模块化工业机器人嵌入式控制系统的研究

针对模块化机器人控制系统的重构问题,提出了一种柔性的嵌入式控制系统体系结构.该控制系统各种软硬件功能模块被抽取成标准构件,硬件模块设计采用了双核处理器以便满足计算能力和小型化的需求,模块之间通过标准的现场总线接口进行通信.机器人控制软件采用了基于构件的组态结构,它由柔性嵌入式控制系统开发平台、机器人功能构件库和运动规划与控制算法构件库三部分组成,实时性和非实时性的软件模块都按标准接口进行封装.机器人轨迹插补运算采用双DDA算法,逆运动学求解利用相邻轨迹点的关节坐标绝对增量最小原则去除冗余解.该嵌入式控制系统在六关节工业机器人选行了应用,实验结果表明它能适应机器人机械结构和作业任务的变化,使系统开发周期大大缩短.     

基于局部指数积的模块化机器人运动学参数标定

针对模块化可重构机器人系统展开基于局部指数积法的运动学参数标定研究,提出一种基于子装配体的模块化机器人标定方法.首先,采用旋量的指数形式对子装配体进行数学描述,建立子装配体的运动学模型.然后,采用局部指数积方法,建立基于子装配体、包含关节约束条件的模块化机器人实际运动学模型.通过对运动学模型取微分,根据指数映射微分公式的显式表达式,给出模块化机器人末端位置误差与子装配体的关节旋量误差、末端子装配体的局部位置误差之间映射关系的显式表达.最后,以一套模块化可重构机械臂系统为试验平台,采用激光跟踪仪为测量设备进行试验.试验结果表明标定过程能够收敛到稳定值,经参数标定后用于试验的6自由度模块化机械臂定位误差模的平均值降低了近95％,最大值降低了近92％.     

一种模块化可重构机器人系统的研制

在教育和科研领域中,为使机器人兼有较好的重构能力与操作性能,研制了一种模块化可重构机器人系统MRRES.提出了一种机器人模块划分及重构的方法,构建出机器人模块库,研制出集成传动、控制及传感于一体的系列化关节模块.基于Open GL和VC++开发了具有建模、仿真和运动控制功能的应用软件MRR-SIM.给出了一个基于任务和模块库的机器人设计实例,进行了实验测试.实验结果表明,MRRES系统模块划分和设计合理,机器人在保证重构能力的同时具有较好的操作性能,可应用于教育和科研等领域.     

可重构模块化机器人研究

可重构模块化机器人是机器人学的一个新的发展方向,其研究的核心和基础问题是可重构机器人的模块设计以及模块组合的运动规划。设计了一种新型可重构模块化机器人,该机器人具有独特的平面连接机构,实现了结构、驱动、运动和功能的模块化,能够根据需要重新构形,完成实时任务。分别介绍了模块单元的机械结构设计、连接机构以及基于CAN总线的控制系统结构。构建了基于OpenGL技术和VC++开发平台的机器人仿真实验系统,仿真机器人构形和运动,验证了模块设计的正确性和整体运动构形规划方法的有效性。     

模块化机器人拓扑重构规划研究

模块化可重构机器人由若干个相同的机器人模块组合装配而成,能够重构成不同的几何形态和结构,从而适应不同的作业任务要求。本论文主要对树状拓扑结构的模块化机器人的重构规划问题进行了研究,定义了构型重构的基本概念,提出了分支重构规划算法。这类模块化可重构机器人可以用树状拓扑结构图来描述。机器人的拓扑结构从自由树转化为有根树,然后分解为若干个分支结构,并按一定顺序排列,通过对各个分支结构的逐步比较和操作,完成重构过程。最后选定模块数目,进行了重构规划过程的仿真计算。结果表明,文中所述算法对于树状拓扑结构的模块化机器人的重构规划问题是有效的。     

模块化可重构机器人动力学研究进展

模块化可重构机器人由于其构型多变,运动形式丰富等特点,可以在非结构化环境或未知环境中执行任务,在最近几年迅速成为机器人研究领域的前沿和热点. 模块化可重构机器人在军事、医疗、教育等众多工程领域具有广泛的应用前景,其典型代表包括仿生多足模块化机器人、模块化可重构机械臂、晶格式模块化机器人等. 模块化可重构机器人丰富的构型设计、多样的连接特征、不断拓展的应用范围,给动力学建模与控制带来了很多挑战和机遇. 本文首先阐述了模块化可重构机器人的研究背景和意义,并概述了其构型分类与设计、构型描述与运动学建模方法.随后,本文系统回顾了模块化可重构机器人动力学研究中相关问题的最新进展,包括：(1)系统整体动力学建模;(2)结合面以及对接机构动力学建模;(3)基于动力学模型的控制方法. 本文最后提出了模块化可重构机器人动力学研究中若干值得关注的问题.     

自重构移动微机器人设计与自动对接

设计了一种模块化的自重构移动微机器人系统。系统中的每个微机器人模块既可作为动力单元,拖动其它模块进行更远距离的探测,也可自动脱离成为无线通信节点,拓展整个系统的通信距离。通过这2种方式扩展了单个微型移动机器人的探测范围。研制了由1个红外接收器和4个红外发射器组成的导引系统,并基于其设计了一种新型的自动对接方法。最后进行了微机器人之间的对接实验,验证了该方法具有很高的效率和可靠性。     

基于FPGA的飞机机电系统通用接口单元的研究

针对机载机电系统远程数据采集与控制的接口问题,设计了一种基于FPGA的机电系统通用接口单元.采用“FPGA+微处理器+开关矩阵”的硬件架构,利用FPGA并行的硬件模块以及可重构性,实现了机载子系统的功能分配以及故障诊断与重构;利用开关矩阵对任意通道的桥接功能,实现了机载信号到调理电路的灵活切换.研究了通用接口的设计思想、体系结构,重点讨论了模块化设计、FPGA重构、开关矩阵配置等关键技术.实验结果表明,该通用接口单元速度快、可靠性好、配置灵活,具有一定的通用性和扩展性.     

断路器柔性装配车间数字孪生系统设计

为优化断路器装配车间的产线结构和作业方法,结合数字孪生技术,提出一种基于多机器人运动控制的断路器柔性自动化车间装配方案。面向自动化装配单元,结合工业机器人的柔性装配工艺及方法,对实体装配车间进行全物理属性的数字化建模,同时建立多机器人的运动学控制模型,将机器人的三维运动模型应用于虚拟孪生场景。通过数据的交互传递,实现物理单元与虚拟单元的实时链接,将车间机器人的运动轨迹、装配状态、作业运送流程等数据信息进行实时显示,从而实现断路器柔性装配数字孪生系统的搭建与同步映射。实验结果证明,所提方案对实现断路器柔性装配有显著效果。     

柔性装配系统的集成与设计

自行开发的柔性装配系统FAS ,将PC机、机器人、PLC和产品识别装置各单元集成于一个协调工作的自动装配系统。通过网络互连通信、信息集成 ,完成系统各单元的硬件构成和软件模块设计 ,为中小批量产品的装配提供了一个柔性化的解决方案。     

A PC-based open robot control system: PC-ORC

An open architecture manufacturing system pursues to integrate manufacturing components on a single platform. Therefore, a particular component can be easily added and/or replaced. In this paper, a modular and object-oriented approach for the PC-based open robot control (PC-ORC) system is investigated. A standard reference model for controlling robots, which consists of a hardware platform, an operating system module, and various application software modules, is first proposed. Then, PC-ORC system, which can reconfigure the control system in various production environments, is developed. The PC-ORC is constructed based upon the object-oriented method. Hence, it allows an easy implementation and modification of various modules. The PC-ORC consists of basic software, application objects, and additional hardware devices on a PC platform. Finally, by applying the proposed PC-ORC to a SCARA robot, the performance of the PC-ORC is examined.     

多约束条件下定制产品模块划分方法

为解决定制设计过程中模块划分问题,提出多约束条件下模块划分方法,该方法以功能域、结构域、用户需求域为多约束条件,提出产品定制模块多约束划分准则,构建产品零部件功能关联性矩阵、结构性关联矩阵以及用户需求关联性矩阵,并采用层次分析法确定三种约束之间的权重系数,计算产品零部件两两之间模块化综合关联度。依据模块化综合关联度和阈值生成相应的模块划分方案。并以开关柜为实例,验证了该方法的可行性。     

微型四旋翼飞行侦察机器人控制系统设计

针对微型四旋翼飞行侦察机器人控制系统进行研究和设计,采用基于Cortex-M4内核的32位高性能单片机STM32F405RG为控制器进行了模块化设计,主要包括动力模块、姿态检测模块、无线通信模块和无线视频传输模块,分别对各模块的硬件和软件设计进行了详细介绍.实验验证,本控制系统运行可靠、稳定.     

Autonomous reconfiguration of robot shape by using Q-learning

A modular robot can be built with a shape and function that matches the working environment. We developed a four-arm modular robot system which can be configured in a planar structure. A learning mechanism is incorporated in each module constituting the robot. We aim to control the overall shape of the robot by an accumulation of the autonomous actions resulting from the individual learning functions. Considering that the overall shape of a modular robot depends on the learning conditions in each module, this control method can be treated as a dispersion control learning method. The learning object is cooperative motion between adjacent modules. The learning process proceeds based on Q-learning by trial and error. We confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed technique by computer simulation.     

Design and implementation of robot-operated adaptable and modular fixtures

This paper presents the design issues and hardware implementation for robot-operated automatic modular and adaptable fixtures. Modular fixtures are workholding devices made from stackable self-contained modular elements. Adaptable fixtures provide surface contact with the workpiece and therefore can adapt to the workpiece geometry. These fixtures are shown to have several advantages over conventional fixtures. Issues in modularity and adaptability for workpiece fixturing are discussed for the purpose of evaluating automatic modular fixtures in flexible manufacturing systems. The basic design requirements for robot-operated modular and adaptable fixturing systems are developed and classified into mechanical and operational. Automatic assembly issues such as the use of special mating surfaces, compact actuators for active modules, as well as the importance of communications between the robot manipulator and the modular fixture are discussed.

Hardware design and implementation of a shape memory alloy actuated locking module and a discrete conformable surface module are presented. Performance characteristics such as free-play, stiffness and time response were evaluated experimentally for the locking module. Several workpiece geometries are tested on the comformable surface module.     

Man-machine interface for modular robot systems

A modular robot is composed of multiple modules, each comprising a sensor, an actuator, and a control system. Each module accumulates information about its own sensor, actuator, and connections to other modules, as well as communication information between adjoining modules. The user obtains this information via an interface, and can thus recognize the state of the robot and issue commands. However, when the number of modules becomes large, the amount of information sent from the modules becomes too much for the user to deal with effectively. Naturally, it also becomes more difficult for the user to issue commands to the modular robot as the number of modules increases. In this study, we developed an interface to present, in a simple manner, information aggregated in a certain module from other modules, and we examined its effectiveness in a modular robot composed of these modules.     

Construction and locomotion analysis of modular robots with pneumatic-actuated and binary-controlled expandable cubes

This paper presents the construction and locomotion analysis of the modular robots composed of expandable cubes (E-Cubes). The kinematic properties and experiment research of the assembled modular robots are the main focus of the paper. The E-Cube consisted of only prismatic joints is a cubic module with three degrees of freedom corresponding to three mutually perpendicular directions. The modular robots are constructed by connecting the vertex or edge of the adjacent modules. In this paper, first, the modular robot system including the E-Cube hardware, connection method of modules and a potential binary control strategy is described. And then, the detailed kinematics, stability and motion simulations of three configurations assembled with four modules are analysed. After that, a set of experimental pneumatic-based robotic system is built. At last, the gait experiments of the configurations are carried out to testify the feasibility and validity of design and locomotion functions. The experiment results show the reliability of the mechanical, control and pneumatic systems and the programming and control efficiency of the binary control strategy. As extension, a modular robot with eight modules is assembled, and its different locomotion gaits are simulated accordingly.     

基于模块化的导航机器人设计与地图构建

为解决目前导航机器人对于通用性和兼容性的要求,按照模块化设计思想,设计了一款由微处理器模块、电机模块、通信模块、感知模块和电源模块组成的导航机器人实验平台.并针对导航机器人在环境地图构建时产生的累积误差问题,提出了一种融合了先验估计的最大期望概率建图算法,并利用该导航机器人平台开展了建图与自主导航实验.利用室内运动捕捉系统获取的坐标作为参照物,验证了该算法能有效减少机器人建图时产生的累积误差.