铁尾矿粉改良水泥土的强度与动力特性试验研究

为提高水泥改良土强度,验证尾矿粉能够起到对水泥土的增强效果,对已用水泥改良过的路基土,在尾矿粉掺入量不同的条件下,经改良后水泥土的强度特性,以及对被最佳掺量的尾矿粉改良后的水泥土,在围压和频率不同的条件下进行动力特性的试验研究,制备了不同尾矿粉掺量(0%、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)的试验土样进行无侧限抗压强度试验和动三轴试验;试验结果表明:随着尾矿粉掺入量的增加,无侧限抗压强度先增大后减小,土的应力应变曲线先急剧增加达到峰值后逐渐趋于平缓.当尾矿粉掺量达到最佳时,分析不同围压和不同频率的条件下G/Gmax~γ、λ~γ变化规律.对于同一动剪应变幅,动剪模量比随围压的增加而增大.阻尼比随动剪应变幅的增大而增大,随围压的增大而减小.G/Gmax~γ、λ~γ关系受频率影响不太敏感,都集中于一狭小范围.该试验能够提高水泥土强度的尾矿粉最佳掺量为6%.     

Fracture of porous viscoelastic materials under multiaxial state of stress

Crack growth in porous and viscoelastic materials has been studied. The decrease of strength of hardened cement paste and concrete under high sustained load can be described with this theoretical approach. Creep as well as time dependence of elastic modulus and strength enter the calculation. Stress relaxation in the material near cracktips can be taken into account by introducing a function m(t,τ). Results are the same in the case of uniaxial and biaxial state of stress. [It could be shown that the probability for shear cracks in a cylindrical sample increases rapidly with increasing confining pressure.] Good agreement with experimental data was found.     

不同应变率下橡胶混凝土抗压性能及能量特性研究

对四种橡胶体积掺量(0%、5%、10%、20%)的级配良好橡胶混凝土开展单轴抗压试验,对力学性能和破坏形态方面进行分析,得到了橡胶混凝土综合性能最优时的橡胶掺量,进而对最优掺量组进行不同应变率下的单轴压缩试验,并分析了不同应变率下橡胶混凝土的能量特性。试验结果表明,橡胶混凝土表现为裂而不散的类延性破坏,而非普通混凝土的脆性破坏。随着橡胶掺量的增加,抗压强度大幅降低,但变形能力得到增强,在掺量为10%时,橡胶混凝土的抗压强度达标,变形能力最好。橡胶混凝土受压时能量演化和转化过程是输入能先大量转化为弹性能并储存;接着耗散能转化率开始增加,使试件表面产生大量微裂纹;最后弹性能快速释放,耗散能转化率占比明显提高,从而导致试件整体破坏。另外随着应变率增大,橡胶混凝土的抗压强度和初始弹性模量明显提高,而峰值应变降低,同时输入总能量、弹性能与耗散能均呈现上升趋势,其中弹性能增加更明显。     

含裂隙煤体抗压性能的试验研究与模拟计算

煤体内部天然存在的裂隙是瓦斯流动的主要通道和影响煤矿安全的重要因素。为考察不同原生裂隙分布形态的煤体抗压缩强度与裂纹演化规律,对原煤试样进行初始裂隙的提取和室内三轴压缩试验,结合数值模拟方法进一步研究了含裂隙试样在围压分别为1, 3, 5, 7, 9 MPa和加载速率在0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0 m/s下的峰值应力及破坏形态。结果表明,煤样的峰值应力随围压增加呈指数形式增大。垂直方向延伸的原生裂隙对裂纹扩展带的影响较小,当原生裂隙的延伸角度倾向于对角线方向时,裂纹容易在裂隙端部萌生和扩展。试样2的“V”型裂纹带在低围压(1, 3, 5 MPa)时受原生裂隙影响较大,高围压(7和9 MPa)下的破坏特征与试样1相似。随着加载速率逐渐递增,试样的抗压强度变化经历先缓慢上升,后迅速增加,最终趋于平缓的过程。低加载速率下的裂纹多聚集在原生裂隙延伸方向上,较高的加载速率容易造成裂纹集中于试样的角部位置,裂纹数目也迅速增多。     

Experimental investigation of the behavior of variably confined concrete

The behavior of concrete subject to variable levels of confining pressure under concentric axial loading is presented. An extensive experimental investigation of this behavior, using FRP-confined concrete cylinders, is used to develop an understanding of the relationships required to accurately model the behavior of concrete subject to passively induced varying levels of confinement. In particular, the relationship between transverse and longitudinal strains—the dilation relationship—is investigated and a model for this behavior, based on the stiffness of the confining materials, is proposed.Concrete compressive strength is observed to increase with increasing confinement. Axial strain capacity is observed to increase to a greater degree than the compressive strength resulting in a more ductile axial stress-strain behavior for confined concrete as compared to unconfined concrete. The axial stress-strain behavior is also observed to change from parabolic to bilinear as the level of confinement is increased.     

Influence of chemical degradation on mechanical behavior of a petroleum cement paste

Cement paste used in the Oil Industry is generally subjected to chemical degradation due to flow of acid fluids in various situations. The present study focuses on the evolution of thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behavior with chemical degradation of petroleum cement paste. Triaxial compression tests with different confining pressures (0, 3, 10 and 20 MPa) are carried out on a standard oil cement paste in sound state and completely degraded state by ammonium nitrate solution under a temperature of 90 °C. The results obtained show that the material in its initial state exhibits a small elastic phase and a strong capacity of compaction. The mechanical behavior depends on the load induced pore water pressure. Because of the increase in porosity caused by chemical degradation, the mechanical strength (cohesion and friction angle) and Young's modulus decrease. The dependence of mechanical strength and Young's modulus on confining pressure is smaller in the chemically degraded cement paste than in the sound one. In fine, the mechanical behavior of the whole material becomes more ductile. As a result, such effects of chemical degradation should be taken into account when modeling such cement paste materials exposed to such chemical degradations.     

DNAN力学性能分析

利用Materials Studio软件计算了DNAN和TNT晶体在常温(25℃)、常压下(105Pa)的弹性模量,预估了二者受力过程中塑性变形能力的差异;通过纳米压痕试验测试了DNAN和TNT的弹性模量及塑性变形能力;采用力学性能试验机测试了其抗压性能、抗拉性能、抗剪性能,并结合分子间作用力对强度差异的原因进行了分析。结果表明,DNAN的抗压强度为5.96MPa,抗拉强度为2.57MPa,抗剪强度为0.34MPa;TNT的抗压强度为15.57MPa,抗拉强度为2.35MPa,抗剪强度为1.8MPa;DNAN和TNT在受力过程中的弹性形变均为200nm,DNAN的塑性形变为450nm,TNT的塑性形变为1 200nm,DNAN相比于TNT更容易发生脆性断裂。     

Triaxial behavior of fiber-reinforced cemented sand

In this research, a series of laboratory tests have been performed to investigate the effects of cement and polypropylene (PP) fiber on the triaxial behavior of sand. The cement contents were 0 and 5% by weight of the dry sand. Fiber length and diameter were 18 and 0.023 mm, respectively, were added at 0 and 0.6% by weight of dry sand–cement. Triaxial compression tests were performed at confining pressures of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 MPa. The results of the study indicate that the inclusion of PP fiber increases the shear strength and the peak axial strain. The elastic modulus of specimen decreased with increase in fiber content and increased with the increase in cement content. Moreover, the initial stiffness and peak strength increased by increasing cement content.     

Influence of free water on the quasi-static and dynamic strength of concrete in confined compression tests

The behaviour of concrete under high pressure and dynamic loadings is experimentally investigated in the present paper. The specimen is confined in a cylindrical elastic steel ring that insures a quasi-uniaxial strain state of loading. It is subjected to static and dynamic (with strain rates in the range from 1e−6/s to 200/s) axial compressive loadings. Transverse gauges glued on the lateral surface of the ring allow for the measurement of the confining pressure so that the volumetric and the deviatoric response of the specimen can be computed. At high or intermediate strain rates, water saturated and dried specimens show strongly different results: i.e. a continuous increase of strength with pressure in dried specimens and a quasi nil strength enhancement in water-saturated specimens. This difference is not observed with quasi-static loadings. As explained through a basic poromechanics analysis, this dissimilarity is mainly attributed to an increase of pore pressure inside the saturated concrete during fast (quasi-static or dynamic) experiments.     

含粉煤灰微珠混凝土的强度和徐变特性研究

利用粉煤灰微珠按10%、20%和30%（质量分数）部分替代水泥制备了混凝土试样,并对混凝土试样的抗压强度、弹性模量和徐变进行了测试,同时通过压汞孔隙率实验对试样的微观结构进行了研究。结果表明,粉煤灰微珠会使混凝土的早期抗压强度和弹性模量下降,但是对混凝土长期强度增长和弹性模量增长有明显的促进作用,在90 d时粉煤灰微珠掺量为20%的试样强度和弹性模量最高。掺入20%的粉煤灰微珠可以降低混凝土的比徐变,但是过多的粉煤灰微珠反而会增加混凝土的徐变变形。孔隙分析结果表明,总孔隙体积较高时,混凝土的强度较低,徐变变形较大;而加入20%粉煤灰微珠会降低混凝土的中孔隙、大孔隙和总孔隙体积,从而改善混凝土的强度和徐变特性。     

水泥细度对早龄期碾压混凝土综合抗裂性的影响(英文)

水泥水化热与比表面积和化学组成有关,但是相对于调整水泥的化学组成来说,通过减小水泥的比表面积来降低水泥水化热要容易得多。为了探索水泥比表面积与碾压混凝土抗裂性能的关系,采用相同熟料磨制了3种细度的水泥,研究了水泥细度对水化热、胶砂强度的影响,以及对混凝土的工作性、力学性能(抗压强度、抗拉强度和抗拉弹性模量)、极限拉伸值、绝热温升等性能的影响;同时,采用温度–应力试验机,评估了在100%约束和近似绝热条件下水泥细度对早龄期碾压混凝土综合抗裂性能的影响。结果表明:水化热与比表面积成线性关系,降低水泥比表面积是降低混凝土温升的有效、便捷的措施;粗磨水泥提高了碾压混凝土的工作性,降低了混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量,但混凝土极限拉伸值没有明显变化;温度–应力试验表明,随着水泥比表面积的降低,混凝土第二零应力温度更低,粗磨水泥碾压混凝土综合抗裂风险更低。     

Effect of temperature and aging on the mechanical properties of concrete: Part II. Prediction model

In Part I, empirical relationships between compressive strength and splitting tensile strength or elastic modulus with temperature and aging were proposed. This paper investigates new prediction models estimating splitting tensile strength and elastic modulus without knowing compressive strength. The prediction model is suggested on the basis of the equation that was suggested to predict compressive strength. The mechanical properties calculated by the model are compared with empirical results presented in Part I. To evaluate in-place applicability of the model, the empirical data on strength and elastic modulus of concrete cured at variable temperature are compared with the values estimated using the prediction model. The prediction model properly estimates the strength and elastic modulus of Types I and V cement concretes cured at constant and variable temperature conditions.     

Effect of temperature and age on the relationship between dynamic and static elastic modulus of concrete

This study investigates the effects of cement type, curing temperature, and age on the relationships between dynamic and static elastic moduli or compressive strength. Based on the investigation, new relationship equations are proposed. The impact-echo method is used to measure the resonant frequency of specimens from which the dynamic elastic modulus is calculated. Types I and V cement concrete specimens with water-cement ratios of 0.40 and 0.50 are cured isothermally at 10, 23, and 50 °C and tested at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days.Cement type and age do not have a significant influence on the relationship between dynamic and static elastic moduli, but the ratio of static to dynamic elastic modulus approaches 1 as temperature increases. The initial chord elastic modulus, which is measured at low strain level, is similar to the dynamic elastic modulus. The relationship between dynamic elastic modulus and compressive strength has the same tendency as the relationship between dynamic and static elastic moduli for various cement types, temperatures, and ages.     

不同强度废旧混凝土水泥稳定再生材料路用性能研究

为了研究废旧混凝土强度与再生集料性能及水泥稳定再生基层材料的力学及耐久性能之间的影响规律,采用钻芯法对废旧桥梁T梁、立柱、废旧路面混凝土不同结构部位取样进行抗压强度试验,得出废旧混凝土的强度推定值,分别为25.8 MPa、37.4 MPa、58.1 MPa。对3种不同强度废旧混凝土再生集料的性能进行对比,并分析了不同强度废旧混凝土对再生集料性能及水泥稳定再生材料力学和耐久性能的影响。结果表明:废旧混凝土强度增加,再生集料的压碎值、针片状含量、吸水率减小,塑限指数及相对表观密度增大;废旧T梁、立柱、路面混凝土水泥稳定再生材料最佳含水率及最大干密度分别近似的呈线性减小和增大的趋势;同时,无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度、抗压回弹模量、抗冲刷性能均表现增大的变化规律,但干缩性能减弱。废旧混凝土强度增加能有效提高水泥稳定再生材料的路用性能。     

The effect of porosity on the compressive strength and elastic modulus of polymer impregnated concrete

Three concretes of widely differing water/cement ratios were impregnated with varying amounts of methyl methacrylate monomer. The monomer was polymerised thermally, using a free radical initiator. The compressive strength and elastic modulus of the polymer-impregnated concrete are shown to be a function of the total porosity of the concrete after polymer impregnation. The elastic modulus of the composite system can be explained on the basis of a two phase material: an aggregate phase and a polymer impregnated cement paste phase. A possible explanation of the role of the polymer is suggested.     

Effects of supplementary cementing materials on the properties of cement and concrete

The effect of bentonite, colemanite ore waste (CW), coal fly ash (FA) and coal bottom ash (BA) on the properties of cement and concrete has been investigated through a number of tests. The properties examined include setting time, bending strength, volume expansion, compressive strength and water consistency of the mortar. The result showed that setting time of the cements was generally accelerated when bentonite replaced a part of the cement. Bentonite exhibited a significant retarding effect when used in combination with CW in Portland cement at lower replacement level and showed an accelerating effect at higher replacement level. Although the inclusion of bentonite at replacement levels of 5-10% resulted in an increase in compressive strength at early ages, it decreased the compressive strength when used in combination with other materials. The results obtained were compared with Turkish standards and, in general, were found to be acceptable.     

玻璃粉对再生混凝土力学性能的影响

为了实现城市固体垃圾废玻璃资源化,本文研究了不同掺量(0%、5%、10%和20%,质量分数)玻璃粉(GP)取代水泥对再生混凝土抗压强度、劈拉强度和弹性模量等力学性能的影响,并通过压汞法(MIP)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了再生混凝土的内部微观结构。研究结果表明,玻璃粉降低了再生混凝土早期的力学性能,但掺入适量的玻璃粉有利于提高再生混凝土后期的力学性能。含10%(质量分数)玻璃粉试样90 d的抗压强度、劈拉强度和弹性模量均高于普通再生混凝土,同时总孔隙率降低19.3%。玻璃粉的二次火山灰活性和微集料填充作用改善了再生混凝土的微观结构。     

应力-渗流耦合作用下井壁混凝土力学性能试验研究

为研究应力-渗流耦合作用下井壁混凝土力学性能变化规律,配制出两种强度等级井壁混凝土,设计渗透压为4 MPa、6 MPa、8 MPa、10 MPa,开展三轴耦合渗透性试验.结果表明:相同围压作用下,随着渗透压增大井壁混凝土峰值强度降低、割线弹性模量减小;相同渗透压作用下,随着围压增大井壁混凝土峰值强度增大.渗透压对混凝土峰值强度有一定影响,但起主导影响的是围压.同时将井壁混凝土应力应变全过程渗透率变化情况划分为四个阶段,建立了相应的概念模型用于描述各阶段力学行为.     

The dependence of interfacial shear strength on matrix and interphase properties

Experiments were conducted to determine the dependence of the interfacial shear strength on the bulk material matrix properties using model compounds based on epoxy/amine chemistry. AS4, carbon fibers were used as the subject for these measurements with both a difunctional epoxy (DGEBA) system as well as a tetrafunctional epoxy (MY720) system. Amine curing agents were carefully chosen to produce matrices which produced a range of matrix properties from brittle, elastic to ductile, plastic. The fiber-matrix interfacial chemistry was constant throughout this study by always using a stoichiometric amount of curing agent. The results indicate that, for both the difunctional as well as the tetrafunctional epoxy system, the interfacial shear strength (as determined by the fragmentation test) decreases nonlinearly with decreasing modulus of the matrix. Linear elastic analysis yields a nearly linear relationship, for both systems, between the interfacial shear strength and the product of strain to final break and the square root of the matrix shear modulus. A linear relationship is also found between the difference in test temperature and glass transition temperature of the cured matrix and the interfacial shear strength. Additionally, the failure mode is seen to remain interfacial as the ductility of the matrix changes.     

冻融作用下活化煤矸石粉混凝土损伤劣化规律

为促进寒冷地区煤矸石在混凝土中的应用,通过机械-微波方式对煤矸石进行复合活化,从表观形貌、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度等方面对煤矸石粉混凝土的损伤劣化规律进行了研究,并使用扫描电子显微镜、核磁共振波谱仪和X射线衍射仪等研究了活化煤矸石粉对混凝土抗冻性能的改性机理。结果表明:20%(质量分数)掺量下活化煤矸石粉对混凝土抗冻性能改善效果最好,且经300次冻融循环后,质量损失率和相对动弹性模量分别为2.32%和91.32%,抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度分别下降了16.40%和26.12%;活化煤矸石粉能填充、细化孔隙,且其二次水化能消耗水泥水化产物Ca(OH)₂,产生C-S-H和C-A-S-H,提升水泥石密实程度,改善孔结构,使大孔占比减少。