转C4光合酶基因水稻株系的抗光氧化特性

用经转入磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）,丙酮酸磷酸二激酶（PPDK）,NADP－苹果酸酶（NADPME）,PEPC＋PPDK等酶的基因的水稻株系及原种为材料,研究了光氧化条件下的叶绿素荧光特性和膜脂过氧化,光氧化处理后,与原种相比,转C4光合酶基因特别是转PEPC和转PEPC＋PPKD基因水稻株系的PSⅡ原初光化学效率（Fv/Fm),PSⅡ在照光下的实际光化学效率（φPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭（qp)下孤的比原种少,而非光化学猝灭（qN)增加的比原种多,说明在光氧化条件下,转C4光合酶基因水稻株系吸收的光能中有较多的光能转化为化学能,过剩的光能通过热耗散而减轻光破坏,同时转C4光合酶基因水稻株系吸收的光能中有较多的光能转化为化学能,过剩的光能通过热耗散而减轻光破坏;同时转C4兴合酶基因水稻株系诱导产生的内源活性氧清除酶系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化氢酶（CAT）,过氧化物酶（POD）的活性比原种高,从而有效清除水稻叶片内的活性氧（O2^-,H2O2),使活性氧积累比原种少,因而膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）产生较少,表明转C4光合酶基因特别是转PEPC和转PEPC＋PPDK基因水稻株系耐光氧化能力较强,在光氧化条件下,它们的叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降较少,表现出在耐光氧化特性,这些结果为应用生物技术创造耐光氧化种质提供了实验依据。     

转C4光合酶基因水稻的CO2交换和荧光特性

用转PEPC、PPDK、NADP-ME、PEPC+PPDK酶基因水稻(Oryza sativa L.)及原种为材料 ,研究了光合作用对光照、温度、CO2的响应和光抑制条件下的叶绿素荧光特性,结果如下: 1.转C4光合酶基因水稻的饱和光合速率比原种高,其中转PEPC、PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻的光饱和点比原种高200 μmol*m-2*s-1,饱和光合速率比原种分别高51.6%和 58.5%;转PEPC基因水稻的羧化效率比原种高49.3%,CO2补偿点降低26.2%;在高温(35 ℃)下,转PEPC基因水稻的光合速率比原种高17.5%.2.经光抑制处理8 d后,转PEPC、PEPC +PPDK酶基因水稻的PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学猝灭(qP)下降20%- 30%,非光化学猝灭(qN)增加了约30%;但原种的Fv/Fm和qP下降了5 0%多,qN变化不明显,表明转C4光合基因水稻耐光抑制能力增强.这些结果为用生物技术提高水稻光合效率研究提供了新的依据和途径.     

转C4光合酶基因水稻的CO2交换和荧光特性

用转PEPC、PPDK、NADP_ME、PEPC PPDK酶基因水稻 (OryzasativaL .)及原种为材料 ,研究了光合作用对光照、温度、CO2 的响应和光抑制条件下的叶绿素荧光特性 ,结果如下 :1.转C4 光合酶基因水稻的饱和光合速率比原种高 ,其中转PEPC、PEPC PPDK双基因水稻的光饱和点比原种高 2 0 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1,饱和光合速率比原种分别高5 1.6 %和 5 8.5 % ;转PEPC基因水稻的羧化效率比原种高 49.3% ,CO2 补偿点降低 2 6 .2 % ;在高温 (35℃ )下 ,转PEPC基因水稻的光合速率比原种高 17.5 %。 2 .经光抑制处理 8d后 ,转PEPC、PEPC PPDK酶基因水稻的PSⅡ光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)和光化学猝灭 (qP)下降 2 0 % - 30 % ,非光化学猝灭 (qN)增加了约 30 % ;但原种的Fv/Fm 和qP下降了 5 0 %多 ,qN变化不明显 ,表明转C4 光合基因水稻耐光抑制能力增强。这些结果为用生物技术提高水稻光合效率研究提供了新的依据和途径     

转PEPC基因水稻的光合生理特性

用转PEPC、PPDK、NADP－ME、PEPC＋PPKD双基因水稻（Oryza sativa L.）及原种为材料,以光合酶活性、饱和光合速率及PSⅡ光化学效率（Fv/Fm）为指标,研究了转PEPC基因水稻的光合生理特征。结果如下：转PEPC基因水稻EPC活性比原种提高20倍;饱和光合速率比原种高55％;用高光强或人工光氧化剂甲基紫精（MV）处理后,与原种相比,转PEPC基因水稻光化学效率下降较少,证明其耐光抑制、耐光氧化能力增强,测定其兴合日变化看出：在1d中不同时间,转PEPC基因水稻的光合速率均高于原种,且与PEPC活性的日变化有相似的趋势,上述结果为转PEPC基因水稻的生理机制和种研究提供了依据和途径。     

转玉米PEPC基因水稻中有限的C4光合微循环及其生理作用

用转PEPC基因水稻(OryzasativaL.subsp.japonicaKitaake)和原种水稻Kitaake为材料,研究了不同基因型水稻叶片中的C4光合微循环及其功能。通过测定与光合C4途径有关的关键酶,如磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)、NADP -苹果酸酶(NADP -ME)、NADP -苹果酸脱氢酶(NADP -MDH)和丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK),说明原种水稻叶片中具有完整的C4光合酶体系;用外源OAA或MA饲喂叶切片或叶绿体后明显增加光合速率,证明原种水稻中具有一个有限的光合C4微循环。将玉米的PEPC基因导入原种水稻后,可大幅度提高光合C4微循环的速率。测定不同基因型的CO2交换速率,看出水稻中C4光合微循环的增强有提高净光合速率(Pn)和降低光呼吸速率/净光合速率(Pr/Pn)比值的作用。叶绿素荧光特性分析表明,C4光合微循环的增强伴随着PSⅡ电子传递效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学猝灭(qP)的增加以及非光化学猝灭(qN)的降低;这些结果为通过基因工程手段提高作物光合效率的遗传育种提供了科学根据。     

转玉米PEPC基因水稻中有限的C4光合微循环及其生理作用

用转PEPC基因水稻(Oryza sativa L. subsp.japonica Kitaake)和原种水稻Kitaake为材料,研究了不同基因型水稻叶片中的C4光合微循环及其功能.通过测定与光合C4途径有关的关键酶,如磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)、NADP -苹果酸酶(NADP -ME)、NADP -苹果酸脱氢酶(NADP -MDH)和丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK),说明原种水稻叶片中具有完整的C4光合酶体系;用外源OAA或MA饲喂叶切片或叶绿体后明显增加光合速率,证明原种水稻中具有一个有限的光合C4微循环.将玉米的PEPC基因导入原种水稻后,可大幅度提高光合C4微循环的速率.测定不同基因型的CO2交换速率,看出水稻中C4光合微循环的增强有提高净光合速率(Pn)和降低光呼吸速率/净光合速率(Pr/Pn)比值的作用.叶绿素荧光特性分析表明,C4光合微循环的增强伴随着PSⅡ电子传递效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学猝灭(qP)的增加以及非光化学猝灭(qN)的降低;这些结果为通过基因工程手段提高作物光合效率的遗传育种提供了科学根据.     

铝胁迫对转C4磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因水稻光合作用和活性氧代谢的影响

以转C4 Ppc基因水稻为材料,利用叶绿素荧光技术和酶学手段,调查铝胁迫对转C4 Ppc基因水稻光合作用和活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,在铝胁迫条件下,转C4 Ppc基因水稻的叶绿素含量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ、qP和qN下降幅度显著小于野生型。可见在铝胁迫的条件下,转C4 Ppc基因水稻仍表现出较高的光合效率。铝处理导致水稻活性氧含量的增加,但由于转C4 Ppc基因水稻活性氧清除酶SOD、POD和CAT含量显著高于野生型,表现出较低的膜脂过氧化。上述结果表明,C4 Ppc基因的导入显著提高了水稻的耐铝特性。     

自然条件下不同高产稻生育后期剑叶叶绿素荧光和膜脂过氧化的表现

以籼型 (OryzasativaL .)杂交组合汕优 6 3为对照 ,以中粳 95 16、两系亚种间杂交组合培矮 6 4S/E32、培矮6 4S/ 9311、亚种间三系杂交稻冈优 881和两系杂交组合X0 7S/紫恢 10 0为材料 ,研究其在生育后期 (抽穗 -成熟 )自然条件下剑叶的叶绿素衰减、CO2 交换、叶绿素荧光参数和膜脂过氧化表现。结果表明 :水稻在生育后期伴随叶绿素衰减 ,其叶内的原初光化学效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率ΦPSⅡ 、电子流传递速率ETR都有相应地下降 ,这种光能转化的障碍使多余的光能传递给PSⅡ的还原侧 ,产生O-·2 累积 ,发生膜脂过氧化和MDA的积累 ,引起光合色素及光合膜的破坏 ,发生光氧化早衰。这种现象在品种间有明显差异 ,耐光氧化的粳稻 95 16 ,其叶内的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ 、ETR、qP下降较少 ,具有较稳定的光能转化能力 ,不易早衰 ,具有较高的结实率 ;而对光氧化敏感的籼稻汕优 6 3其叶内的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ 、ETR ,光化学猝灭参数qP下降较多 ,易发生膜脂过氧化 ,导致叶片早衰 ,影响水稻灌浆结实和产量 ;而二系的和三系的杂交稻的耐光氧化特性和早衰表现居于中间。从水稻超高产育种的角度出发 ,在目前株型良好的基础上 ,兼顾杂种优势和防止早衰两方面考虑 ,在母本中利用粳型或带有粳型基因的不育系是育种上一个值得重     

自然条件下不同高产稻生育后期剑叶叶绿素荧光和膜脂过氧化的表现

以籼型(Oryza sativa L.)杂交组合汕优63为对照,以中粳9516、两系亚种间杂交组合培矮64S/E32、培矮64S/9311、亚种间三系杂交稻冈优881和两系杂交组合X07S/紫恢100为材料,研究其在生育后期(抽穗-成熟)自然条件下剑叶的叶绿素衰减、CO2交换、叶绿素荧光参数和膜脂过氧化表现.结果表明: 水稻在生育后期伴随叶绿素衰减,其叶内的原初光化学效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率ΦPSⅡ、电子流传递速率ETR都有相应地下降,这种光能转化的障碍使多余的光能传递给PSⅡ的还原侧,产生O(-)/(*)2累积,发生膜脂过氧化和MDA的积累,引起光合色素及光合膜的破坏,发生光氧化早衰.这种现象在品种间有明显差异,耐光氧化的粳稻9516,其叶内的 Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、qP下降较少,具有较稳定的光能转化能力,不易早衰,具有较高的结实率;而对光氧化敏感的籼稻汕优63其叶内的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR,光化学猝灭参数qP下降较多,易发生膜脂过氧化,导致叶片早衰,影响水稻灌浆结实和产量;而二系的和三系的杂交稻的耐光氧化特性和早衰表现居于中间.从水稻超高产育种的角度出发,在目前株型良好的基础上,兼顾杂种优势和防止早衰两方面考虑,在母本中利用粳型或带有粳型基因的不育系是育种上一个值得重视的策略.     

草丁膦对转bar基因水稻GS酶活性和光合功能的影响

喷施草丁膦后,对草丁膦无抗性水稻Cypress(未转bar基因)叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性先受到抑制,随后叶片内NH 4积累上升,叶绿素含量、PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光能转化效率(ΦPSⅡ)和叶片叶绿素荧光的光化学猝灭系数(qp)下降,光合速率显著降低;最后引起植株死亡.另一方面,Cypress PB-6(转bar基因抗草丁膦水稻)的GS酶活性在喷施草丁膦后虽然先被抑制,但随后能恢复至正常水平,接着NH 4积累下降,草丁膦对叶绿素含量、荧光参数Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qp的影响被解除,光合速率恢复到正常水平,整个植株生长正常.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.