湛江湖光岩玛珥湖沿岸植物正构烷烃分布特征及其H同位素组成

从湛江湖光岩玛珥湖沿岸随机采集主要的草本和木本植物,分析其叶蜡正构烷烃分布特征及单体H同位素(δ²H)。结果表明,湖光岩玛珥湖沿岸植物叶蜡正构烷烃主要由长链烷烃(n-C₂₉～n-C₃₁)组成,具有明显的奇偶优势;平均碳链长度(ACL值)与碳优势指数(CPI值)呈负相关关系;不同种类植物之间的正构烷烃δ²H值差异明显,木本植物正构烷烃的δ²H值(-247‰～-107‰)比草本植物(-222‰～-94‰)低,可能与它们的内在特性和所利用的土壤水深度有关。通过对比不同生境下低、中、高纬度地区湖泊沿岸植物叶蜡正构烷烃δ²H值发现,低纬度热带、亚热带地区的植物叶蜡正构烷烃具有更长的链长和更高的δ²H值,但植物与降水之间的δ2H分馏值随纬度变化相对恒定(约-120‰),说明湖泊生境沉积叶蜡正构烷烃单体δ²H值是具有较大潜力的古水文代用指标。     

塔里木盆地荒漠植物与表土碳同位素组成研究

表土有机质碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_org)反映了来自于地表各种植物δ¹³C_org的一个混合信息.要从沉积物δ¹³C_org中提取可靠的植被信息,需要系统研究现代表土有机质δ¹³C_org与地表植被δ¹³C_org的差异.初步研究了塔里木盆地主要现代植被及土壤碳同位素组成,对比不同地区土壤和地表植被δ¹³C_org的差异.结果表明:塔里木盆地柽柳属种群中植物与表土碳同位素组成之间存在显著相关关系,说明在干旱地区土壤中微生物和水生生物等的干扰因素可以忽略,其现代土壤的同位素组成只与地表相应的主要植被类型有关.塔里木盆地柽柳属种群中表土有机质δ¹³C_org值比地表植被δ¹³C_org值平均偏正1.71‰左右,不同于其它地区表土和地表植被δ¹³C_org差异(2.2‰,1‰,0.5‰)的结果,反映不同地区表土和地表植被有机质δ¹³C_org值差异不同.在利用沉积物δ¹³C_org值提取古生态植被信息时,应考虑到不同地区土壤有机质与地表植被δ¹³C_org值的不同差异会影响植被中C₃、C₄植物组成情况.     

一种解释高-过成熟烷烃气碳同位素系列倒转的新观点:芳香烃脱甲基作用

天然气成因机理复杂,鉴于在高-过成熟阶段烷烃气碳同位素系列倒转普遍存在,而高-过成熟阶段有机质中常富含芳环结构,利用芳香烃（甲苯）热裂解实验探讨高-过成熟阶段烷烃气碳同位素系列倒转成因.甲苯热裂解实验表明随着模拟温度的增加,烷烃气产率逐渐增大;模拟产物中H₂产率也随着模拟温度的增加而增加.甲苯裂解产物中δ13C₁、δ13C₂和δ13C₃分布区间分别为-31.8‰~-27.7‰,-31.0‰~-20.4‰和-31.0‰~-20.4‰.在甲苯热模拟实验450℃时,出现了烷烃气碳同位素系列的部分倒转（δ13C₁>δ13C₂ < δ13C₃）.发现无论是煤成气还是油型气,在高-过成熟阶段都会出现烷烃气碳同位素系列的倒转,结合本次模拟实验结果,认为芳香烃脱甲基作用可能是烷烃气高-过成熟阶段出现碳同位素系列倒转的一个重要原因.      

皖南地区大隆组页岩生物标志化合物特征及其地质意义

为阐明下扬子皖南地区上二叠统大隆组页岩特征,通过对港地1井岩心进行取样,开展了大隆组页岩样品的有机地球化学测试、氩离子抛光-扫面电镜观察、矿物组成分析等工作.结果表明皖南地区大隆组页岩TOC含量为1.18%～4.35%,干酪根以Ⅰ型为主,少数为Ⅱ₁型,Ro介于1.15%～1.29%,反映大隆组页岩整体处于成熟的生油气阶段.饱和烃气相色谱图呈典型的单峰型分布,正构烷烃主峰碳数分布在nC₁₈～nC₂₂之间,nC₂₅₊高碳数正构烷烃含量较低.规则甾烷的丰度整体上表现为C₂₇≈C₂₉>C₂₈,属于V型分布,且高、低碳数的正构烷烃单体碳同位素δ¹³C相差较大(3.0‰～5.6‰),略高于单一来源的不同碳数正构烷烃的δ13C变化(一般小于1.6‰),反映大隆组页岩有机质主体来源于菌藻类等低等水生生物,局部存在陆源高等植物.TOC与TS的相关性、Pr/Ph比值、Pr/nC₁₇-Ph/nC_1...     

柱色谱分离-分子筛络合洗脱过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素分馏研究

应用气相色谱-气体同位素质谱(GC-C-IRMS)分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素之前,需要对饱和烃样品中正构烷烃和异构烷烃进行预分离、富集,在预分离和富集过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素是否发生分馏是高精度分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值(δ~(13)C)的关键。本文以正构烷烃混合溶液为对象,利用柱色谱、5■分子筛络合、环己烷-正戊烷混合溶剂两次洗脱,GC-C-IRMS分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素,研究前处理过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素是否发生分馏。结果表明:使用柱色谱分离前后,多数正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值相差-0.2‰～0.2‰;当5■分子筛不完全络合时,未络合的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值偏重约0.7‰,可能发生了微弱的碳同位素分馏,但并未影响洗脱后的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值;使用环己烷-正戊烷混合溶剂洗脱前后,碳同位素比值相差-0.2‰～0.5‰,以同样方式洗脱第二次,获得的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值与模拟样品相差-0.3‰～0.2‰。分析不同回收率(20%)正构烷烃的单体碳同位素比值,处理前后的差值基本在0.3‰以内,可见当正构烷烃回收率低至20%左右时,其单体碳同位素仍未发生明显分馏。柱色谱分离-5■分子筛络合-混合溶剂洗脱方法适用于回收率大于20%的正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析。     

库车坳陷大北-克深地区深层致密砂岩气地球化学特征及成因

为探讨库车坳陷大北-克深地区深层致密砂岩气的地球化学特征及成因,对采集的天然气样品进行了组分定量和碳同位素组成分析。结果显示,库车坳陷大北-克深地区深层致密砂岩气中甲烷占绝对优势,为87.30%～98.33%,平均为96.18%;其重烃气含量较低,为0%～3.41%,为明显的干气;天然气的δ¹³C_1为-31.9‰～-26.5‰,δ¹³C_2为-24.2‰～-16.1‰,δ¹³C_3为-31.1‰～-15.7‰;烷烃气碳同位素偏重,主体呈正碳同位素序列,局部出现倒转;天然气成熟度为1.50%～3.62%,平均为2.39%,为高-过成熟天然气;δ¹³C_CO2主要为-19‰～-10.3‰。研究表明,大北-克深地区深层致密砂岩气中烷烃气属于煤成气成因,同型不同源气或煤成气与油型气的混合是烷烃气碳同位素倒转的主要原因,同时也与深层高温高压条件下烷烃气的形成与成藏过程有关;深层致密砂岩气中CO_2主要为有机成因。     

南秦岭-大巴山地区下寒武统沉积层状钡矿床成因机制研究

为理清沉积层状重晶石、毒重石矿床成因机制及其差异成矿的控制因素，对南秦岭-大巴山地区下寒武统地层中不同成矿特征的钡矿床开展了矿物学和碳-硫-氧-锶同位素地球化学分析。结果显示，该区内沉积钡矿床有以重晶石为主或以毒重石为主的类型；矿石中碳酸盐矿物具有负的碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_Carb为-26.1‰～-6.3‰),重晶石具有非常大的硫、氧同位素分馏(δ³⁴S_Brt为25.1‰～62.2‰,δ¹⁸O_Brt为12.2‰～18.9‰和δ¹⁸O/δ³⁴S≈0.1),反映成矿时有强烈的甲烷驱动微生物硫酸盐还原作用；毒重石等碳酸盐矿物和重晶石的锶同位素组成较为一致，都具有宽的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr变化范围(0.7070～0.7103)和低的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值(～0.7070),指示成矿流体可能是与基性-超基性岩有关的富金属热液，热液流体在运移过...     

烟草叶中异构和反异构烷烃的成因及其光合作用C同位素分馏效应

烟草叶是目前惟一可以通过生物合成得到大量异构和反异构烷烃的植物,然而许多文献对化合物中甲基碳位和奇偶碳数的变化成因未提及.对其成因进行了文献追踪,并对温室不同生长条件(温度、CO2和光照)下培育的烟草叶中的长链正构烷烃、异构和反异构烷烃的单体稳定C同位素组成进行了分析,以期对烟草叶中特殊脂类化合物的生物化学合成同位素分馏效应进行探索研究.与正构烷烃和异构烷烃相比,反异构烷烃的δ13C值平均相对偏重2‰,证明反异构烷烃确实具有不同的合成前身物(2-甲基丁酰辅酶A).比起甲基基团,脱羧反应很可能使得乙酰辅酶A的羧基基团δ13C值偏轻.本研究中异构烷烃和正构烷烃δ13C值的相似性,说明乙酰辅酶A和前身物2-甲基丙酰辅酶A(C4-CoA)之间的C同位素组成很可能是相似的.用水量越多,烟草叶中异构、反异构烷烃和正构烷烃稳定C同位素组成越偏轻.与强光条件比,弱光条件下培育的烟草叶中正构烷烃的稳定C同位素组成偏轻约2.2‰,异构和反异构烷烃稳定C同位素组成也分别偏轻1.8‰和1.9‰.温度对烟草叶正构烷烃、异构烷烃和反异构烷烃的稳定C同位素组成影响甚小,与Farquhar(1980)有关植物体C同位素组成的报道相吻合.     

岩浆去气作用碳硫同位素效应

根据开放体系条件下的瑞利分馏原理,并考虑岩浆中可能溶解的合碳和含硫组分,从理论上定量模式了岩浆去气作用对火成岩碳、硫同位素组成的影响。结果表明,岩浆CO₂去气作用能够导致岩石中碳酸盐显着亏损¹³C,其δ¹³C值能够从原始-5‰变化到-20‰(PDB);岩浆CH₄去气作用则导致岩石中碳酸盐相对富集¹³C,其δ¹³C值能够从原始-5‰变化到+4‰。岩浆SO₂去气作用可以导致岩石中硫化物显着亏损³⁴S,其δ³⁴S值能够从0‰变化到-8‰(CDT);岩浆H₂S去气作用则导致岩石中的硫化物相对富集4S,其δ³⁴S值能够从0‰变化到+6‰。因此,除源岩原始同位素不均一性和地壳物质混染能引起火成岩的碳、硫同位素组成发生较大变化外,岩浆去气作用也是重要原因之一。     

The C-O and Zn isotopic compositions of the Laochang Ag-Pb-Zn ore bodies in the Changning-Menglian suture zone,and its geological implicationsSCIEI北大核心CSCD

老厂矿床是昌宁-孟连缝合带内唯一大型矿床,本文报道了老厂矿床Ag-Pb-Zn矿体中Ⅰ号矿体群下部块状矿体和上部网脉状矿体的方解石C-O同位素组成,以及Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ三个矿体群内闪锌矿的Zn同位素组成。Ⅰ号矿体群下部块状矿体和上部网脉状矿体方解石δ¹³C_PDB的范围分别为-6.17‰～2.71‰和-2.18‰～3.87‰,δ¹⁸O_PDB的范围分别为-19.57‰～-17.23‰和-22.10‰～-16.21‰;计算获得对应成矿流体的δ¹³C_CO2为-6.16‰～1.53‰和-2.39‰～6.43‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O分别为1.62‰～7.62‰和4.36‰～16.92‰,通过与岩浆CO₂(δ¹³C=-2‰～-8‰)和围岩灰岩(δ¹³C=-1.6‰～4.0‰)的δ¹³C值相比较,指示块状矿体成矿流体中的碳主要来自岩浆,网脉状矿体成矿流体中...     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。