应用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜技术检测缺氧人肺微血管内皮细胞内钙离子浓度动态变化

目的：探讨应用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜（LSCM）技术检测缺氧状态的人肺微血管内皮细胞（HPMVEC）内钙离子（Ca2＋）浓度动态变化的价值。方法：HPMVEC常规培养,按观察时间点不同分为5个缺氧培养组（1h hyp组、2h hyp组、4h hyp组、6h hyp组和8h hyp组）以及1个对照组（0h con组）共6个组,每组设8个复孔,应用LSCM技术测定缺氧后HPMVEC内Ca2＋浓度水平及随时间推移的变化。结果：LSCM技术显示HPMVEC内Ca2＋的荧光强度1h hyp组与0h con组比较、2h hyp组与1h hyp组比较、4h hyp组与2h hyp组比较、6h hyp组与4h hyp组比较、8h hyp组与6h hyp组比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）。线性回归分析结果显示Ca2＋荧光强度与缺氧时间成正相关（r=0.969,P〈0.01）。结论：HPMVEC内Ca2＋浓度随缺氧时间增长而增高;LSCM在动态检测缺氧状态下HPMVEC内的Ca2＋浓度变化中具有明显优势。     

线粒体大麻素受体1在大鼠海马神经元缺氧复氧损伤中对线粒体分裂的影响

目的:探讨线粒体CB1受体(mitochondrial cannabinoid receptor1,mtCB1)在大鼠海马神经元缺氧复氧损伤中对线粒体分裂的影响。方法:原代培养新生的Wistar大鼠海马神经元,将培养至第8天的海马神经元采用随机数字表分为5组(n=60):正常组(N组):正常培养,不做任何处理;缺氧复氧组(H/R组):采用氧糖剥夺法构建海马神经元缺氧复氧损伤模型,缺氧6h,复氧20 h;缺氧复氧组+ACEA+AM251组(H/R+ACEA+AM251组):缺氧6 h结束后立即加入ACEA和AM251,终浓度分别为1μmol/L、10μmol/L,复氧20 h;缺氧复氧+ACEA+Hemopressin(H/R+ACEA+Hemo组):缺氧6h结束后立即加入ACEA和Hemopressin,终浓度分别为1μmol/L、10μmol/L,复氧20 h;缺氧复氧+赋形剂组(H/R+V组):同样于缺氧6h结束后立即加入二甲基亚砜(DMSO),终浓度0.1%,复氧20 h。使用激光共聚焦显微镜检测细胞内Ca~(2+)的浓度,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,Western blot检测凋亡诱导因子(AIF)、线粒体分裂相关蛋白Drp1、Fis1,细胞凋亡相关蛋白细胞色素C(Cytc)和Rho相关的卷曲蛋白激酶1(ROCK1)的表达。结果:与N组相比,H/R组、H/R+ACEA+AM251组、H/R+ACEA+Hemo组和H/R+V组的细胞内Ca~(2+)浓度、细胞凋亡率、以及AIF、Drp1、Fis1、Cytc、ROCK1蛋白的表达水平均明显增加(P0.05);与H/R组相比,H/R+ACEA+Hem组上述各检测指标明显降低(P0.05),H/R+ACEA+AM251组和H/R+V组各指标比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:线粒体CB1受体(mtCB1受体)可能通过降低细胞内ROS的含量来减少细胞内Ca~(2+)浓度和ROCK1的表达,进而抑制线粒体分裂,并最终减轻海马神经元缺氧复氧损伤。     

缺氧对人肺动脉平滑肌细胞双孔钾通道TASK-1影响及非受体酪氨酸激酶的调节作用

目的:探讨缺氧对人肺动脉平滑肌细胞内向整流酸敏感性双孔钾通道(TASK-1)的影响,及非受体酪氨酸激酶(c-Src)对该过程的调节作用。方法:培养人肺动脉平滑肌细胞(h PASMCs):分为正常组、缺氧30 min组、缺氧6 h组、缺氧48 h组及缺氧48 h+PP2组、缺氧48 h+PP3组和缺氧48 h+bp V组,应用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期,RT-PCR及Western blot方法测定不同组细胞TASK-1的mRNA及蛋白表达变化。结果:1细胞周期显示:与正常对照组相比,随缺氧时间延长,S期百分率增加;与缺氧48 h组相比,缺氧48 h+PP2组S期百分率下降;2急性缺氧6 h组TASK-1 mRNA表达增加,慢性缺氧组TASK-1 mRNA表达降低,急、慢性缺氧组TASK-1蛋白表达减少;c-Src抑制剂PP2可促进TASK-1 mRNA及蛋白表达,酪氨酸磷酯酶抑制剂bp V抑制TASK-1蛋白表达。结论:缺氧促进人肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖,非受体酪氨酸激酶c-Src介导急、慢性缺氧对双孔钾通道TASK-1调控过程,可能与缺氧性人肺血管收缩存在一定的相关性。     

钙网蛋白介导热处理对大鼠骨骼肌适应性变化钙调机制的研究

目的:研究应激蛋白钙网蛋白(CRT)在热处理过程中对大鼠骨骼肌适应性保护的钙调机制。方法:本研究使用递增的热处理方案对大鼠进行热干预,40只SD大鼠被随机分成安静对照组C(8只)和热处理组H(32只),其中热处理组在热干预完毕后再分为热处理即刻组(H1)、热处理后24 h组(H2)、热处理后48 h组(H3)和热处理后6 d组(H4)(n=8)。结果:热处理完成后,H2组大鼠骨骼肌肌质网Ca2+-ATP酶活性值最高,与安静对照组C比较呈非常显著性(P<0.01),H1组与安静对照组C比较,其值也呈显著性差异(P<0.05);线粒体Ca2+-ATP酶活性以H1组最高,与安静对照组C比较呈显著性差异(P<0.05),同时大鼠骨骼肌肌质网Ca2+浓度以H2组最高,H1组其次,两者与安静对照组比较呈显著性差异(P<0.05);线粒体Ca2+浓度H1与H2组值高于安静对照组C,H3及H4组值低于安静对照组C,都无差异性;热处理完毕后,H1、H2、H3组大鼠骨骼肌中应激蛋白CRT的表达量较安静对照组C显著增加。结论:在温度递增的热处理过程中,钙网蛋白对骨骼肌细胞钙平衡的失调发挥调节作用,这种热刺激产生的适应性保护对骨骼肌有很好的保护作用。     

水环境中不同Ca~(2+)浓度对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)幼鱼生存生长的影响

作为典型的盐碱湖泊,青海湖水钙离子浓度仅为同盐度海水的1/10。本试验采用单因子静态急性毒性和室内生长试验方法,研究了不同Ca2+浓度对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)幼鱼生存和生长的影响,以期了解适宜青海湖裸鲤幼鱼生长的钙离子浓度范围。结果表明:在Ca2+浓度为0~2431.10 mg·L-1(约为同盐度海水值的0~20倍)水体中,96 h内青海湖裸鲤幼鱼100%存活;在为期60 d的生长试验中,高Ca2+浓度组(1246.02±9.83)mg·L-1与低Ca2+浓度组(10.83±0.11)mg·L-1青海湖裸鲤幼鱼存活率均在95%以上,而体长、体重、体长绝对生长率、体重绝对生长率和特定生长率均显著低于对照组(120.65±1.62)mg·L-1(P0.05),各指标的排列顺序依次为:高Ca2+浓度组低Ca2+浓度组对照组,高Ca2+浓度组的特定生长率仅为对照组的54.62%。综上所述,青海湖裸鲤幼鱼可耐受的Ca2+范围较广,但过低或过高的Ca2+浓度均会导致青海湖裸鲤生长缓慢,且高Ca2+浓度抑制效果更为明显。     

单细胞内Ca2+时空变化的激光共聚焦显微测定

应用激光扫描共聚焦显微系统(LSCM)和Fluo-3/AM荧光探剂标记技术, 测定了单个活细胞胞内游离Ca²⁺的动态变化与立体分布影像. 结果显示, 在37℃, Fluo-3/AM终浓度为6μmol/L的条件下, C57BL/6J小鼠巨噬细胞负载1h左右即可获得良好的标记效果. 相反, 若探剂浓度太高或负载时间太长, 胞内荧光强度太强, 影响在共聚焦显微镜镜下分辨细胞内结构. 因此用LSCM研究细胞内游离Ca²⁺变化时, 荧光探剂的负载应以获得最适荧光信号而不是以最大荧光强度为标准. 上述方法在其他如平滑肌细胞、卵母细胞中的测定亦获得满意的结果, 这对进一步研究各种生理和病理条件下细胞内Ca²⁺信号的动态变化、与跨膜Ca²⁺梯差的关系及对活细胞功能活动的调节提供了一种可行的、直观的研究手段.     

水环境中不同浓度K+、Ca2+对大鳞鲃幼鱼存活率、耗氧率和窒息点的影响

通过单因子静态急性毒性试验和呼吸生理试验,研究了盐度10的水体中不同K+、Ca2+浓度对大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)幼鱼存活率、耗氧率和窒息点的影响.结果表明:在K+浓度3.78 ～ 435.30 mg-L-1(对照组为117.55 mg· L-1)和Ca2+浓度11.01 ～ 1535.90 mg·L-1(对照组为116.59 mg· L-1)水质条件下,大鳞鲃幼鱼存活率均为100％.96 h高浓度K+的LC50为515.01 mg· L-1,低浓度Ca2+的LC50为5.47 mg·L-1.在耗氧率和窒息点试验中,低浓度K+组[(3.75±0.17) mg·L-1]大鳞鲃幼鱼在整个试验过程中的耗氧率和窒息点均未出现显著性变化(P＞0.05);高浓度K+组[(451.67±10.23) mg· L-1]耗氧率在前48 h未出现显著性变化(P＞0.05),72和96 h与对照组[(115.29±0.68) mg·L-1]相比,耗氧率显著提高(P＜0.05);临界窒息点和绝对窒息点与对照组相比均显著升高(P＜0.05).Ca2+试验中,高Ca2+组[(1290.10±15.75) mg·L-1]和低Ca2+组[(8.87±0.34) mg·L-1]表现为相同趋势,即前24 h时高浓度Ca2+组和低浓度Ca2+组耗氧率均比对照组[(117.57±1.68) mg·L-1]有显著升高(P＜0.05),48 h后,高浓度Ca2+组和低浓度Ca2+组耗氧率恢复到对照组水平并持续至96 h试验结束.无论低浓度Ca2+组还是高浓度Ca2+组,大鳞鲃幼鱼的临界窒息点与绝对窒息点都显著升高(P＜0.05).综上所述,大鳞鲃幼鱼对水体中K+、Ca2+具有较强的耐受性,尤其是低浓度K+和高浓度Ca2+.     

Cu2+对铜锈微囊藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用浮游植物荧光仪（Photo-PAM）研究了不同Cu²⁺浓度处理不同时间（12、24、48、72、96 h）对铜锈微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:在一定时间（96 h）内,低浓度Cu²⁺(1μmol·L^-1)处理的铜锈微囊藻的藻细胞密度以及PSII最大光合效率（Fv/Fm）、PSII实际光合效率（ΦPSII）、光能利用效率（α）与对照相比变化不显著,最大电子传递速率（Pm）显著下降;高浓度Cu²⁺(2、4、6、8μmol·L^-1)处理下,藻细胞密度及Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、α、Pm随着Cu²⁺浓度的加大和胁迫时间的延长均显著降低,浓度为6、8μmol·L^-1 Cu²⁺处理48 h,铜锈微囊藻Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、α、Pm的测得值为0。可见,高浓度Cu²⁺(≥2μmol·L^-1)处理极大地影响铜锈微囊藻的生长及叶绿素荧光特性,胁迫作用显著。     

脱氢紫堇碱对正常和低氧豚鼠心肌细胞内钙的影响

目的 :探讨脱氢紫堇碱 (dehydeocorydaline,DHC)及维拉帕米 (verapamil,Ver)对豚鼠心肌细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca2 + ] i)变化的影响。方法 :采用离体豚鼠心脏Langendorff法灌注 ,用荧光指示剂方法 (Fure 2 /AM)标记心肌([Ca2 + ] i)变化。观察低氧后心肌 [Ca2 + ] i 的变化。结果 :①正常氧状态心肌 [Ca2 + ] i 均值为 (1 2 0 .5± 8.3)nmol/L(n =2 0 ) ;②正常氧条件下 ,DHC、Ver均使心肌 [Ca2 + ] i 明显下降。 (3)低氧状态下 ,心肌 [Ca2 + ] i 增加与缺氧时间(程度 )直线相关 (r=0 .98)。④DHC对低氧后心肌 [Ca2 + ] i 增加明显减缓。结论 :DHC在正常氧、低氧条件下阻止心肌细胞内钙超载 ,我们认为DHC可能提高心肌细胞的自我保护作用     

SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞钙离子波动的探究

本实验旨在通过化学药物促进或抑制骨髓间充质干细胞(BMMSCs)增殖以研究胞内Ca2+浓度在此过程中的变化规律.同步化于G1期的MSCs分别用10%胎牛血清(FBS)、15 ng/mL表皮生长因子(EGF)做短期(1 h)或持续(32 h)刺激,或用10 μg/mL丝裂霉素C(Mi C)短期(1 h)刺激和刺激2.5 h后除去,检测胞内Ca2+浓度变化.结果 表明在增殖相关的化学信号瞬时刺激下,MSCs胞内Ca2+信号瞬时增高,然后回复到一个稳态水平:促增殖时维持高稳态水平,抑增殖则低;持续的抑制导致胞内Ca2+波动弱.     

胞内钙平衡在培养的牛主动脉内皮细胞低氧和复氧损伤中的作用

本文通过建立培养的牛主动脉内皮细胞体外低氧复氧模型,观察低氧和复氧时胞内钙浓度的改变与存活率的关系。结果显示,随低氧时间延长内皮细胞存活率下降,低氧后再复氧存活率进一步降低。低氧时无钙溶液孵育降低细胞的存活率,但复氧时无钙溶液孵育则增加细胞的存活率。低氧２ｈ胞内钙浓度从９９ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ降对６９ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ,无钙时胞内钙进一步降低,低氧４ｈ再复氧４０ｍｉｎ,胞内钙浓度恢复至正常。提示细胞内钙浓度平衡     

Effects of cholecystokinin-8 induced gastric dysmotility on bile regurgitation during stress and molecular mechanisms

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the existence of bile regurgitation under stress condition, and explore the possible effects and related mechanism of changes of plasma cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) and intragastric pH on stress-induced bile regurgitation in rats. METHODS: (1) Changes in plasma CCK-8 and gastric bile concentration were respectively measured by using radioimmunoassay (RIA) method while simultaneously calculating gastric ulcer index (UI) and intragastric pH; (2) Each isolated gastric strips were suspended in a tissue chamber to record the contractile responses by polyphysiograph; (3) The responsiveness of gastric smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S) were examined using fura-2-loaded microfluorimetric measurement of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i); (4) The current of L-type calcium channels (I(CaL)) of SMCs were recorded by patch clamp techniques. RESULTS: (1) Compared with the normal control group, plasma CCK-8 and gastric bile concentration significantly increased during stress (p<0.01) and both simultaneously reached the peak at the time point of 2 h after stress; UI and intragastric pH apparently increased (p<0.01); (2) Significant changes to CCK-8S were found in the mean contractile amplitude and frequency of circular muscle (CM) and longitudinal muscle (LM) of gastric antrum and pylorus; (3) CCK-8S-evoked significant increase in [Ca(2+)]i (p<0.01) could be suppressed by CCK-A receptor (CCK-AR) antagonist; whereas a small but significant increase was still elicited by CCK-8S under condition of the removal of extracellular calcium or by given nifidipine; (4) CCK-8S-intensified calcium current (I(CaL)) apparently inhibited by respective administration of nifidipine, Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitors or calcium dependent chloride channel (I(Cl-Ca)) blocker (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Gastric mucosal damage induced by bile regurgitation is closely connected with gastric antrum and pylorus dysmotility evoked by CCK-8 during the stress. CCK-8S-evoked [Ca(2+)]i increase in gastric antrum and pylorus SMC depends on the release of intracellular calcium stores which activates L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) through the activation of calcium dependent chloride channels.     

Effect of hypoxia upon intracellular calcium concentration of human endothelial cells.

Ischemia is a situation occurring in several diseases including myocardial infarction and organ transplantation in which oxygenated blood supply is impaired. Ischemia leads to many cellular and tissue modifications, the most important one being cell death. Several explanations have been proposed to account for these modifications and cell death; among them is calcium overload. However, the influence of calcium concentration on the alteration of endothelial cell functions or viability during ischemia are still unknown. We developed here an in vitro model where human endothelial cell monolayers were submitted to hypoxia with or without reoxygenation and variation in calcium concentration was followed using a specific intracellular probe Fura 2. We observed a significant increase of [Ca2+]i during 2 h hypoxia reaching values similar to those observed during agonist stimulation of endothelial cells but far lower than values toxic for the cells. This increase was constant during the hypoxic incubation and was due mainly to an influx of extracellular calcium. Viability was also followed during hypoxia and using calcium channel blockers, we could show that there was no correlation between viability and the rise in calcium concentration. During the reoxygenation period, [Ca2+]i decreased to reach the normal value of resting cells after 45 min, suggesting that cells were still able to recover their calcium homeostasis. The use of a ketone body (beta-hydroxybutyrate) indicated that an energy deficiency was responsible for the hypoxia-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. We actually observed a 43% decrease in ATP concentration after 2 h hypoxia. This decrease was already significant after 30 min which thus precedes the changes in [Ca2+]i. These results show that during hypoxia, energy deficiency led to an increase in [Ca2+]i which is, however, too low to account for the loss of viability but which is within the range of concentrations observed during stimulation of endothelial cells. We propose that such increased intracellular calcium concentrations could play a role in the synthesis of mediators leading to the development of local inflammation.     

Effects of hypoxia, anoxia, and metabolic inhibitors on KATP channels in rat femoral artery myocytes

Vascular ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels have an important role in hypoxic vasodilation. Because KATP channel activity depends on intracellular nucleotide concentration, one hypothesis is that hypoxia activates channels by reducing cellular ATP production. However, this has not been rigorously tested. In this study we measured KATP current in response to hypoxia and modulators of cellular metabolism in single smooth muscle cells from the rat femoral artery by using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. KATP current was not activated by exposure of cells to hypoxic solutions (Po2 approximately 35 mmHg). In contrast, voltage-dependent calcium current and the depolarization-induced rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was inhibited by hypoxia. Blocking mitochondrial ATP production by using the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin B (3 microM) did not activate current. Blocking glycolytic ATP production by using 2-deoxy-D-glucose (5 mM) also did not activate current. The protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (1 microM) depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential and activated KATP current. This activation was reversed by oligomycin B, suggesting it occurred as a consequence of mitochondrial ATP consumption by ATP synthase working in reverse mode. Finally, anoxia induced by dithionite (0.5 mM) also depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential and activated KATP current. Our data show that: 1) anoxia but not hypoxia activates KATP current in femoral artery myocytes; and 2) inhibition of cellular energy production is insufficient to activate KATP current and that energy consumption is required for current activation. These results suggest that vascular KATP channels are not activated during hypoxia via changes in cell metabolism. Furthermore, part of the relaxant effect of hypoxia on rat femoral artery may be mediated by changes in [Ca2+]i through modulation of calcium channel activity.     

Dopamine D2 receptor modulation of carotid body type 1 cell intracellular calcium in developing rats

Carotid chemoreceptor type 1 cells release dopamine, which inhibits carotid chemoreceptor activity via dopamine D2 autoreceptors on type 1 cells. Postnatal changes in dopaminergic modulation may be involved in postnatal chemoreceptor development. The present study explores dopaminergic modulation of the intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) response to hypoxia in type 1 cells from 1, 3, and 11- to 16-day-old rats. Using fura-2, we studied the effects of quinpirole, a D2 receptor agonist, on type 1 cell [Ca(2+)](i) response to 90-s hypoxia challenges (Po(2) approximately 1-2 mmHg). Cells were sequentially exposed to the following challenges: 1) hypoxia control, 2) hypoxia plus quinpirole, and 3) hypoxia plus quinpirole plus sulpiride (D2 receptor antagonist). In the 11- to 16-day-old group, type 1 cell [Ca(2+)](i) increased approximately 3 to 4-fold over resting [Ca(2+)](i) in response to hypoxia. Quinpirole (10 microM) significantly blunted the peak [Ca(2+)](i) response to hypoxia. Repeat challenge with hypoxia plus 10 microM quinpirole in the presence of 10 microM sulpiride partially restored the hypoxia [Ca(2+)](i) response. In sharp contrast to the older aged group, 10 microM quinpirole had minimal effect on hypoxia response of type 1 cells from 1-day-olds and a small but significant effect at 3 days of age. We conclude that stimulation of dopamine D2 receptors inhibits type 1 cell [Ca(2+)](i) response to hypoxia, consistent with an inhibitory autoreceptor role. These findings suggest dopamine-mediated inhibition and oxygen sensitivity increase with age on a similar time course and do not support a role for dopamine as a major mediator of carotid chemoreceptor resetting.     

腺苷对缺氧/复氧心肌细胞的保护作用

本研究旨在探讨腺苷 (adenosine ,ADO)对缺氧 /复氧 (hypoxia/reoxygenation ,H/R)心肌细胞的保护作用及其分子机制。将原代培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞分成H/R对照组和ADO (1 0 μmol/L)保护组。用倒置相差显微镜观察心肌细胞的生长状态。检测两组培养基质乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)活性和心肌细胞Ca2 + 和丙二醛 (MDA)浓度。用ELISA法检测肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)的表达 ,并用凝胶电泳迁移率改变法 (EMSA)测定核因子 (NF κB)结合活性。所得结果如下 :(1)心肌细胞H/R培养后皱缩、变圆 ,伪足减少 ,ADO组心肌细胞的形态变化小于对照组 ;(2 )ADO减少缺氧和复氧期间心肌细胞LDH的漏出 (bothP <0 0 1) ;(3 )ADO降低缺氧和复氧期间心肌细胞内的Ca2 +浓度 (bothP <0 0 1) ;(4)ADO降低缺氧和复氧期间心肌细胞MDA浓度 (bothP <0 0 1) ;(5 )ADO抑制缺氧和复氧期间TNF α的表达 (bothP <0 0 1) ;(6)ADO抑制缺氧和复氧期间心肌细胞NF κB结合活性 (bothP <0 0 1)。以上结果提示 :(1)外源性ADO可减轻心肌细胞的H/R损伤 ;(2 )外源性ADO抑制H/R期间心肌细胞TNF α的表达 ;(3 )外源性ADO可能通过抑制心肌细胞NF κB结合活性下调TNF α的表达     

氢气对慢性间歇性低氧大鼠肝脏氧化应激损伤的改善作用

目的：研究氢气对慢性间歇性低氧大鼠肝脏损伤的改善作用。方法：24只雄性成年SD大鼠,随机分为3组（n=8）：常氧组（Norm）、慢性间歇性低氧组（CIH）、氢气+慢性间歇性低氧组（H₂+CIH）。Norm组暴露于空气中,CIH组与H₂+CIH组接受间歇性低氧处理5周,其中H₂+CIH组在间歇性低氧处理前给予1 h 67%浓度的氢气吸入。5周后比较各组大鼠血清氧化应激指标、炎症因子指标、肝酶水平、血脂水平,并在电镜下观察大鼠肝组织超微结构变化。结果：与Norm组相比,CIH组肝组织超微结构受损严重,谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）水平显著升高（P<0.05）;血清8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）水平显著升高;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著降低;白介素-6（IL-6）水平显著升高。与CIH组相比,H₂+CIH组肝组织超微结构损伤减轻,ALT、AST水平显著降低（P<0.05）;8-OHdG与IL-6水平显著降低,SOD活性显著升高。与Norm组相比,CIH组IL-1水平升高;血清TC、TG、LDL水平升高,但无统计学差异。HDL在各组之间无统计学差异。结论：氢气可以减轻慢性间歇性低氧对大鼠肝脏的损伤,有效降低氧化应激水平,保护肝细胞受损。     

Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins Increase Intracellular Calcium Levels in Two Different Cell Lines

Background

Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are six related secreted proteins that share IGF-dependent and -independent functions. If the former functions begin to be well described, the latter are somewhat more difficult to investigate and to characterize. At the cellular level, IGFBPs were shown to modulate numerous processes including cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms implicated remain largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that IGFBP-3, but not IGFBP-1 or IGFBP-5, increase intracellular calcium concentration in MCF-7 cells (Ricort J-M et al. (2002) FEBS lett 527: 293–297).

Methodology/Principal Findings

We perform a global analysis in which we studied, by two different approaches, the binding of each IGFBP isoform (i.e., IGFBP-1 to -6) to the surface of two different cellular models, MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells and C2 myoblast proliferative cells, as well as the IGFBP-induced increase of intracellular calcium concentration. Using both confocal fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, we showed that all IGFBPs bind to MCF-7 cell surface. By contrast, only four IGFBPs can bind to C2 cell surface since neither IGFBP-2 nor IGFBP-4 were detected. Among the six IGFBPs tested, only IGFBP-1 did not increased intracellular calcium concentration whatever the cellular model studied. By contrast, IGFBP-2, -3, -4 and -6, in MCF-7 cells, and IGFBP-3, -5 and -6, in C2 proliferative cells, induce a rapid and transient increase in intracellular free calcium concentration. Moreover, IGFBP-2 and -3 (in MCF-7 cells) and IGFBP-5 (in C2 cells) increase intracellular free calcium concentration by a pertussis toxin sensitive signaling pathway.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that IGFBPs are able to bind to cell surface and increase intracellular calcium concentration. By characterizing the IGFBPs-induced cell responses and intracellular couplings, we highlight the cellular specificity and complexity of the IGF-independent actions of these IGF binding proteins.     

Blunted neuronal calcium response to hypoxia in naked mole-rat hippocampus

Naked mole-rats are highly social and strictly subterranean rodents that live in large communal colonies in sealed and chronically oxygen-depleted burrows. Brain slices from naked mole-rats show extreme tolerance to hypoxia compared to slices from other mammals, as indicated by maintenance of synaptic transmission under more hypoxic conditions and three fold longer latency to anoxic depolarization. A key factor in determining whether or not the cellular response to hypoxia is reversible or leads to cell death may be the elevation of intracellular calcium concentration. In the present study, we used fluorescent imaging techniques to measure relative intracellular calcium changes in CA1 pyramidal cells of hippocampal slices during hypoxia. We found that calcium accumulation during hypoxia was significantly and substantially attenuated in slices from naked mole-rats compared to slices from laboratory mice. This was the case for both neonatal (postnatal day 6) and older (postnatal day 20) age groups. Furthermore, while both species demonstrated more calcium accumulation at older ages, the older naked mole-rats showed a smaller calcium accumulation response than even the younger mice. A blunted intracellular calcium response to hypoxia may contribute to the extreme hypoxia tolerance of naked mole-rat neurons. The results are discussed in terms of a general hypothesis that a very prolonged or arrested developmental process may allow adult naked mole-rat brain to retain the hypoxia tolerance normally only seen in neonatal mammals.