假塑性流体搅拌槽内停留时间分布

在直径φ500 mm和高350 mm的无挡板半球底有机玻璃槽中,采用45°斜叶桨研究了流量、搅拌功率、全槽平均表观牯度和物料流变特性对停留时间分布(RTD)的影响.结果表明,对于假塑性流体(流变指数为0.654)和牛顿流体,流量对RTD的影响两者差别不大,搅拌功率的增加更容易改变假塑性流体的RTD,使其更趋于全混流;对于牛顿流体,当搅拌功率大到一定程度后,再增加搅拌功率收效不大.假塑性流体的相对全混釜数随着全槽平均表观粘度的增加而增加,在全槽平均表观粘度相同时,假塑性流体的相对全混釜效大于牛顿流体,随着流体假塑性的增强,假塑性流体与牛顿流体相对全混釜数的差值显著增大.     

螺带型叶轮搅拌槽内流场分析与计算

采用粒子图像测速与数值计算方法研究了螺带桨流场,选用11种几何结构桨型及5种流变性质的流体(0.3≤n≤1),考察了层流流动(Re<100)状态下,桨叶结构、转速及流体假塑性对流型、速度分布及剪切速率分布的影响. 计算表明,核心区无量纲旋转角速度(a)随桨叶直径及螺距增大而减小,其值约在0.48~0.89;无量纲切向、轴向及径向速度分别约为0.44~0.47, 0.06~0.09及0.04,且前两者随螺距的增大分别呈线性减小及增大. a随流体粘度降低及假塑性增强而减小,非牛顿流体的流速小于牛顿流体;剪切速率随桨叶直径增大及流体假塑性增强而增大.     

带有内外组合桨的搅拌设备内流场的数值研究

利用滑移网格法计算了以一定转速比反向旋转的内外组合桨搅拌的搅拌设备内的流场,工作介质分别选取98％甘油和1．5％(wt)CMC水溶液。通过对单桨与内外组合桨产生的流场进行对比,研究了搅拌设备内不同高度处速度、速度变化率、表观粘度及剪切速率的分布特点。结果表明：采用内外组合桨,介质为中粘牛顿流体时,在罐内主体区远离罐壁区域径向速度受到一定削弱,但在某些局部区域被增强,而对于假塑性流体径向速度总体上得到增强。采用内外组合桨可以加强轴向循环,改善搅拌设备近壁区的流动状况,且对假塑性流体流动状况的改善要优于中粘牛顿流体,另外还可以显著地提高搅拌设备内的剪切速率,同时使剪切速率的分布比较均匀。     

错位六弯叶搅拌槽内假塑性流体的混合特性

在直径为0.21 m的搅拌槽内,使用FLUENT?软件对错位六弯叶桨的流动场及混合性能进行了数值模拟.工作介质分别选用牛顿流体(水)和假塑性流体1.0%(wt)黄原胶水溶液,计算采用标准κ-ε湍流模型,并将牛顿流体的速度场分布与粒子图像测速仪(PIV)实验结果进行了比较.通过与标准六弯叶桨进行对比分析,阐述了错位桨用于假塑性流体搅拌时在混合速率和混合效率方面的特性.结果表明:速度矢量的计算值与 PIV 实验数据吻合较好,湍流模型的计算结果可靠;混合过程与流场结构密切相关,监测点位置对浓度变化有较大影响.错位六弯叶桨的混合时间数明显小于标准六弯叶桨,混合速率更高,同时错位六弯叶桨的混合效率大大高于标准六弯叶桨,单位体积混合能只有标准六弯叶桨的52%,具有节能功效,体现出错位桨的优越性.     

最大叶片式桨在假塑性流体中的搅拌流场模拟

为研究最大叶片式桨在高黏假塑性流体中的搅拌流动行为,以黄原胶溶液为研究体系,采用计算流体力学方法重点研究了釜内流体的功耗特性、速率分布、剪切速率、表观黏度分布和总体流动状况。结果表明:最大叶片式桨具有与大多数径流桨相似的"双循环"流型结构,且预测的功耗特性与实验数据一致性良好。最大叶片式桨适用于高黏假塑性流体的混合,而对于高黏牛顿流体的混合则效果不佳。釜内的剪切速率分布较宽泛,且受转速影响较大。转速可作为该桨改善黄原胶体系混合效率的重要参数之一。     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow field of spiral ribbon-screw impeller

应用计算流体力学数值模拟方法,研究了螺带-螺杆组合式搅拌器对高黏度非牛顿流体的搅拌流场特性。结合实例,考察了宏观流场、速度场、剪切速率和表观黏度的分布,分析了流变指数对搅拌特性的影响,并计算了不同工况下的搅拌功率。结果表明：螺带-螺杆组合搅拌器针对高黏度流体,具有良好的全局搅拌特性,在本文的模拟条件下,组合桨的Metzner常数k_s约为13.8,而流变指数变化对k_s的影响不大,为螺带-螺杆搅拌桨在高黏度非牛顿流体搅拌中的应用提供有益指导和参考。     

搅拌槽内粘稠物系的混合过程

以发酵罐中通气搅拌下的混合为背景，考察了搅拌形式，物系流变性质及通气速率等因素，对搅拌槽内粘稠物质系中混合过程的影响，轴向流翼型混合效率高于涡轮桨，通气有助于改善粘稠物系中的混合粘度变化主要改变槽内流动状态和桨叶泵送能力，从而改变混合效率，当物系为中等粘度假塑性流体时，混合速率由桨叶泵送流动的流量和形态所决定，多层搅拌下分区现象限制了混合速率。     

泛能式桨混合特性的数值模拟

运用CFD技术研究了泛能式桨在高黏假塑性流体中的搅拌混合特性。重点考查了搅拌桨的上、下叶片错开角和下叶片后掠角在不同组合下对混合过程的影响,包括搅拌流场的分布、功耗特性、泵送准数、死区分率、剪切速率和表观黏度。结果表明:功耗与错开角和后掠角成反比,这与文献报道的实验结果相同。流场分布为双循环流型,且受到错开角和后掠角的影响。错开角和后掠角存在最佳的组合方式60°-60°,使得相对功耗小,泵送准数大,死区分率小。     

带有新型内外组合桨的搅拌设备内流场的数值研究

以滑移网格法的基本思想为出发点提出了滑移周期的概念.利用滑移网格法计算了以一定转速比反向旋转的新型内外组合桨搅拌的流场.通过对双层斜叶平桨、标准锚式桨和新型内外组合桨产生的流场进行对比,研究了搅拌设备内的宏观流动场、时均速度、速度变化率、剪切速率和轴向循环能力.结果表明：滑移周期概念的提出在一定程度上解决了滑移网格法计算周期长、计算成本高的问题.采用新型内外组合桨,加强了径向流动和轴向流动,改善了搅拌设备近壁区的流动状况,且对假塑性流体流动状况的改善优于牛顿流体.新型内外组合桨的剪切水平和轴向循环能力均优于双层斜叶平桨.     

非牛顿流体搅拌流场的数值模拟研究进展

对非牛顿流体搅拌流场数值模拟过程中的控制方程、旋转桨叶的处理以及数值计算方法三个方面进行了综合论述。阐述了广义牛顿流体模型形式简单、计算量低,在非牛顿流体搅拌流场数值模拟过程中应用广泛;黏弹性流体本构方程具有高度的非线性,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对其搅拌流场进行数值模拟难度较高,目前仍处于起步阶段;通过合理简化黏弹性流体本构方程以及采用恰当的数值离散方法,有助于在黏弹性流体的搅拌流场数值模拟中取得进展。     

最大叶片式桨流体动力学性能的数值模拟

运用CFD方法研究了最大叶片式桨在层流区域内的流体动力学性能,模拟体系为高粘度牛顿流体和非牛顿流体,主要考察桨叶的功耗特性、Metzner常数、剪切性能和排液性能. 结果表明,功耗计算值与文献实验值基本一致;桨叶的Metzner常数ks=10与流变行为指数n无关;搅拌形成双循环流型,釜中部桨叶所在区剪切速率大、排液量大,产生的漩涡流也大,导致剪切效率低于0.5;随雷诺数增加(Ren=1.4, 5.0, 7.6),全釜平均剪切速率(3.40, 9.91, 15.05 s-1)和全釜平均排液量(0.0014, 0.0033, 0.0052 m3/s)逐渐增加,尤其是桨叶下端两翼区平均剪切速率(4.36, 11.48, 16.35 s-1)和平均排液量(0.0026, 0.0064, 0.0095 m3/s)增加相对较大. 说明Ren增加,搅拌混合作用加强,剪切速率大产生的界面积大,排液量大使高低剪切区内流体快速循环,有利于流体高效混合.     

锚式搅拌槽中高粘弹性流体的流速分布及其功率消耗

用照相法测定了锚式搅拌槽中高粘弹性流体的流型和流速分布,另测定了搅拌功率消耗,结果发现:1.与牛顿流体相比,在低Re数下,粘弹性流体的切向速度较大,而径向速度则较小.2.转速相同时,在高剪切率区域,粘弹性流体的剪切率大于牛顿流体.由CEF方程导出功率计算式N_pRe_af_s~(1-n)=k_pf_vf_s~2[1+F_1avf_s~(m-n-3)Wi/K_s~2]用实验数据确定f_(?)和F_(1av),得到可适用于牛顿流体、假塑性流体和粘弹性流体的普适功率计算式,计算结果与实验值比较接近.     

Using CFD and Ultrasonic velocimetry to Study the Mixing of Pseudoplastic Fluids with a Helical Ribbon Impeller

A commercial CFD package was used to simulate the 3D flow field generated in a cylindrical tank by a helical ribbon impeller. The study was carried out using a pseudoplastic fluid with yield stress in the laminar mixing region. Ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV), a noninvasive fluid flow measurement technique for opaque systems, was used to measure xanthan gum velocity. From flow field calculations and tracer homogenization simulations, power consumption and mixing time results were obtained. The torque and power characteristics remain the same for upward and downward pumping of the impeller, but the mixing times are considerably longer for the downward pumping mode. Overall, the numerical results showed good agreement with experimental results and correlations developed by other researchers. From the power and mixing time results, two efficiency criteria were utilized to determine the best pumping mode of the impeller.     

Using computational fluid dynamics modeling to study the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids with a Scaba 6SRGT impeller

The 3D flow field generated by a Scaba 6SRGT impeller in the agitation of xanthan gum, a pseudoplastic fluid with yield stress, was simulated using the commercial CFD package. The flow was modeled as laminar and a multiple reference frame (MRF) approach was used to solve the discretized equations of motion. The velocity profiles predicted by the simulation agreed well with those measured using ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry, a non-invasive fluid flow measurement technique for opaque systems. Using computed velocity profiles across the impeller, the effect of fluid rheology on the impeller flow number was investigated. The validated CFD model provided useful information regarding the formation of cavern around the impeller in the mixing of yield stress fluids and the size of cavern predicted by the CFD model was in good agreement with that calculated using Elson's model.     

Characterisation of the mixing of non‐newtonian fluids with a scaba 6SRGT impeller through ert and CFD

An attempt has been made to study the mixing of yield‐pseudoplastic fluids with a Scaba 6SRGT impeller using electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The ERT system with four sensor planes, each containing 16 equispaced stainless steel electrodes, was used to measure the mixing time. The multiple reference frames (MRF) technique and the modified Herschel–Bulkley model were applied to simulate the impeller rotation and the rheological behaviour of the non‐Newtonian fluids, respectively. To validate the model, the CFD results for the power consumption were compared to the experimental data. The validated model was then employed to obtain further information regarding the averaged impeller shear rate, impeller circulation, and pumping capacities. The CFD and ERT data were utilised to investigate the effect of the impeller power, fluid rheology, and impeller size on the mixing time. The mixing time results obtained in this study were in good agreement with those reported in the literature. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

MTA合成PET的流变性能研究

采用英国Rosand公司RH7-2X型毛细管流变仪对自制的MTA合成PET样品的流变性能进行了研究。结果表明:同常规PET相比,MTA合成的PET样品的熔体同属于假塑型非牛顿流体;MTA合成的PET样品的非牛顿指数n值较高,而且随着温度的提高,其n值增长趋势更加明显;在低剪切速率条件下,MTA合成PET样品的黏流活化能ΔEη较高,熔体剪切黏度对温度比较敏感,在高剪切速率(20000s-1左右)条件下,两者ΔEη的差距逐渐减小。     

Investigation of laminar flow in a stirred vessel at low Reynolds numbers

Many mixing applications involve viscous fluids and laminar flows where the detailed as well as overall flow structures are important. In order to understand the fluid dynamic characteristics of low Re laminar flows in mixing vessels, the flow induced by a Rushton impeller for three Re namely, 1, 10 and 28, was studied both experimentally and computationally. It was found that for the highest Re, the flow exhibited the familiar outward pumping action associated with radial impellers under turbulent flow conditions. However, as the Re decreases, the net radial flow during one impeller revolution was reduced and for the lowest Re a reciprocating motion with negligible net pumping was observed. This behaviour has not been reported in the literature in the past and represents a highly undesirable flow pattern from the standpoint of effective mixing. The CFD results successfully reproduced this behaviour. In order to elucidate the physical mechanism responsible for the observed flow pattern, the forces acting on a fluid element in the radial direction were analysed. The analysis indicated that for the lowest Re, the material derivative of radial velocity near the blade tip is small thus a balance exists between pressure and viscous forces; the defining characteristic of creeping flow. The velocity and pressure forces are in phase because the velocity is driven by the pressure field generated by the rotation of the impeller. Based on these findings, a simplified analytic model of the flow was developed that gives a good qualitative as well as quantitative representation of the flow.     

阻燃增强PBT/PET合金流变行为研究

用HAAKE毛细管流变仪研究了阻燃增强聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯/聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PBT/PET)合金的流变行为,测定了流变曲线及黏流活化能。结果表明:阻燃增强PBT/PET合金熔体为非牛顿假塑性流体,其表观黏度与温度的关系符合Arrhenius方程。