广西桑蚕茧丝质量与性能指标的测定分析

本研究对广西桑蚕茧的茧丝质量与性能指标进行了测定分析.结果表明,广西桑蚕茧外形略小,茧层丝胶含量、茧层易溶丝胶含量、丝胶溶解性以及茧丝纤度等主要指标均与江浙夏秋用桑蚕茧有明显差异.桑蚕茧的茧层丝胶含量、易溶丝胶含量随庄口、季节不同而有显著差异;春季桂南地区的蚕茧茧层丝胶含量高于桂西北地区,秋季刚好相反.茧层易溶丝胶含量在11.6%～14.4%之间,约占丝胶总含量的41%～45%,茧层易溶丝胶含量和解舒率呈显著的正相关关系,即茧层易溶丝胶含量越多,蚕茧解舒越好.庄口和季节是影响桑蚕茧层易溶丝胶含量高低与蚕茧解舒优劣的重要因素.广西桑蚕茧层丝胶对煮茧温度更敏感,茧丝纤度粗细变化开差大.因此,我们认为目前困扰广西桑蚕茧加工技术突破的原因之一是缫丝工艺技术,采用传统缫丝工艺技术难以正常发挥广西桑蚕茧的茧丝优势与特性.     

煮茧工艺参数的优选

煮茧主要是针对茧丝中丝胶而言,对同一庄口茧来说,不同煮茧工艺使丝胶有不同的膨润溶解度,也将产生不同的茧质特征数．本文对同一庄口茧采用不同煮茧工艺,得到5组茧质特征数．应用灰色系统理论进行综合分析,选择了一组较优工艺参数,最大限度发挥原料优势,以提高缫丝厂效益．     

不同环境下家蚕产量构成因素的通径分析及育种对策的探讨

利用52个家蚕品种在春秋两个季节的试验资料,对万头茧层量及其构成因素作了通径分析。结果表明:不同环境下,诸因素对万头茧层量的作用不完全相同,主要表现为幼虫生命率和茧层率在不同季节中的作用相对地变化。结合育种实践指出:(1)春用蚕品种的选育应在保证生命率的前提下努力提高茧层率和全茧量,而夏秋用品种的选育应在保证茧层率的前提下努力提高生命率和全茧量。 (2)为提高选择效果,春蚕期育种应以选择茧层率为主,夏秋期育种应以选择生命率为主。     

野桑蚕、蓖麻蚕及家蚕基因组的RFLP分析

以家蚕Bombyx mori丝素重链基因、丝胶基因1和胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制因子13基因为探针,对野桑蚕B.mandarina、蓖麻蚕Philosamia cynthia ricini和家蚕B.mori基因组DNA进行限制性片段长度多态性分析。结果发现,在野桑蚕、蓖麻蚕基因组中存在着家蚕丝素重链基因、丝胶基因1的同源序列,而在中日野桑蚕以及蓖麻蚕品种间存在着限制性酶切位点差异;丝胶基因1在中国野桑蚕基因组的EcoRⅠ酶切图谱较日本野桑蚕与家蚕更为一致,表明家蚕与中国野桑蚕亲缘关系更近。此外,在野桑蚕基因组中发现了家蚕胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制因子13基因的同源序列,并且在家蚕品种间以及中日野桑蚕之间也存在着多态性。这些结果表明不同绢丝昆虫在适应生存环境的进化过程中,基因组发生了结构改变。     

家蚕二化性杂交品种部分数量性状遗传参数的初步评估

采用完全随机设计法根据10头老熟幼虫体重、全茧重、茧层量、茧层率（%）、存活率、万蚕茧层量和茧丝长等指标,对两对二化性家蚕Bombyx mori L. 杂交品系（SH6×NB₄D₂和CSR₂×CSR₄）杂交一代的22个子代个体进行了遗传参数估算,以缩小优质蚕品种的候选范围,并且计算出直接筛选的参数,如遗传力和遗传进度等,使这些信息可用于以筛选高产新品种为目的的育种和选择过程中。杂交子代2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 16, 19和20号个体在这几个指标中表现出显著的优越性。全茧重、万蚕茧层量和茧丝长的遗传力和遗传进度较大,可以简单地从表现型的差异对这些性状进行选择并取得遗传性状改良。其他几个指标(10头老熟幼虫体重、茧层量、茧层率(%)和存活率)的遗传力和遗传进度较低,对这些性状进行直接选择来改良品种的效果较差。     

蚕丝与蚕茧

尽管自然界中会吐丝的昆虫有很多,但是蚕丝却是唯一被人类利用于纺织业的天然长纤维。蚕丝的许多优良性能都与蚕丝的结构特点有关。蚕丝纤维由两根呈三角形或半椭圆形的丝素外包丝胶组成.横截面呈椭圆形.其中丝素占70%～80%,丝胶占20%～30%。丝素是由一种由丙氨酸、甘氨酸等18种氨基酸组成的天然蛋白质,它是一种纤维状蛋白,主要起机械承载的作用。丝胶是一种球蛋白,具有很好的水溶性。蚕茧之所以能在热水中抽出丝来就是因为丝胶溶解后的结果。同时,丝胶的球蛋     

基于超高效液相色谱-质谱技术对野蚕茧和家蚕茧化学成分进行比较

鉴定并比较野蚕茧与家蚕茧的化学成分对于理解家蚕的驯化具有重要的意义。利用高温高压结合甲醇-水提取的方法获得蚕茧中的化学成分,利用UHPLC-MS技术对野蚕、家蚕大造品种和皓月品种3种蚕茧丝中的小分子成分进行鉴定和比较分析。通过阳离子模式和阴离子模式的UHPLC-MS获得了野蚕、大造和皓月蚕茧丝的代谢指纹图谱,对鉴定到的高丰度化合物进行注释,发现其中包括了氨基酸、黄酮、生物碱、萜类、有机酸和木脂素等成分。PLS-DA的得分图表明,野蚕、家蚕大造品种和皓月品种的3种蚕茧的代谢组存在显著差异。发现脯氨酸、亮氨酸/异亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸在大造茧中的含量显著高于在野蚕和皓月茧中的含量,黄酮类植物次生代谢物在大造茧中的含量显著提高,包括槲皮素、异槲皮素、槲皮素-3-O-槐糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-L-鼠李糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷和山奈酚;而神经碱、白桥楼碱、毛果芸香次碱、美洲豚草内酯、线叶泽兰素和中缅木莲素等生物碱、萜类和木脂素类的植物次生代谢物在野蚕茧中的含量显著高于在家蚕茧中的含量。在紫外光的激发下观察黄酮的绿色荧光发现家蚕大造茧中的黄酮含量最高,家蚕皓月茧中的黄酮含量最低,而野蚕茧中的黄酮含量居中。生物碱和有机酸是良好的抗虫抗菌剂,它们在野蚕茧中的含量较高,能够提高野蚕茧的防护能力。黄酮类物质在家蚕大造茧中的含量较高,是导致家蚕大造茧呈黄绿色的主要原因。     

家蚕不同茧色品种中cbp基因的结构和表达分析

类胡萝卜素结合蛋白(CBP)是唯一已被确认与家蚕黄色茧形成儡切相关的主要蛋白质。文章选择12个有色茧和白茧蚕品种, 调查了cbp基因结构、转录产物mRNA类型和丝腺类胡萝卜素紫外可见光吸收特征与其茧色的关系。结果表明: 黄色茧蚕品种含有2种或3种cbp基因结构, 同时转录具有CBP功能性的完整 mRNA和缺少第2外显子的mRNA; 绿茧品种间cbp基因结构存在差异, 转录缺少第2外显子的mRNA; 白茧蚕品种cbp基因只有1种结构, 转录缺少第2外显子的mRNA。文章在黄茧品种中新发现的cbp基因第1内含子序列可能具有茧色品种特异性, 家蚕黄茧品种丝腺的紫外可见吸收光谱特征显著区别于绿茧和白茧品种, cbp基因的结构和表达特征与家蚕茧色密切相关。     

蚕茧近红外反射（NIR）光谱的模式识别──Ⅰ．对雌雄鲜茧、死笼茧的非破坏性识别

探讨了利用蚕茧近红外反射光谱识别雌雄茧、死笼茧的方法及可行性。采用６２５０型近红外光谱分析仪,从波长６８０ｎｍ到１２３５ｎｍ对２０５颗鲜茧做了非破坏性扫描测试,用逐步判别方法从一、二阶导数光谱数据中抽取特征向量,以此特征向量建立Ｂａｙｅｓ判别函数,对３７５个检验样本进行识别,其符合率达９５．７％,该方法明显优于以茧的重量和大小判别雌雄的方法。实验结果还表明,雌雄茧近红外反射光谱的差别,主要是由于蚕蛹性质不同所致,而与茧层的关系不大。     

家蚕荧光茧色的判性机理

以家蚕荧光茧色判性品种为实验材料,对蚕茧层表面和茧层抽提物的荧光光谱分析表明,蚕茧荧光色不论雌雄都出现黄色和蓝紫色二个荧光发射峰,因两者相对荧光强度不同而引起雌雄茧之间的荧光色差异,通过对家蚕中肠组织的荧光观察和荧光显微观察,发现蚕茧荧光色的雌雄差异或判性是由于雌蚕中肠组织对黄色荧光色素的特异性积累而引起的,5龄4日以后,雌蚕食桑后经过中肠消化与吸收,全部或大部分黄色荧光物质开始积累于中肠后部细胞内直至变态化蛹,所有蓝紫色荧光物质单独或与少量黄色荧光物质一起分泌进入血液,再到达丝腺体而使雌茧呈蓝紫或蓝白荧光色,而雄蚕中肠组织对这二类荧光物质都不积累,全部分泌进入血液再到达丝腺体最后使雄蚕茧呈黄白荧光色,应用硅胶薄层色谱和荧光光谱分析提示,蓝紫荧光色物质至少由5种蓝紫荧光色素成分组成,而黄色荧光物质至少由3种黄色荧光色素成分组成;从雄蚕茧层中提取到的黄色荧光色素与雌蚕后部中肠积累的色素完全相同,紫外光谱分析和AlCl3显色反应表明,3种黄色荧光色素属于黄酮类或黄酮苷类化合物,其中一种黄色荧光色素（Rf=0.82）为主要成分,其荧光发射光谱最大发射峰为533nm,激发光谱峰值为377nm,上述结果充分表明,家蚕荧光判性品种的雌雄荧光茧色差异就是由雌性家蚕中肠尤其是后部中肠对黄色荧光色素的特异性积累而引起的,因此,可以推测,在荧光茧色判性的5龄雌蚕中肠,特别是后部中肠上皮圆筒形细胞中特异表达一种能与黄色荧光色素结合的蛋白。     

家蚕茧质性状的QTL定位研究

采用QTLMapper 2．0 QTL作图软件,对F2群体的家蚕全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等性状进行了QTL定位分析,分别检测出7个、6个、2个、8个有显著效应分量的QTLs,分布于7个、5个、2个、7个不同的连锁群。控制全茧量、茧层量的QTLs一般存在复杂的上位性效应。对全茧量性状,有3对QTLs存在显著的加加上位性效应,其中1对还存在加显、显显互作;共有3个QTLs存在显著的显性效应,1个存在显著的加性效应。对茧层量QTLs,发现1对QTLs存在极显著的各项遗传效应,包括上位性效应;1对QTLs被检测到显著的显显互作,1个QTL具有显著的显性效应,并与另一个QTL存在显著的加加互作。茧层率、蛹体重主要受加性或显性的QTLs作用,没有发现茧层率QTLs的上位性效应,蛹体重的有效QTL大都呈现显著的负向显性效应,只有一对QTLs存在显著的加加上位性效应。第2、3、4、11、13、24、34、37、40连锁群是两个或多个性状QTLs分布的共同连锁群。全茧量和茧层量存在共同的QTL或染色体区域,育种上可通过适当选配,利用基因的互作效应,同步改良这两个性状。     

家蚕茧质性状的性别效应预测

研究采用混合线性模型,对家蚕全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等性状的性别效应进行理论估算：全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等4性状的性别随机效应的方差的概率和性别随机效应的预测值概率都达到极显著水平,证明全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等四性状的性别效应极显著,这完全符合实际情况。全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等4性状的性别效应预测值雌（雄）分别为0.248g（-0.247g）、2.423cg(-2.394)cg、-1.976%(1.992%)和0.224g(-0.223g)。性别效应调整后各性状均呈单峰正态分布,符合QTL分析对数量性状连续正态分布的要求。     

Cocoon predation on diprionid sawflies: the effect of forest fertility

Predation by small mammals is thought to be one of the main regulators of outbreaking sawfly species. It has been suggested that predation may be lower in poor and dryish forests, and this is the reason why outbreaks often begin from this type of environment. We studied experimentally how fertility of the forest site affects cocoon predation experienced by two sawfly species, the common pine sawfly Diprion pini (Linnaeus) and the European pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy). We applied a fertilization treatment to selected pine-dominated barren forest sites in Finland, and 2–4 years later monitored predation on the sawfly cocoons in fertilized and control areas. The results did not support the idea that forest fertility was related to cocoon predation. We also could not verify that small mammal abundance was related to fertility of the forest. The most obvious pattern we observed was that the two sawfly species differed dramatically in predation experienced. N. sertifer has its cocoon phase in mid-summer and experienced only moderate predation (37%) whereas D. pini, with its cocoon phase in autumn, suffered from very heavy predation (96%). Our observations suggest that if predation is important in controlling the population dynamics of the species, its impact depends more on the sawfly species and season than on the fertility of the forest site. Received: 1 March 1998 / Accepted: 25 May 1998     

Proteins in the Cocoon of Silkworm Inhibit the Growth of Beauveria bassiana

Silk cocoons are composed of fiber proteins (fibroins) and adhesive glue proteins (sericins), which provide a physical barrier to protect the inside pupa. Moreover, other proteins were identified in the cocoon silk, many of which are immune related proteins. In this study, we extracted proteins from the silkworm cocoon by Tris-HCl buffer (pH7.5), and found that they had a strong inhibitory activity against fungal proteases and they had higher abundance in the outer cocoon layers than in the inner cocoon layers. Moreover, we found that extracted cocoon proteins can inhibit the germination of Beauveria bassiana spores. Consistent with the distribution of protease inhibitors, we found that proteins from the outer cocoon layers showed better inhibitory effects against B. bassiana spores than proteins from the inner layers. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to reveal the extracted components in the scaffold silk, the outermost cocoon layer. A total of 129 proteins were identified, 30 of which were annotated as protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors accounted for 89.1% in abundance among extracted proteins. These protease inhibitors have many intramolecular disulfide bonds to maintain their stable structure, and remained active after being boiled. This study added a new understanding to the antimicrobial function of the cocoon.     

Strain Rate and Anisotropic Microstructure Dependent Mechanical Behaviors of Silkworm Cocoon Shells

Silkworm cocoons are multi-layered composite structures comprised of high strength silk fiber and sericin, and their mechanical properties have been naturally selected to protect pupas during metamorphosis from various types of external attacks. The present study attempts to gain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of cocoon shell materials from wild silkworm species Antheraea pernyi under dynamic loading rates. Five dynamic strain rates from 0.00625 s^-1 to 12.5 s^-1 are tested to show the strain rate sensitivity of the cocoon shell material. In the meantime, the anisotropy of the cocoon shell is considered and the cocoon shell specimens are cut along 0°, 45° and 90° orientation to the short axis of cocoons. Typical mechanical properties including Young’s modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength and ultimate strain are extracted and analyzed from the stress-strain curves. Furthermore, the fracture morphologies of the cocoon shell specimens are observed under scanning electron microscopy to help understand the relationship between the mechanical properties and the microstructures of the cocoon material. A discussion on the dynamic strain rate effect on the mechanical properties of cocoon shell material is followed by fitting our experimental results to two previous models, and the effect could be well explained. We also compare natural and dried cocoon materials for the dynamic strain rate effect and interestingly the dried cocoon shells show better overall mechanical properties. This study provides a different perspective on the mechanical properties of cocoon material as a composite material, and provides some insight for bio-inspired engineering materials.     

菲牛蛭交配及卵茧人工孵化初步研究

人工饲养条件下,比较观察了不同养殖模式(水体、土壤)和不同温度(24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃、32℃和34℃)对菲牛蛭(Hirudinaria manillensis)交配率的影响,并进行了不同卵茧质量(＜0.6 g、0.6～1.0 g、1.0～1.5g、1.5～2.0 g、＞2.0 g)及不同温度(22℃、24℃、...     

中国腹茧症15年流行病学特征

目的:探讨中国近15年腹茧症的流行病学特征和诊疗经验.方法:总结中国1994年1月-2009年1月问的腹茧症文献资料.结果:中国近15年共报道903例腹茧症,男女比例为1:1.35,平均年龄33.14岁,51.7%分布在华东地区,90.5%以不同表现形式的肠梗阻为主要表现,70.5%属于弥漫型腹茧症,40.2%患者无大网膜,手术以包膜切除为主.结论:腹茧症主要分布在华东地区,术前诊断困难,切除包膜和松解粘连是治疗本病的有效方法.     

Comparative Proteome Analysis of Multi-Layer Cocoon of the Silkworm,Bombyx mori

Bombyx mori cocoon has a multi-layer structure that provides optimal protection for silkworm pupa. Research on the mechanical properties of the multi-layer structure revealed structure-property relationships of the cocoon. Here, we investigated the protein components of the B. mori cocoon in terms of its multi-layer structure. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identified 286 proteins from the multiple cocoon layers. In addition to fibroins and sericins, we identified abundant protease inhibitors, seroins and proteins of unknown function. By comparing protein abundance across layers, we found that the outermost layer contained more sericin1 and protease inhibitors and the innermost layer had more seroin1. As many as 36 protease inhibitors were identified in cocoons, showing efficient inhibitory activities against a fungal protease. Thus, we propose that more abundant protease inhibitors in the outer cocoon layers may provide better protection for the cocoon. This study increases our understanding of the multi-layer mechanism of cocoons, and helps clarify the biological characteristics of cocoons. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001469.     

Cocoon deposition of Rhyacodrilus hiemalis Ohtaka (Tubificidae) in Lake Biwa,Japan

The larval stages of the mud prawn Upogebia africana were reared in the laboratory, from hatchings of females collected in the Mgazana estuary, South Africa. The larvae were tested for the combined effects of temperature and salinity in a factorial designed experiment, using 3 females and 2 replicates of 10 larvae per combination. Combinations were made from 5 temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) and 4 salinities (15, 25, 35 and 45). Results were tested by ANOVA and multiple regression was applyed to generate contour models by polynomial equation. Results showed that U. africana develops optimally in near to sea water salinity at around 25 °C, with slightly wider tolerance to low salinity in zoeal stage I, and with increased moult rate at lower salinity in late stages. A comparison with similar experimental results for other species is made, namely in view of the life cycle strategies for dispersal and return migration.