Preparation and Properties of Al2O3-doping LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Cathode Materials

LiNi_1/3Co_1/3-xMn_1/3O₂ doped with Al₂O₃ (x = 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%) was synthesized by co-precipitation of Ni, Co, and Mn acetates. The influence of Al₂O₃ doping on structure and electrochemical performances of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy, charge/discharge tester, and electrochemical workstation. It was found that the materials achieved the best electrochemical properties when x was 5%. The first discharge capacity was 156.3 mAh · g^?1(0.1 C, 2.0–4.8 V), which was close to the un-doped sample (156.8 mAh · g^?1). After 20 cycles, the capacity retention ratios at the C-ratios of 0.1C, 0.2C, and 0.5 C were 96.1%, 94.9%, and 89.4%, respectively, while the capacity retention ratios of the un-doped samples were only 92.6% (0.1 C), 91.8% (0.2 C), and 88.7% (0.5C). The alternating current impedance shows that the charge transfer in the electrode interface was the easiest when x was 5%.     

GITT studies on oxide cathode LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 synthesized by citric acid assisted high-energy ball milling

Layered LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was synthesized by a citric acid assisted solid-state method. The structure and electrochemical properties of the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ materials were investigated. XRD analysis indicated the as-synthesized LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was with the layered α-NaFeO₂ structure. The discharge capacity was about 154 m·Ahg^???1 at 0·1 °C rate in the range of 2·0–4·5 V. The kinetics of the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ materials was investigated by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) method. The lithium ion diffusion coefficient of the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was determined in the range of 10^???8??? 10^???9 cm²· s^???1 as a function of voltage of 3·7?4·5 V.     

Structural,electrical and electrochemical behaviours of LiNi0·4 M 0·1Mn1·5O4 (M = Al,Bi) as cathode material for Li-ion batteries

In order to improve the cycling performance of LiMn₂O₄ based cathode materials, we have synthesized a new composition, LiNi_0·4 M _0·1Mn_1·5O₄ (M = Al, Bi), by the sol–gel method. The formation of solid solutions is confirmed by structural characterization using TG/DTA, XRD, FT–IR, EPR, SEM and EPR. A.c.-impedance (Nyquist plot) showed a high frequency semicircle and a sloping line in the low-frequency region. The semicircle is ascribed to the Li-ion migration through the interface from the surface layer of the particles to the electrolyte. Cyclic voltammogram (between 3·5 and 4·9 V) for these materials using CR2032 coin-type cell shows two pairs of redox peaks corresponding to two-step reversible intercalation process, wherein Li-ions occupy two different tetragonal 8a sites in spinel Li _x Mn₂O₄ (x < 1) lattice. The galvanostatic charge/discharge curves for M = Al (77 mAh g^–1) showed reasonably good capacity retention than that of M = Bi (11 mAh g^–1) at the end of 17th cycle.     

A comprehensive study on influence of Nd3 + substitution on properties of LiMn2O4

LiNd _x Mn_2???x O₄ samples are synthesized via co-precipitation technique. The activation energies computed from thermogravimetric analyses on the basis of Ozawa method have been observed to linearly increase with increase in dopant concentration. X-ray diffraction analyses indicate the cubic–spinel structure for all the samples. The lattice parameter has been observed to decrease with increasing concentration of Nd^3?+? doping. The octahedral site preference of neodymium dopant in the LiMn₂O₄ structure has been elucidated using XRD and FT–IR studies. The porosity and surface roughness obtained from SEM analysis have been observed to decrease with increase in Nd^3?+? dopant concentration in LiMn₂O₄ lattice. The electrochemical performances of the electrodes were analysed through cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance techniques. The specific capacity has been observed to decrease initially with increase in Nd^3?+? dopant concentration, whereas the capacity retention has increased with increase in dopant concentration. The observed percentage capacity retention after 50 cycles of the electrodes LiNd_0·05Mn_1·95O₄, LiNd_0·10Mn_1·90O₄ and LiNd_0·15Mn_1·85O₄ were 88·4%, 97·1% and 96·8%, respectively. The Li ion diffusion coefficient ascertained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was found to be higher for LiNd_0·10Mn_1·90O₄ around 3·74 × 10^???12 cm² s^???1.     

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies of LiNi0·8M0·2O2 cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries

LiNiO₂ and substituted nickel oxides, LiNi_0·8M_0·2O₂ and LiCo_0·8M_0·2O₂ (M = Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺), have been synthesized using simple solid state technique and used as cathode active materials for lithium rechargeable cells. Physical properties of the synthesized products are discussed in the structural (XRD, TEM, SEM with EDAX) and spectroscopic (FTIR) measurements. XRD results show that the compounds are similar to LiNiO₂ in structure. TEM and SEM analyses were used to examine the particle size, nature and morphological aspects of the synthesized oxides. The composition of the materials was explored by EDAX analysis. Electrochemical studies were carried out in the range 3–4·5 V (vs Li metal) using 1 M LiBF₄ in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate as the electrolyte. The doping involving 20% Mg resulted in a discharge capacity of 185 mAhg⁻¹ at 0·1 mA/cm² and remained stable even after 25 cycles. Discharge capacity retention for Mg doped lithium nickelate at 25th cycle was noted to be nearly 7% higher than for the undoped material.     

Crystal structure,energy gap and photoluminescence investigation of Mn2+/Cr3+-doped ZnS nanostructures by precipitation method

Mn added ZnS (Zn_0.97Mn_0.03S) and Mn–Cr-doped ZnS (Zn_0.95Mn_0.03Cr_0.02S) nanostructures were synthesized by co-precipitation process. XRD pattern confirmed the cubic phase with highest intensity along (111) orientation. The shrinkage of crystallite size from 36 Å (Zn_0.97Mn_0.03S) to 26 Å (Zn_0.95Mn_0.03Cr_0.02S) and the influence of Cr/Mn on microstructural, optical and photoluminescence properties in ZnS were investigated. The substitution of Cr in Zn_0.97Mn_0.03S lattice not only diminished the crystallite size and also produced more defect-associated luminescent activation centres. The elevated micro-strain from 9.71?×?10^–3 (Zn_0.97Mn_0.03S) to 13.11?×?10^–3 (Zn_0.95Mn_0.03Cr_0.02S) by Cr substitution is due to the decrease of size and the higher micro-strain at Cr?=?2% is owing to the drop off of activation energy which is originated from higher electro-negativity of Cr ions than Zn²⁺ ions. The enhanced lattice parameters by Cr doping may be due to the coexistence of both Cr³⁺ ions and Cr²⁺ ions where the existence of Cr²⁺ ions is higher than Cr³⁺ ions and substitute Zn²⁺ basic ions with the ionic radius of 0.74 Å in the Zn–Mn–S host lattice. The presence of Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Cr³⁺ ions in Zn–Mn–Cr–S lattice was confirmed by XPS spectra. SEM/TEM micrographs explored the microstructure and confirmed the sized reduction by Cr doping. The elevation in band gap from 3.50 eV (Zn_0.97Mn_0.03S) to 3.63 eV (Zn_0.95Mn_0.03Cr_0.02S, ?E_g?~?0.13 eV) by Cr addition was explained by Burstein–Moss effect and reduced crystallite size. The tuning of band gap and crystallite size of basic ZnS nanostructure by Mn/Cr substitution encourages these materials for modern electronic applications. FTIR spectra established the occurrence of Mn/Cr in Zn–S lattice by their characteristic bondings. The elevated yellowish-orange emission at 594 nm in Mn/Cr substituted ZnS is due to the exchange communication among the s–p electron states of Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions in Zn–S lattice. The inclusion of Mn /Cr provides an efficient control over modification of various emissions which suggests their applications in organic LED materials.

     

Phthalic acid assisted nano-sized spinel LiMn2O4 and LiCrxMn2−xO4 (x = 0.00–0.40) via sol–gel synthesis and its electrochemical behaviour for use in Li-ion-batteries

Nano-sized particles of spinel LiMn₂O₄ and LiCr_xMn_2?xO₄ (x = Cr; 0.00–0.40) have been synthesized using phthalic acid as chelating agent for the first time by sol–gel method. When compared to solid-state synthesis method, the sol–gel route reduces heating time of synthesize and to obtain particles of uniform surface morphology. The synthesized samples were characterized through thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM images of the parent compounds show nanospherical grains of LiMn₂O₄ when compared to chromium-doped ones. XRD patterns of LiMn₂O₄ ascertain amorphous nature and for high calcined LiCr_xMn_2?xO₄ single phase highly crystalline patterns were obtained. TEM images of the parent and chromium-doped spinel particles depict individual grain morphology with well-separated grain boundaries. LiCr_0.10Mn_1.90O₄ excels in discharge and cycling behaviour and offer higher columbic efficiency, when compared to un-doped LiMn₂O₄. Cyclic voltammograms of LiMn₂O₄ and LiCr_xMn_2?xO₄ exhibit oxidation and reduction peaks corresponding to Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ and Cr³⁺/Cr⁴⁺.     

Synthesis of Li<Subscript>1.2</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>0.54</Subscript>Co<Subscript>0.13</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>0.13</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> by sol–gel method and its electrochemical properties as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Li_1.2Mn_0.54Co_0.13Ni_0.13O₂ was synthesized by sol–gel method at 700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C, respectively, characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and measured as the cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). After their performances have been compared, 800 °C was considered as the optimum synthesis temperature for Li_1.2Mn_0.54Co_0.13Ni_0.13O₂ as the cathode materials for LIBs. When charge–discharged at 20 mA g^?1 in a voltage window of 2.0–4.8 V, the Li_1.2Mn_0.54Co_0.13Ni_0.13O₂ synthesized at 800 °C (LMNCO-800) showed charge and discharge capacities of 376.2 and 276.3 mAh g^?1, respectively, with irreversible capacity of 99.9 mAh g^?1 and Coulombic efficiency of 73.4%, in the first charge–discharge cycle. The discharge capacity was 239.0 mAh g^?1 in the 50th charge–discharge cycle, with capacity retention of 86.6%. The LMNCO-800 also showed superior high-rate performances. When cycled at the rates of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 C rate (1 C?=?200 mA g^?1), the discharge capacities of the Li_1.2Mn_0.54Co_0.13Ni_0.13O₂ can reach 241, 171, 150 and 110 mAh g^?1, respectively. When characterized with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanodomains with two different structures can be found in LMNCO-800, with some nanodomains showing monoclinic Li₂MnO₃ structure and the other nanodomains showing hexagonal LiMO₂ structure.     

Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of LiCo<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> by radiated polymer gel method

Layered LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ as a lithium insertion positive-electrode material was prepared by a radiated polymer gel method. The synthesis conditions and microstructure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the products were investigated by XRD, SEM and electrochemical cell cycling. It was found that the positive-electrode material annealed at 950 °C showed the best electrochemical property with the first specific discharge capacity of 178 mAh/g at C/6 and stable cycling ability between 2.8 and 4.5 V versus Li/Li⁺. The optimized LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ exhibited rather good rate capability with the specific capacity of 173 mAh/g at 0.2C and 116 mAh/g at 4C under a fast charge and discharge mode in rate performance test.     

Al2O3:Cr3+ microfibers by hydrothermal route: Luminescence properties

Uniform Al₂O₃:Cr³⁺ microfibers were synthesized by using a hydrothermal route and thermal decomposition of a precursor of Cr³⁺ doped ammonium aluminum hydroxide carbonate (denoted as AAHC), and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectra and decay curves. XRD indicated that Cr³⁺ doped samples calcined at 1473 K were the most of α-Al₂O₃ phase. SEM showed that the length and diameter of these Cr³⁺ doped alumina microfibers were about 3–9 μm and 300 nm, respectively. PL spectra showed that the Al₂O₃:Cr³⁺ microfibers presented a broad R band at 696 nm. It is shown that the 0.07 mol% of doping concentration of Cr³⁺ ions in α-Al₂O₃:Cr³⁺ was optimum. According to Dexter's theory, the critical distance between Cr³⁺ ions for energy transfer was determined to be 38 Å. It is found that the curve followed the single-exponential decay.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.375Co0.25Mn0.375−xCrxO2−xFx cathode materials prepared by sol–gel method

Layer-structured cathode material for lithium ion batteries LiNi_0.375Co_0.25Mn_0.375?xCr_xO_2?xF_x (0 ≤ x < 0.1) has been synthesized from sol–gel precursors. Its structure and electrochemical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a variety of electrochemical techniques. The XRD results reveal that LiNi_0.375Co_0.25Mn_0.375?xCr_xO_2?xF_x has typical hexagonal structure without impurity. The Cr–F co-doped materials show higher specific discharge capacity and improved cycling performance compared with the raw materials as x in the range of 0.00–0.06. LiNi_0.375Co_0.25Mn_0.315Cr_0.06O_1.94F_0.06 demonstrates an initial discharge capacity of 168.5 mAh g^?1 with 20th capacity retention about 93.7%. It has been confirmed that the improved cycling performance is derived from the little increase of electrochemical impedance during the cycling.     

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li1+xNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2+δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

In this work, layered lithium-excess materials Li_1+xNi_0.5Mn_0.3Co_0.2O_2+δ (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15), of spherical morphology with primary nanoparticles assembled in secondary microspheres, were synthesized by a coprecipitation method. The effects of lithium content on the structure and electrochemical performance of these materials were evaluated by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductive coupled plasma (ICP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. It is found that Li_1.10Ni_0.5Mn_0.3Co_0.2O_2+δ, i.e., Li[(Ni_0.5Mn_0.3Co_0.2)_0.95Li_0.05]O₂ showed the best electrochemical performance due to the highly ordered layered structure, reduced cation mixing and the lowest charge transfer resistance. Li_1.10Ni_0.5Mn_0.3Co_0.2O_2+δ delivered a discharge capacity of 145 mA h g^?1 at 125 mA g^?1 in the cut-off voltage of 2.5–4.3 V, and had a capacity retention of 100% after 50 cycles at room temperature.     

Host-sensitized phosphorescence of Mn4+, Pr3+,4+ and Nd3+ in MgAl2Si2O8

Mn⁴⁺ doped and Pr^3+,4+, Nd³⁺ co-doped MgAl₂Si₂O₈-based phosphors were first of all synthesized about 1300 °C. They were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The luminescence mechanism of the phosphors, which showed broad red emission bands in the range of 610–715 nm and had a different maximum intensity when activated by UV illumination, was discussed. Such a red emission can be attributed to the intrinsic d–d transitions of Mn⁴⁺.     

Mn<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanorods with secondary plate-like nanostructures; preparation,characterization and application as high performance electrode material in supercapacitors

Mn₃O₄ nanorods with secondary plate-like structures were prepared through precipitation from a 0.005 M manganese chloride bath, under the applying direct current mode (i = 2 mA cm^?2). The structural analysis through XRD and FTIR confirmed that the deposited nanopowder has pure monoclinic phase of Mn₃O₄. Further morphological assessment through SEM proved the product to have the Mn₃O₄ nanorods in large quantity, which constructed the secondary plate-like building blocks. Cyclic voltammetric and charge–discharge experiments on the product indicated the prepared Mn₃O₄ to possess high specific capacitance (SC) values of 298 F g^?1, as well as an outstandingly durable cycling stability (95.1 % of initial capacity after discharging 1000 cycles).     

Influence of conductive electroactive polymer polyaniline on electrochemical performance of LiMn1·95Al0·05O4 cathode for lithium ion batteries

Conductive electroactive polymer polyaniline is utilized to substitute conductive additive acetylene black in the LiMn_1·95Al_0·05O₄ cathode for lithium ion batteries. Results show that LiMn_1·95Al_0·05O₄ possesses stable structure and good performance. Percolation theory is used to optimize the content of conductive additive in cathode. It shows that the conductivity of cathode reaches its maximum value when the content of conductive additives is 15 wt%. This is in agreement with the results of charge and discharge experiments. The application of polyaniline can evidently enhance the electrochemical performance of cathode. The discharge capacity of cathode using 15 wt% polyaniline is 95·9 mAh g^???1 at the current density of 170 mA g^???1. The charge transfer resistance under different depths of discharge of cathode is much lower compared with the use of acetylene black. It can be concluded that the application of polyaniline in cathode can greatly improve the electrochemical performances of LiMn_1·95Al_0·05O₄ cathode.     

Multi‐Step Phase Transitions of Mn3O4 During Galvanostatic Lithiation: An In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopic Investigation

For study of electrochemical reaction mechanisms at nanoscale, in situ electrochemical transmission electron microscopy (EC‐TEM) exceeds many other methods due to its high temporal and spatial resolution. However, the limited amount of active materials used in previous in situ TEM studies prevents the model EC cells to operate in the constant‐current (galvanostatic) charge/discharge mode that is required for accurate control of electrochemical processes. Herein, a new in situ EC‐TEM technique is developed to investigate multi‐step phase transitions of Mn₃O₄ electrodes under the galvanostatic charge/discharge mode and constant‐voltage discharge mode. In galvanostatic mode, the lithiation of Mn₃O₄ undergoes multi‐step phase transitions following a reaction pathway of Mn₃O₄ + Li⁺ → LiMn₃O₄ + Li⁺ → MnO + Li₂O → Mn + Li₂O. It is also found that lithium ions prefer to enter Mn₃O₄ along the {101} direction to form LiMn₃O₄ with the help of transitional boundary phase of Li_xMn₃O₄. These results are in sharp contrast to that obtained under a constant‐voltage discharge mode, where only a single‐step lithiation process of Mn₃O₄ + Li⁺ → Mn + Li₂O is observed.     

Tuning colossal magnetoresistance response at roomtemperature by La2/3+ySr1/3−yMn1−yCryO3

The special formula of La_2/3+ySr_1/3−yMn_1−yCr_yO₃ with [Mn³⁺]/([Mn⁴⁺] + [Cr³⁺]) ratio fixed at optimal proportion 2:1 was designed to tune colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) response around room temperature and test the possibility of ferromagnetic (FM) interaction of hetero-ionic coupling between Mn³⁺ and Cr³⁺. The polycrystalline bulk samples were fabricated by the traditional solid-state reaction method. The structural, magnetic, electrical transports and magnetoresistance (MR) properties were investigated. An enhancement of CMR at room temperature with appropriate content y has been observed, meanwhile, substituting Cr for Mn in manganites shows inefficiency in lowering ferromagnetic–paramagnetic (FM–PM) transition temperature T_c and metal–insulator (M–I) transition temperature T_p. Experimental results indicate that there might exist a FM coupling between Mn³⁺ and Cr³⁺.     

A facile method to synthesize carbon coated Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 with improved performance

Carbon-coated Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ powders have been synthesized with Bakelite and heat process in air. The effect of carbon coating on the physical and electrochemical properties have been discussed through the characterizations of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), discharge and rate tests. The carbon-coated cathode exhibits much improved first discharge capacity and rate capability than the pristine sample. The discharge capacity at 0.1 and 5.0 C rates are 246 and 125 mAhg⁻¹, while that of pristine are only about 222 and 49 mAhg⁻¹, respectively. The capacity retention of Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ electrode after 50 cycles is improved from 89.8 to 97.5% after carbon coating. EIS results indicate that R_ct of Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ electrode is decreased from 62 to 37 Ω after carbon coating.     

Elucidating the Reaction Mechanism of Mn2+ Electrolyte Additives in Aqueous Zinc Batteries

Aqueous zinc batteries (ZIBs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years because of their high safety and eco-friendly features. Numerous studies have shown that adding Mn²⁺ salts to ZnSO₄ electrolytes enhanced overall energy densities and extended the cycling life of Zn/MnO₂ batteries. It is commonly believed that Mn²⁺ additives in the electrolyte inhibit the dissolution of MnO₂ cathode. To better understand the role of Mn²⁺ electrolyte additives, the ZIB using a Co₃O₄ cathode instead of MnO₂ in 0.3 m MnSO₄ + 3 m ZnSO₄ electrolyte is built to avoid interference from MnO₂ cathode. As expected, the Zn/Co₃O₄ battery exhibits electrochemical characteristics nearly identical to those of Zn/MnO₂ batteries. Operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and electrochemical analyses are carried out to determine the reaction mechanism and pathway. This work demonstrates that the electrochemical reaction occurring at cathode involves a reversible Mn²⁺/MnO₂ deposition/dissolution process, while a chemical reaction of Zn²⁺/Zn₄SO₄(OH)₆∙5H₂O deposition/dissolution is involved during part of the charge/discharge cycle due to the change in the electrolyte environment. The reversible Zn²⁺/Zn₄SO₄(OH)₆∙5H₂O reaction contributes no capacity and lowers the diffusion kinetics of the Mn²⁺/MnO₂ reaction, which prevents the operation of ZIBs at high current densities.     

Stacking Order Induced Anion Redox Regulation for Layer-Structured Na0.75Li0.2Mn0.7Cu0.1O2 Cathode Materials

Stacking order plays a key role in defining the electrochemical behavior and structural stability of layer-structured cathode materials. However, the detailed effects of stacking order on anionic redox in layer-structured cathode materials have not been investigated specifically and are still unrevealed. Herein, two layered cathodes with the same chemical formula but different stacking orders: P2-Na_0.75Li_0.2Mn_0.7Cu_0.1O₂ (P2-LMC) and P3-Na_0.75Li_0.2Mn_0.7Cu_0.1O₂ (P3-LMC) are compared. It is found that P3 stacking order is beneficial to improve the oxygen redox reversibility compared with P2 stacking order. By using synchrotron hard and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopies, three redox couples of Cu²⁺/Cu³⁺, Mn^3.5+/Mn⁴⁺, and O²⁻/O⁻ are revealed to contribute charge compensation in P3 structure simultaneously, and two redox couples of Cu²⁺/Cu³⁺ and O²⁻/O⁻ are more reversible than those in P2-LMC due to the higher electronic densities in Cu 3d and O 2p orbitals in P3-LMC. In situ X-ray diffraction reveals that P3-LMC exhibits higher structural reversibility during charge and discharge than P2-LMC, even at 5C rate. As a result, P3-LMC delivers a high reversible capacity of 190.3 mAh g⁻¹ and capacity retention of 125.7 mAh g⁻¹ over 100 cycles. These findings provide new insight into oxygen-redox-involved layered cathode materials for SIBs.