECAP变形的等效应变分布.利用微观组织观察以及硬度测试,分析等效应变分布对微观组织及力学性能影响.结果表明:当模具外角ψ为20.时,工件可以获得均匀的等效应变分布.AZ31镁合金经过ECAP挤压后,微观组织显著细化,力学性能明显改善,但平均晶粒尺寸及微观维氏硬度在工件横截面上分布不均匀,等效应变分布的不均匀性是导致材料微观组织和力学性能不均匀的主要因素之一.     

Design of RT Equal Channel Angular Pressing Pure Titanium Workpiece by Finite Element Simulation

为了优化室温下等通道转角挤压纯钛工件的几何形状,采用三维有限元软件模拟了纯钛工件的变形行为。通过对比分析工件形状和尺寸对损伤因子、挤压力以及剪切带处应变速率分布等参数的影响,获得了工件最佳几何形状。仿真结果表明,方条形工件的损伤因子大于圆棒型工件,且高于纯钛材料的临界损伤因子,表明方条形工件不利于变形,易产生表面裂纹。3D模拟结果表明,直径为15 mm的圆棒型工件具有最小的损伤因子,适中的挤压载荷以及相对均匀的应变分布。依据仿真结果提供的最佳工件,即直径为15 mm的圆棒型工件,室温下成功挤压出直径15 mm的纯钛圆棒。挤压后样品截面上硬度分布均匀,与3D仿真所预示的均匀应变分布相一致。     

基于Deform-3D的后桥半轴摆辗新工艺分析

以拖拉机后桥半轴法兰盘一火摆动辗压成形新工艺为研究对象,建立了三维刚粘蝮性有限元模型,运用金属成形有限元分析软件Deform-3D对坯料成形过程及工件在加工过程中热能传递和散失进行了模拟分析.通过对工件在各变形阶段应力、应变及应变速率分布的分析,初步探讨了一火摆动辗压的成形规律及在仅加热一次的情况下温度场变化对金属成形效果的影响.温度场模拟结果表明:在法兰盘锻造成形过程中没有出现加工硬化等现象.     

工件截面对AZ31镁合金包套等径角挤压工艺的影响

使用有限元模拟软件DEFORM-3D分别对不同截面工件的包套等径角挤压过程进行数值模拟,分析了试样截面形状为圆形和正方形的EACP模型变形过程中应变分布及损伤因子的大小。结果表明,不同截面试样稳定变形阶段等效应变分布规律相似,圆截面试样的垂直方向等效应变分布更加均匀;挤压过程中,圆截面试样完全处于压应力状态,方截面试样在剪切变形区受到拉应力会导致包套开裂、内部坯料萌生裂纹甚至发生断裂;对比方截面试样,圆截面试样损伤因子较小;建议AZ31镁合金包套ECAP工艺的工件截面设定为圆形截面。     

基于有限元模拟室温下等通道转角挤压纯钛工件的设计（英文）

为了优化室温下等通道转角挤压纯钛工件的几何形状,采用三维有限元软件模拟了纯钛工件的变形行为。通过对比分析工件形状和尺寸对损伤因子、挤压力以及剪切带处应变速率分布等参数的影响,获得了工件最佳几何形状。仿真结果表明,方条形工件的损伤因子大于圆棒型工件,且高于纯钛材料的临界损伤因子,表明方条形工件不利于变形,易产生表面裂纹。3D模拟结果表明,直径为15mm的圆棒型工件具有最小的损伤因子,适中的挤压载荷以及相对均匀的应变分布。依据仿真结果提供的最佳工件,即直径为15 mm的圆棒型工件,室温下成功挤压出直径15 mm的纯钛圆棒。挤压后样品截面上硬度分布均匀,与3D仿真所预示的均匀应变分布相一致。     

纯铝等径角挤压及等径角挤压和直接挤压结合的塑性变形3D有限元模拟和实验验证（英文）

对纯铝进行等径角挤压、等径角挤压结合不同挤压比直接挤压及直接挤压,并采用刚-粘塑性3D有限元模拟进行分析。利用3D有限元模拟研究不同成形过程变形Al-1080的载荷-位移行为、塑性变形特征和有效塑性应变均匀性。用显微组织观察、显微硬度分布图、有效塑性应变和显微硬度值验证模拟结果。结果表明:模拟结果与实验结果一致;模拟载荷-位移曲线和最大载荷与实验结果接近;显微硬度分布图符合有效塑性应变等高线,证实了3D有限元模拟结果。等径角挤压工件的变形均匀性程度比其他变形过程的高。根据平均有效塑性应变计算了显微硬度值。预测显微硬度值与实验结果吻合。横向和纵向显微组织观察验证了不同成形过程中3D有限元模拟有效塑性应变和显微硬度分布结果。     

圆锥进料角对纯镁旋锻变形影响规律的热机耦合有限元模拟

通过热-机耦合弹塑性模型，采用有限元分析软件MSC.Marc，对纯镁旋锻过程进行了模拟，着重分析了锻模圆锥进料角α对旋锻变形应变场的影响。结果表明：随α增大，各节点变形所需脉冲锻打次数减少，而每次锻打的应变量增加，因而小圆锥进料角有利于低塑性材料的变形：随圆锥进料角α增大，应变沿工件径向分布趋于均匀，且α增大到一阈值αTres后，继续增大不再对应变的径向分部产生影响，在本模拟的工艺条件下。αTres=21°40′：工件外表面应变沿轴向分部呈脉冲似波动，且随α增大，波动的振幅增大：在本模拟的工艺条件下，9°30′≤α≤21°40′是合适的。实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好。     

Die structure optimization of equal channel angular extrusion for AZ31 magnesium alloy based on finite element method

Three-dimensional(3D)geometric models with different corner angles(90°and 120°)and with or without inner round fillets in the bottom die were designed.Some important process parameters were regarded as the calculation conditions used in DEFORMT M-3D software,such as stress—strain data of compression test for AZ31 magnesium,temperatures of die and billet,and friction coefficient.Influence of friction coefficient on deformation process was discussed.The results show that reasonable lubrication condition is im...     

纯铝粉末多孔材料等通道转角挤压数值模拟及实验

采用体积可压缩刚粘塑性有限元法,对纯铝粉末多孔烧结材料的等通道转角挤压过程进行数值模拟,获得了挤压过程试件内部变形场、静水应力场及相对密度场的分布。研究结果表明,等通道转角挤压对粉末多孔材料具有强烈的致密效果。分析认为,挤压过程所提供的高静水压力状态和大剪切变形,是孔隙得以有效焊合的关键。对纯铝粉末烧结材料进行的实验结果表明,试样经过一次挤压后,主要变形区组织剪切变形特征明显,内部的孔隙基本闭合,组织明显细化,材料的力学性能显著提高。     

New Methods for Severe Plastic Deformation Processing

Several new concepts for possible methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD) of bulk quantities of materials are presented. The first of these are variations of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) in which the conventional fixed die is replaced by rotating tools, for the inner die corner, the outer die corner, or both corners. Other methods share some characteristics of ECAE in that they use shearing strains to deform the material; these are reversed shear spinning and transverse rolling. Deformation sequences for a cylindrical or annular workpiece that deform the workpiece while eventually restoring the initial workpiece geometry can be performed by numerous processes. These techniques can be used to accumulate high strains by repeated deformation cycles. These methods offer possible alternatives to ECAE and high-pressure torsion, with potential benefits that include different and larger workpiece geometries, simplified tooling design, lower tooling loads, ease of lubrication, automated or reduced part handling, and, in some cases, potentially continuous operation. It is hoped that these suggestions will prompt new examination of alternative methods for SPD. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2006, Innovations in Metal Forming symposium held in Cincinnati, OH, October 15-19, 2006.     

3D FEM simulations and experimental validation of plastic deformation of pure aluminum deformed by ECAP and combination of ECAP and direct extrusion

Rigid-viscoplastic 3D finite element simulations (3D FEM) of the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), the combination of ECAP + extrusion with different extrusion ratios, and direct extrusion of pure aluminum were performed and analyzed. The 3D FEM simulations were carried out to investigate the load–displacement behavior, the plastic deformation characteristics and the effective plastic strain homogeneity of Al-1080 deformed by different forming processes. The simulation results were validated by microstructure observations, microhardness distribution maps and the correlation between the effective plastic strain and the microhardness values. The 3D FEM simulations were performed successfully with a good agreement with the experimental results. The load–displacement curves and the peak load values of the 3D FEM simulations and the experimental results were close from each other. The microhardness distribution maps were in a good conformity with the effective plastic strain contours and verifying the 3D FEM simulations results. The ECAP workpiece has a higher degree of deformation homogeneity than the other deformation processes. The microhardness values were calculated based on the average effective plastic strain. The predicted microhardness values fitted the experimental results well. The microstructure observations in the longitudinal and transverse directions support the 3D FEM effective plastic strain and microhardness distributions result in different forming processes.     

Severe plastic deformation of commercially pure aluminum using novel equal channel angular expansion extrusion with spherical cavity

Equal channel angular expansion extrusion with spherical cavity (ECAEE-SC) was introduced as a novel severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique, which is capable of imposing large plastic strain and intrinsic back-pressure on the processed billet. The plastic deformation behaviors of commercially pure aluminum during ECAEE-SC process were investigated using finite element analysis DEFORM-3D simulation software. The material flow, the load history, the distribution of effective strain and mean stress in the billet were analyzed in comparison with conventional equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process. In addition, single-pass ECAEE-SC was experimentally conducted on commercially pure aluminum at room temperature for validation, and the evolution of microstructure and microhardness of as-processed material was discussed. It was shown that during the process, the material is in the ideal hydrostatic stress state and the load requirement for ECAEE-SC is much more than that for ECAE. After a single-pass ECAEE-SC, an average strain of 3.51 was accumulated in the billet with homogeneous distribution. Moreover, the microstructure was significantly refined and composed of equiaxed ultrafine grains with sub-micron size. Considerable improvement in the average microhardness of aluminum was also found, which was homogenized and increased from HV 36.61 to HV 70.20, denoting 91.75% improvement compared with that of the as-cast billet.     

Equal channel angular extrusion of NiTi shape memory alloy tube

As a new attempt, equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) of nickel–titanium shape memory alloy (NiTi SMA) tube was investigated by means of process experiment, finite element method (FEM) and microscopy. NiTi SMA tube with the steel core in it was inserted into the steel can during ECAE of NiTi SMA tube. Based on rigid-viscoplastic FEM, multiple coupled boundary conditions and multiple constitutive models were used for finite element simulation of ECAE of NiTi SMA tube, where the effective stress field, the effective strain field and the velocity field were obtained. Finite element simulation results are in good accordance with the experimental ones. Finite element simulation results reveal that the velocity field shows the minimum value in the corner of NiTi SMA tube, where severe shear deformation occurs. Microstructural observation results reveal that severe plastic deformation leads to a certain grain orientation as well as occurrence of substructures in the grain interior and dynamic recovery occurs during ECAE of NiTi SMA tube. ECAE of NiTi SMA tube provides a new approach to manufacturing ultrafine-grained NiTi SMA tube.     

楔形头部试样的ECAP变形行为有限元模拟

应用三维有限元方法对楔形头部试样在等径弯曲通道挤压(ECAP)中的变形行为进行了模拟分析,以比较不同楔形方案(前楔形、后楔形以及楔形头部大小)对金属ECAP变形的影响.结果表明:试样头部为后楔形可以有效的降低加工载荷,显著改善应力/应变分布的均匀性,消除应变集中,避免折叠缺陷,从而获得组织性能较为均匀的试样.     

搅拌摩擦焊三维粘塑性热力耦合有限元数值模拟

针对搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding,FSW)的特点,建立了基于固体力学的刚粘塑性热力耦合有限元方程,并采用网格局部加密自适应跟随技术对FSW过程进行数值模拟,获得了焊接过程的温度、应力、应变分布特征及金属流动规律,预测焊接过程中所产生的缺陷.结果表明,FSW过程中试件的温度分布不对称,应变沿板厚的方向分布不一致,焊缝区产生了剧烈的塑性变形,因此FSW是一个典型的三维剧烈的塑性变形过程,热塑性变形机制是焊接接头形成的主要机制.     

剧烈塑变形对AZ31镁合金微观组织演化的影响

等截面通道角挤压(Equal channel angular Extrusion, ECAE)是制备无疏松孔洞大块超细晶材料的重要方法之一。论文通过刚塑性有限元法对ECAE进行三维数值仿真,采用单元点映射方法,结合三维模型转换进行了A,Ba,Bc和C多次挤压路线的有限元连续仿真,得出了圆形截面挤压试样等效应变分布及其变形均匀性规律,同时,给出了多次挤压不同挤压路线等截面通道角挤压晶粒细化机理。通过变换挤压路线可以改变挤压试样内部微观组织结构。随着挤压次数的增加,不同挤压路线对应挤压试样均得到有效细化,与其它挤压路线相比,路线Bc和C能够得到大角度晶界的等轴晶粒分布的挤压试样。同时,通过实验得到的各路线挤压试样对应的微观结构演化规律与模拟分析得到的应变分布规律一致。     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of niobium processed by equal channel angular extrusion up to 24 passes

We have systematically investigated the microstructural evolution of niobium (Nb) subjected to severe plastic deformation via equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) up to 24 passes. The starting Nb billet material consists of a centimeter-scale grain size with a columnar structure. We have found that the grain size reduction of the Nb is almost saturated at ∼300 nm after eight passes of ECAE. However, the population of high-angle grain boundaries continues to increase with further ECAE, and no saturation appears to have been reached at 24 passes. We have evaluated the mechanical properties of the samples with different number of ECAE passes over a wide range of strain rates, from quasi-static to high strain rates. We have used strain-rate jump tests to examine the strain-rate sensitivity (SRS) of the processed samples and found that the SRS of the ECAE-processed Nb is ∼0.012, which is a factor of three smaller than that of the coarse-grained counterpart. The activation volume derived for plastic deformation indicates that the double-kink formation of screw dislocations is still the predominant deformation mechanism in the ECAE-processed Nb. Quasi-static true stress-strain curves exhibit elastic-nearly perfectly plastic behavior. The quasi-static yield strength is also nearly saturated after eight passes of ECAE. High-strain-rate compressive true stress-strain curves show uniform flow softening. However, the dynamic peak stress keeps rising with an increased number of ECAE passes, suggesting a strong grain boundary contribution to dynamic strengthening. Scanning electron microscopy of post-loaded surfaces displays a morphology of diffuse shear bands accompanying highly compressed grains. In our report, we demonstrate that grain boundaries of severely deformed metals play different roles at low, quasi-static vs. high-strain rates of mechanical loading. The difference is primarily determined by the strength of grain boundaries acting as dislocation barriers at different loading rates. This discovery is significant for the understanding of the effect of the microstructure as a function of the applied loading rate.