高位胆管癌手术治疗对策探讨

作者总结了３３例高位胆管癌的治疗，其中手术切除２７例（８１．８％），平均存活２０．２个月，单纯引流５例（１５．２％），平均存活７．７个月，探查取活检１例（３％），术后存活３个月，无手术死亡，手术方式包括肝外胆管癌切除，肝方叶切除加肝餐胆管癌切除，左半肝切除，尾叶切除 加肝外胆管癌切除，肝内胆管－空肠ｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术。作者认为：高位胆管癌的治疗以手术切除为主，应做到早期诊断和早期治疗。对于不能切除病     

原发性肝癌综合治疗282例分析

本文报告１９８０年６月至１９９４年１０月治疗中晚期原发性肝癌２８２例，男２３８例，女４４例，年龄１７～７６岁，结节型肝癌１３０例，巨块型肝癌９２例，弥漫型肝癌６０例，其中自发性破裂大出血２１例，全部病例经Ｂ超显像，ＣＴ扫描，肝动脉造影，ＡＦＰ测定及病理组织学检查确诊。外科手术治疗９４例，其中脉叶切除３０例，半年、１年、２年、３年、５年生存率为７９．９％，５６．０％。２２．７％１３．６．和１０．０％；行肝动脉血流阻断为主的外科综合治疗６０例，半年，１年、２年生存率为７８．３％，５２．４％，１３．８％；手术探查４例，存活期均少于４个月。对不能切除的中晚期肝癌行介入栓塞治疗１８８例，半年、１年、２年、３年生存率为７３．４％，３８．８％，１９．７％和６．７％。     

肝癌切除联同门静脉癌栓取出术治疗肝癌（附25例报告）

作者报告了２５例肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓，于切除肝癌后同时行门静脉癌栓清除术。肝癌位于左侧肝者２１例，右侧肝４例。瘤体均较大，直径１０．１～２０ｃｍ者占１３例。门静脉主干及左右分支充满癌栓者１０例，左右分支分别均有癌栓者３例，癌栓由左支延伸至主干者１０例，右前后支同时有癌栓者２例。行左肝叶切除后，自门静脉左支残端清除癌栓较为方便。术后半年、１年和２年生存率分别为９５．４５％，４７．０５％和２０％。７     

不同分型的高位胆管癌手术切除方式的选择

１９９１年１月至１９９５年１２月，本院收治高位胆管癌５２例，手术切除１７例，切除率３２．７％。切除组中２例Ｉ型和１例Ⅱ型肿瘤行单纯局部切除，１４例行联合肝叶切除；其中１例Ⅱ型行尾叶切除，１例Ⅱ型和３例ⅢＡ型行肝中叶切除，８例ⅢＢ型行左半肝切除，１例ⅢＡ型行右半肝切除。镜下治愈性切除率为１５．４％（８／５２）。治愈性切除组平均生存期为２１．１月，姑息性切除组则为７．５个月（Ｐ〈０．０５）。切除组手术     

肝门部胆管狭窄的外科治疗

作者报告了１９７５年～１９９２年治疗４７４例肝门部胆管狭窄的经验。４７４例中既往接受１～５次手术者７４．７％。狭窄的病因：原发性肝胆管结石者７１．７％；损伤性胆符狭窄者１０．９％；化脓性胆管炎者７．１％。其他少见。狭窄部位：左肝管３７．６％；小肝管＋右肝管＋肝总管１７．４％，右肝管９．６％；肝总管１４．７％；左肝管＋右肝管１１．５％。胆管下端狭窄与松弛者分别为２３．６％与４８．８％。治疗方式：狭窄切开整形５６．５％；扩张与支撑１５．２％；肝叶切除４８％；修补１０．４％；胆肠吻合６０．７６％。门静脉减压手术６．３％。文中讨论了引起狭窄的原发病的病理改变及与狭窄显露、治疗方法选择的关联，肝方叶处理的方法及选用。     

结直肠癌术后复发处理的探讨

１９９０年３月－１９９３年８月作者为４６例结直肠癌术后复发进行再次手术。再次手术与初手术相隔时间为６－８０个月，平均３４．４个月。其中单纯局部复发占３４．７８％，单纯远处转移１３．０４％，局部复发伴远处转移５２％。再次手术能切除病变者３６例，切除率７８．２６％。切除后存活时间５－４１个月，中位存活１７个月，２６例至今尚存活。手术死亡２例，手术死亡４．３５％，其中１例死亡与手术无关。作者指早期发现复     

腔静脉节段切除在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓中的应用

报告８例下腔静脉节段切除和系统性淋巴清扫肾癌根治术治疗右肾癌并腔静脉浸润性癌栓。４例无远处转移者中３例术后分别存活３６，４２和１７个月，１例２７个月后死于脑转移。４例有远处转移者术后２例分别存活１３和１４个月，１例肝转移瘤者已存活６个月，１例膈上型癌栓者于术后８小时死于心肺功能衰退。     

原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓11例的治疗体会

目的 原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓的外科手术治疗及其治疗效果。方法 回顾性总结原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓１１例行胆管切开癌栓清除术,其中加做肝癌局部切除术７例。结果 手术死亡２例,术后随访１年,除１例至今仍存活１１个月外,余８例生存期分别为１１,１０,９,８．５,４．５,３,３个月。平均生存时间为６个月。结论肝癌局部切除加胆管切开癌栓清除术术不失为原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓患者的一种姑息治疗方法。     

肝切除治疗原发性肝癌156例体会

我科采用常温下病侧肝血流阻断施行非规则性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌１５６例，均经手术治疗，病检证实。患者年龄１７￣６８岁，平均年龄为４３．５岁。Ｉ期肝切除１５４例，Ⅱ期肝切除２例。手术并发症５例，全组无手术死亡。切除标本最重３．５ｋｇ。１、３、５年生存率分别为６２．１％、３０．８％、２０．５％，５年以上仍存活者５例。此种手术只需游离所需切除肝脏的所属韧带，毋需解剖肝门，简化手术步骤，既能完成肝切除，又     

全尾叶切除治疗肝尾状叶肿瘤

目的探讨肝尾叶肿瘤的全尾叶切除技巧及其疗效。方法１６例肝尾叶肿瘤病人,其中肝细胞癌１１例,胆管癌１例,直肠癌术后肝尾状叶转移１例,巨大良性肿瘤３例。均行全尾叶或全尾叶＋左外叶或左半肝或左三叶切除术,平均手术时间（２２７±５２）分钟,术中平均失血（５９２±９４０）ｍｌ,输血（１５１７±６４１）ｍｌ。无手术死亡及术后并发症。结果１１例肝细胞癌病人术后１、３、５年生存率分别为５５．６％、５５．６％及４０％,１例胆管癌病人术后４月死亡,１例肝尾叶转移癌病人术后４年仍存活,３例良性肿瘤病人均健在。结论虽然肝尾叶手术难度高、风险大,但尾叶切除仍应作为治疗肝尾叶肿瘤的首选方法。     

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目的探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)合并胆管癌栓外科治疗的效果。方法对1984年7月至2002年12月收治的53例HCC合并胆管癌栓的治疗情况进行回顾性总结和分析。结果53例中，1例未治，6例行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD)，46例开腹手术。开腹手术术后30d病死率为13．0％，并发症发生率为32．6％。肝切除术、胆管取癌栓及胆道引流术病人术后生存时间为5～46个月，中位生存期为23．5个月。结论黄疸不一定是肝癌的晚期表现，也不一定是手术禁忌证，对HCC合并胆管癌栓的早期诊断和手术治疗，是改善病人预后的关键。     

肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤72例临床分析

目的：探讨肝血管瘤的诊断、手术指征及外科治疗效果。 方法：回顾性分析2005年8月至2010年8月经手术证实的71例肝海绵状血管瘤和1例毛细血管瘤的临床资料。 结果：右半肝切除13例,左半肝切除5例,左外叶切除16例,尾叶切除8例,肝中央叶段切除14例,肝段切除10例,联合肝段切除6例,预防性胆总管切开、T管外引流3例。术中第一肝门阻断49例,阻断时间8~42 min,平均（19.2±10.5）min;全肝血流阻断18例,阻断时间10~40 min,平均（18.6±11.2）min。所有手术病例过程顺利,切除标本直径5~22 cm,无手术死亡。术后并发症：胸腔积液11例,肺部感染1例,切口感染1例。69例随访5个月至6年,无复发。 结论：严格把握手术指征的前提下,应用肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤是安全有效的。     

中晚期胆囊癌34例的外科治疗

目的　探讨对中晚期胆囊癌积极进行外科治疗的价值。方法　对 34例中晚期胆囊癌 ,除行胆囊切除外 ,行肝段切除 7例、半肝切除 1例、肝门部胆管切除高位胆肠吻合 4例、肝段切除 肝门部胆管切除高位胆肠吻合 6例、肝部分切除及胰头十二指肠切除 16例。其中同时行肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结骨骼化清扫 2 8例 ,行肾门淋巴结清扫 1例 ,行右半结肠切除 1例 ,行受累肝动脉切除2例。结果　手术均顺利完成 ,并发胆漏 6例 ,其中死于多器官功能衰竭 1例 ,经引流后愈合 5例 ;1例并发应激性溃疡出血。 12个月前手术者 17例 ,10例仍存活 ,其中 2例存活已超过 30个月 ,最长者达 48个月 ;17例 12个月内手术者 16例存活。结论　对中晚期胆囊癌积极进行手术治疗 ,能改善患者生活质量 ,延长生存期。     

肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤37例分析

目的 探讨肝血管瘤的诊断、手术指征及外科治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月至2008年7月我院肝切除术治疗的37例肝血管瘤患者临床资料.所有病例均通过B超、增强CT和(或)MRI明确诊断.手术指征包括:(1)血管瘤直径>5 cm,位于左外叶或边沿部,伴有较明显临床症状;(2)血管瘤直径>10 cm或短期生长迅速.瘤体位于左叶10例,右叶17例,尾叶3例,肝中叶2例,左右叶多发5例.所有病例术前肝功能Child评级均为A级.结果 右半肝切除5例,左半肝切除2例,左外叶切除10例,尾叶切除3例,肝中央叶段切除5例,肝段切除8例,联合肝段切除4例,预防性胆总管切开、T管外引流2例.术中第一肝门阻断28例,阻断时间8～36 min,平均(22.2±14.3)min;全肝血流阻断7例,阻断时间10～40 rain,平均(21.6±12.1)min.术中输血4例,输血量平均为400 ml.所有手术病例过程顺利,切除标本直径5～20 cm,无手术死亡.术后并发症:胸腔积液4例,膈下积液2例.术后病理:37例均为肝海绵状血管瘤.所有病例随访6个月～4年,无复发.结论 在严格把握手术指征的前提下,应用肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤是安全有效的.

Abstract：

Objective To study the diagnosis,surgical indications, and results of surgical treatment for hepatic hemangioma. Methods The data of 37 patients with hepatic hemangioma treated by hepatectomy in our department from July 2005 to July 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. The diagnoses were made by ultrasound, enhanced CT and MRI. Surgical indications included: (1) diameter >5 cm, located at the left lateral section or the lower edge of the liver with symptoms. (2) diameter >10 cm or recent rapid growth. The hemangioma were located in the left liver in 10 patients, right liver in 17, caudate lobe in 3, middle hepatic lobe in 2, multiple tumors in left and right livers in 5.The preoperative liver function was grade A in all patients. Results Five patients underwent right hepatectomy, 2 underwent left hepatectomy, 10 underwent left lateral sectionectomy, 3 underwent caudate lobectomy, 5 underwent central hepatectomy, 8 underwent right anterior sectionectomy, 4 underwent combined hepatic resections and 2 underwent prophylactic exploration of the common bile duct. Pringle's maneuver was applied in 28 patients, and total hepatic vascular exclusion in 7. The occlusion time ranged from 8-36 and 10-40 minutes (average: 22.2±14.3 min and 21.6±12.1 min),respectively. 400 ml of intraoperative blood transfusion was given to 4 patients each. All operations were successfully carried out. The specimens measured 5-20 cm. There was no peri-operative death.The postoperative complications were: pleural effusion (n=4); subphrenic (n=2). Histologic diagnosis confirmed hepatic cavernous hemangioma in all patients. All patients were regularly followed-up (ranged 6 months-4 years), and no recurrence was detected. Conclusion In carefully selected patients, liver resection for hepatic hemangioma is safe and effective.     

原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓致阻塞性黄疸的外科治疗

目的探讨原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓致阻塞性黄疸的外科手术治疗及其治疗效果。方法回顾性对15例原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓致阻塞性黄疸行外科手术治疗的总结和分析。结果行左半肝切除 胆总管切开取癌栓术5例,行肿瘤切除 胆总管切开取癌栓术7例,行胆总管切开取癌栓 肝总动脉结扎3例,术后随访2年,平均生存时间为14.5个月,最长存活23个月。结论外科治疗明显提高了患者生活质量,延长了生存时间。     

医源性胆道损伤的诊治：附52例报告

目的:总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。 方法:对52例医源性胆道损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果:胆道手术所致48例(92.3%)，胃大部切除术及肝脏手术所致各2例（共7.7%）。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处34例(65.4%)，肝总管6例(11.5%)，胆总管6例(11.5%)，左右肝管汇合部4例(7.7%)，左、右肝管各1例(共3.8%)。胆管完全性损伤30例(57.7%)，部分性损伤22例(42.3%)。所有病例均行手术处理。术中立即发现8例，采用直接修补或对端吻合、T管支撑引流术5例，直接置合适T管引流1例，肝总管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例，效果均满意；另1例行胆总管十二指肠吻合术，3年后因吻合口狭窄再次行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。术后发现的44例，行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术31例，肝总管与十二指肠吻合8例，胆总管置管引流2例，胆总管缺损用空肠瓣修补术1例，肝内胆管与空肠Longmire吻合术1例，拆除胆总管前后壁之间缝线1例。全组死亡4例，生存48例中41例获随访，疗效优良率为82.9%，疗效差的7例分别于术后2个月至5年再次作胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。结论:要警惕医源性胆道损伤的发生，及早诊断、及早修复胆道的连续性是提高疗效的关键。手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的时间具体决定，以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的疗效最佳。     

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目的 总结19例肝泡状球蚴病致梗阻性黄疸，行超高位胆肠吻合术的治疗经验。方法 肝泡状球蚴病根治性切除12例（右半肝6例，左半肝4例，右三叶2例）。空肠与右肝管Roux-Y吻合4例。空肠与左肝管Roux-Y吻合8例，中肝叶姑息性切除7例，行空肠间置胆肠吻合。结果 18例泡型黄疸病人痊愈出院，1例术后发生胆肠瘘，死于肝肾综合征。16例坚持口服吡喹和甲苯咪唑。结论 泡型黄疸经泡肝根治性或姑息性切除，超高位胆肠吻合可改善肝功能，延长病人生存期限。     

肝癌胆管内转移致阻塞性黄疸的外科治疗

目的: 探讨外科手术治疗原发性肝癌胆管内转移致阻塞性黄疸的疗效.方法: 自1944年1月至1997年10月间对21例原发性肝癌胆管内转移致阻塞性黄疸的患者进行了外科手术治疗.其中行总胆管切开取癌栓者19例,行肝动脉插管化疗者4例,行肝动脉结扎者10例,行肝叶切除者2例.结果: 患者平均生存时间为8.5个月,最长存活时间为18个月.结论: 外科治疗明显改善了患者生活质量,提高了生存时间.     

Surgical Treatment for Biliary Carcinoma Arising After Pancreatoduodenectomy

The clinicopathological features and surgical treatment of biliary carcinoma around the major hepatic duct confluence arising after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) due to initial bile duct carcinoma are described in three patients. Occurrence of biliary carcinoma more than 12 years after initial surgery and a histological finding of cholangiocellular carcinoma mixed with hepatocellular carcinoma suggested metachronous incidence of biliary carcinoma after PD. Extended right hemihepatectomy with complete removal of the residual extrahepatic bile duct and segmental, resection of the jejunal loop were carried out safely without operative death or severe postoperative complications. Two patients died of tumor recurrence 6 months after surgery, and the remaining patient is currently living a normal life without evidence of recurrence 17 months after surgery. These surgical procedures are a therapeutic option in patients with biliary carcinoma around the major hepatic duct confluence arising after PD.     

S4a + S5 With caudate lobe (SI) resection using the Taj Mahal liver parenchymal resection for carcinoma of the biliary tract

Recently we have been performing S4a + S5 with total resection of the caudate lobe (SI) by using a dome-like dissection along the root of the middle hepatic vein at the pinnacle, which we refer to as the Taj Mahal liver parenchymal resection, for carcinoma of the biliary tract. This procedure offers the following advantages: (1) It allows total resection of the caudate lobe, including the paracaval portion (S9), and (2) because the cut surface of the liver is large, it allows intrahepatic jejunostomy to be performed more easily with a good field of view. The indications for this procedure include hilar bile duct carcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, and choledochal cyst (type IVA). Because of the high rate of hilar liver parenchyma and caudate lobe invasion associated with hilar bile duct carcinoma, the liver must be resected. The Taj Mahal procedure is indicated in cases where extended liver resection is impossible. The dissection limits of this procedure are, on the left side, the B2 + 3 bifurcation at the right margin of the umbilical portion of the portal vein and, on the right side, the B8 of the anterior branch and the B6+7 bifurcation of the right posterior branch. This procedure could also be described as a reduced form of extended right hepatectomy and extended left hepatectomy. For gallbladder carcinoma, this procedure is indicated to ensure an adequate surgical margin and eradicate transvenous liver metastasis, particularly in cases of pT2 lesions. Hilar and caudate lobe invasion also occurs in liver bed-type gallbladder carcinoma, and bile duct resection and caudate lobe resection are required for the surgery to be curative. We performed this procedure in four cases of hilar bile duct carcinoma, five cases of gallbladder carcinoma, and one case each of choledochal cyst (type IVA) with carcinoma of the bile duct and gallbladder adenomyomatosis. Curative resection was possible in all except the patient with adenomyomatosis, and all of the patients are alive and recurrence free 10 to 37 months postoperatively. This procedure, in addition to preserving liver function, provides a wide field of view and facilitates reconstruction of multiple intrahepatic bile ducts. Thus it can be said to be a curative operation not only in patients considered high risk but also in those whose hilar bile duct carcinoma is limited to the bifurcation area (Bismuth type IIIa and IIIb) and in gallbladder carcinoma up to pT2 with slight extension on the hepatic side. Presented at the Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, New Orleans, La., May 17–20, 1998 (poster presentation).