高纬电离层中非麦克斯韦分布等离子体的非相干散射谱的模拟

使用一个修正的双麦克斯韦分布函数，通过最小均方适应技术使它与高纬电离层Ｆ区中离子的非麦克斯韦速度分布函数相适配．结果表明，使用这样的分布函数可以简化非相干散射谱的计算，并有助于简化高纬地区电离层非相干散射谱的反演．     

高纬电离层中非麦克斯韦分布等离子体的非相干散射谱的模拟

使用一个修正的双麦克斯韦分布函数，通过最小均方适应技术使它与高纬电离层Ｆ区中离子的非麦克斯韦速度分布函数相适配．结果表明，使用这样的分布函数可以简化非相干散射谱的计算，并有助于简化高纬地区电离层非相干散射谱的反演．     

碰撞非相干散射理论谱宏观法和微观法的比较研究

非相干散射理论谱是理解非相干散射雷达探测的理论基础,其求解过程分为微观法和宏观法.在考虑碰撞不考虑磁场的条件下,本文使用这两种方法对理论谱分别进行求解,给出了关键求解过程,并对等离子体的归一化导纳和极化率以及非相干散射的微分散射截面和谱密度函数进行分析,得到了它们各自之间的数学关系,概括性分析了两种方法在理论选择、最终结论及多种因素下求解的异同点.     

极区冬季电离层加热实验研究（三）——低电离层分析

使用低电离层加热条件下,非麦克斯韦碰撞等离子体非相干散射的理论模型,我们对我国2008年1月进行的极区冬季电离层加热实验进行了分析.分析结果表明,本次实验在低电离层区域得到了显著的电子温度增强现象,最大增幅百分比达到了168.9%.基于上述理论模型,我们进一步反演了非麦克斯韦指数,并由其计算出了加热电场强度,这对电离层加热的精确数值仿真有着重要的意义.     

曲靖非相干散射雷达电离层F区日间电子温度变化特征初步分析

利用曲靖非相干散射雷达2017-2018年春夏季观测数据首次分析了电离层日间150~450km电子温度的地方时与高度变化特征及其与电子密度的相关性.发现hmF2及以上的电子温度在日出日落时具有两个峰值,在11∶00-16∶00LT之间变化较小,高度越高午后上升的时间越早;从150km开始迅速增加,在约220km达到最大值,然后开始降低,在约300~350km达到最小值,最后单调上升;200km以下电子温度与电子密度成正相关(主要由热传导控制),200~450km之间存在明显的反相关(光电离过程占主导),电子-离子温度差与电子密度对数之间存在近似线性关系,电子温度逐日变化与光电离因子的变化趋势相似,这种相关性在中午与午后更明显;以上结果与其他非相干散射雷达观测和电离层模型计算结果基本一致,但也存在一些差别,需要结合更多数据深入分析.     

磁化等离子体非相干散射理论谱中的共振线研究

本文对磁化等离子体非相干散射理论谱下的共振线进行了研究,简要介绍了等离子体线和回旋线的色散关系,并通过理论分析给出了二次回旋谐频处等离子体线分裂现象的色散关系.结合三亚非相干散射雷达（Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar,SYISR）实际参数,对回旋线以及低频振荡、高频共振进行了分析讨论.分析后认为：SYISR拥有观测夜间200 km以下和400 km以上回旋线的可能性;在白天仅存在观测到H⁺振荡谱线的可能性;若观测数据足够良好,将可以观测到二次以及三次回旋谐频处的等离子体线分裂现象.     

曲靖非相干散射雷达功率剖面的初步观测与分析

介绍了非相干散射雷达功率剖面与电离层电子密度剖面之间的关系,给出了曲靖非相干散射雷达功率剖面的一些观测结果,结合电离层垂直探测数据,初步介绍了曲靖非相干散射雷达在夜间电离层波状扰动、低纬电离层异常区北驼峰位置、电离层电子密度日落增强和暴时变化等观测研究中的应用.本文结果丰富了对我国曲靖地区电离层空间天气特性的认识,显示了该雷达在我国低纬电离层空间天气观测研究中的良好应用前景.     

用非相干散射雷达链的观测资料研究高、低纬电离层间的耦合

本文用美国NCAR非相干散射雷达链的观测资料进行了两个事例分析。结果表明,在所选事例的中、弱磁扰期间,高低纬电离层间以动力耦合效应为主,即扰动电离层发电机的特征较明显。由于赤道电离层特性和赤道站雷达观测灵敏度较高,从而也观测到与扰动电场从高纬直接穿透过来相关的电动耦合现象。最后,对有关的物理过程进行了讨论。     

曲靖非相干散射雷达观测研究进展与展望

本文介绍了我国曲靖非相干散射雷达的主要技术方案，结合实测数据分析表明该雷达具备了电离层电子密度与等离子体温度观测、空间碎片凝视探测与月球二维成像探测等能力，可用于研究电离层F层气候学特征、电子密度暴时变化与异常增强等天气事件、E-F谷区结构与变化、约3 cm以上尺寸空间碎片的分布特征与模型、月球不同区域的散射回波特性等.下一步将重点开展低电离层与北驼峰结构及演化过程、电离层暴时与扰动特性观测.     

我国极区冬季电离层加热实验研究

通过对非相干散射雷达观测数据的处理分析,研究了2008年1月我国在挪威Troms进行的冬季电离层加热实验效应.研究结果表明,电离层临界频率大于泵波频率的O波加热事件扰动效应明显,电子温度存在60%~120%的增强,扰动范围从150 km一直延伸到400 km,电子密度扰动不显著,最大可以观察到12%的密度衰减.受加热影响,离子声波频率有1~2 kHz的增加,离子线谱峰谷比增加,有时伴随有高阶谐振线出现.离子线和等离子线功率存在过冲现象,等离子线的功率剖面存在单峰、双峰和三峰结构,等离子线的功率增强幅度随频率负指数衰减.     

Electron velocity distribution function in a plasma with temperature gradient and in the presence of suprathermal electrons: application to incoherent-scatter plasma lines

The plasma dispersion function and the reduced velocity distribution function are calculated numerically for any arbitrary velocity distribution function with cylindrical symmetry along the magnetic field. The electron velocity distribution is separated into two distributions representing the distribution of the ambient electrons and the suprathermal electrons. The velocity distribution function of the ambient electrons is modelled by a near-Maxwellian distribution function in presence of a temperature gradient and a potential electric field. The velocity distribution function of the suprathermal electrons is derived from a numerical model of the angular energy flux spectrum obtained by solving the transport equation of electrons. The numerical method used to calculate the plasma dispersion function and the reduced velocity distribution is described. The numerical code is used with simulated data to evaluate the Doppler frequency asymmetry between the up- and downshifted plasma lines of the incoherent-scatter plasma lines at different wave vectors. It is shown that the observed Doppler asymmetry is more dependent on deviation from the Maxwellian through the thermal part for high-frequency radars, while for low-frequency radars the Doppler asymmetry depends more on the presence of a suprathermal population. It is also seen that the full evaluation of the plasma dispersion function gives larger Doppler asymmetry than the heat flow approximation for Langmuir waves with phase velocity about three to six times the mean thermal velocity. For such waves the moment expansion of the dispersion function is not fully valid and the full calculation of the dispersion function is needed.     

Discussion on origin of Pn velocity variationin China and adjacent region

IntroductionInrecentyears,theresultsfromresearchesonwavevelocitystructureofuppermostmantleusingMohorefractionwavesindicatethattheclearlateralvelocityvariationandanisotropyexistintheuppermostmantle(Hearn,1996,1999;Mele,etal,1998;WANG,etal,2002).Astotheoriginofvelocitylateralvariation,thegeneralconsiderationisthatitmayberelatedtothemate-rialcomposition,pressureandtemperatureintheuppermostmantle(Hearn,1984,1999;Beghouletal,1993).Theseismicanisotropyoftheuppermostmantleisnowanestablishedfactan…     

Stress‐dependent elastic anisotropy of sandstones

Elastic wave velocities in sandstones vary with stress due to the presence of discontinuities such as grain boundaries and microcracks within the rock. In the presence of non-hydrostatic stress fields the elastic wave velocities in sandstones often show significant stress-induced anisotropy. The elastic anisotropy due to any discontinuities within the rock can be written in terms of a second-rank and a fourth-rank tensor which quantify the effect on the elastic wave velocities of the orientation distribution and normal and shear compliances of the discontinuities. This allows elastic wave velocity measurements to be inverted to obtain the components of these tensors. Application of the method to ultrasonic velocity measurements made in a triaxial loading frame shows that a simple theory using only the second-rank tensor allows the P-wave stress-induced anisotropy to be predicted to reasonable accuracy from the S-wave anisotropy and vice versa, thus confirming the correctness of the underlying model. Deviations between the measurements and the predictions of this simplified theory are used to determine the ratio of the normal to shear compliance of the discontinuities. The discontinuities are found to be more compliant in shear than in compression.     

Cluster探测到磁尾等离子体注入的特征

利用Cluster卫星2001～2004年磁尾运行期间RAPID仪器的数据,确定了115例磁尾等离子体注入事件,借助时序叠加法统计研究磁尾等离子体注入现象的特征.注入事件主要分布于磁地方时夜晚20时至凌晨04时.与同步轨道区观测到的粒子注入事件类似,可以将磁尾粒子注入事件分成五类：（1）只有离子注入;（2）离子先于电子注入;（3）离子和电子同时注入;（4）电子先于离子注入;（5）只有电子注入.磁尾粒子注入时,质子（能量范围0～40 keV）的温度和数密度同时显著增加,沿地球径向的传播速度也明显增大.统计分析磁尾注入期间同时观测到的晨昏对流电场,发现电场可分为两类：（A）注入后电场突然增大,电场强度为正;（B）注入后电场突然增大,电场强度为负.利用磁层磁场（T89c）和电场（Volland-Stern）模型模拟粒子注入后赤道面的电漂移速度矢量,模拟结果与统计结果基本一致,表明晨昏对流电场引起的电漂移是驱动磁尾（-18R_EE）等离子体沿地球径向注入的机制之一.     

The effects of IMF and convection on thermal ion outflow in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling

We study the influence of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and convection electric field on the rate and destination of polar wind and other thermal (low-energy) ion outflows, and its resulting effects on magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling, using single-particle trajectory simulations in conjunction with ion velocity distribution measurements on Akebono and IMF and ionospheric convection data. We find that the ions preferentially feed the dusk sector of the plasma sheet when the IMF is duskward (B_y>0), and are more evenly distributed in the plasma sheet when the IMF is dawnward. The flow of oxygen ions originating from the noon or dusk sectors of the polar cap has a higher probability of reaching the magnetosphere and beyond compared with that from the dawn or midnight sectors, due to the increased centrifugal acceleration associated with the larger magnetic field curvature near noon and the increased convection electric field in the dusk sector. The flow is enhanced and confined to lower L-shells at times of strongly southward IMF, compared with that at times of northward IMF. The outflow rate to both the plasma sheet and the magnetotail correlates strongly with the ion temperature. As a result, the IMF and the convection electric fields affect both the overall magnitude and the detailed distribution of mass transfer from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere in magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling.     

On the electrical reflectivity tensor in d.c. electric field modelling

We use the integral equation for a d.c. electric field, published in the literature, to introduce the concept of the electrical reflectivity tensor into d.c. electric field modelling. It is shown that in d.c. electric field modelling, the electric reflectivity tensor can be obtained in exactly the same way as in electromagnetic modelling. As a result, for a d.c. electric field, the quasi‐linear and the quasi‐analytical approximations, as well as the quasi‐analytical series, can be constructed in exactly the same way as in electromagnetic modelling. If the primary field is uniform, and if the anomalous body is a uniform circular cylinder or a uniform sphere, the reflectivity tensor is zero order (constant), relating to the free surface charge density. Thus, for some homogeneous bodies that have simple shapes and are embedded in a uniform primary field, the electrical reflectivity tensor is not only a mathematical mechanism for obtaining approximate solutions, but also a physical reality. Indeed, the free surface charge density is defined as the change of the electric displacement vector across the boundary surface under consideration. If the primary field is caused by a point source, and if the anomalous body is a uniform sphere, the reflectivity tensor is second order, varying slowly within the sphere. The relationship to the free surface charge density can be established only when both the reflectivity tensor and the free surface charge density are approximated by the first terms of their series solutions. If the point source is far from the centre of the sphere, the corresponding reflectivity tensor reduces to zero order, and is independent of the observation position within the sphere, i.e. it is a constant. Therefore, the basic idea of the quasi‐analytical approximation, i.e. taking the reflectivity tensor outside the integral operator, is justified in the case considered here.     

青藏高原东南缘基于程函方程的面波方位各向异性研究

青藏高原东南缘作为高原物质侧向挤出的前沿地带,是研究岩石圈变形机制、高原物质侧向逃逸和深部动力学等科学问题的关键地区之一.本文利用研究区内540个宽频带流动地震台站记录的远震面波资料,基于程函方程面波层析成像方法获得了青藏高原东南缘周期14~80 s瑞利面波相速度和方位各向异性分布图像.结果显示：14~20 s周期内,面波方位各向异性分布与断裂带的走向和最大主压应力的方向密切相关,可能受到了断裂带和区域构造应力场的共同作用.川滇菱形块体的北部次级块体及丽江—小金河断裂带附近随着面波周期的增加,各向异性快波方向从NS向逐步转变为NE-SW方向,并与断裂带大致平行,而其以南的攀枝花附近表现为高相速度和弱各向异性的特征.我们推测,在川滇菱形块体北部存在明显的下地壳流,流动方向与块体向南的挤出方向基本一致,该地壳流受到攀枝花附近的高速、高强度坚硬块体阻挡,其前缘向西南方向流动.川滇菱形块体中部地区由于坚硬块体的存在,下地壳没有明显的通道流.在红河断裂以西地区,30~60 s周期范围的面波各向异性快波方向和红河断裂大致平行,推测可能与渐新世至中新世早期印支地块向南东方向的挤出密切相关.研究区东北部,四川盆地南缘地壳各向异性以NE-SW和NEE-SWW向为主与SKS快波方向明显不同,推测主要与该地区地壳的早期构造变形有关同时也说明SKS各向异性主要来自上地幔介质;在研究区南部104°E以西的中长周期面波各向异性方向与SKS分裂研究获得的近EW快波方向基本一致,但在104°E以东地区面波各向异性较弱且快波方向与SKS的观测结果存在明显差异,我们推测东部SKS各向异性来源深度至少在150 km以下.     

任意各向异性介质中三维可控源音频大地电磁正演模拟

在一些地层层理发育的地区,地下介质存在显著的电各向异性,此时基于各向同性模型解释含各向异性效应的可控源音频大地电磁（CSAMT）测深观测数据会导致错误的结果.本文通过引入3×3的对称正定张量表征电导率各向异性,采用非结构四面体网格和矢量有限元方法离散电场满足的矢量Helmholtz方程,并将电磁场源等效为系列电偶极子,实现任意各向异性介质中CSAMT高效数值模拟.本文首先通过层状各向异性模型检验三维有限元算法的精度和有效性,进一步建立三维地电模型研究异常体各向异性和围岩各向异性对CSAMT响应的影响,最后使用视电阻率极性图来识别各向异性电导率主轴方向.数值模拟结果表明,各向异性电导率对CSAMT视电阻率幅值及分布规律都有很大影响,视电阻率极性图能够很好地识别各向异性主轴方向.     

Interval anisotropic parameter estimation from walkaway vertical seismic profiling data

This paper presents a new explicit method for the estimation of layered vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) anisotropic parameters from walkaway VSP data. This method is based on Dix‐type normal moveout (NMO) inversion. To estimate interval anisotropic parameters above a receiver array, the method uses time arrivals of surface‐related double‐reflected downgoing waves. A three‐term NMO approximation function is used to estimate NMO velocity and a non‐hyperbolic parameter. Assuming the vertical velocity is known from zero‐offset VSP data, Dix‐type inversion is applied to estimate the layered Thomsen anisotropic parameters ?, δ above the receivers array. Model results show reasonable accuracy for estimates through Dix‐type inversion. Results also show that in many cases we can neglect the influence of the velocity gradient on anisotropy estimates. First breaks are used to estimate anisotropic parameters within the walkaway receiver interval. Analytical uncertainty analysis is performed to NMO parameter estimates. Its conclusions are confirmed by modelling.     

Vector-scattering of elastic waves by directional structural space gradients

A nonstochastic and noniterative theory of vector scattering in inhomogeneous media is presented. The elastodynamic vector wave-equation for 3D inhomogeneous media is solved for a weak heterogeneity at the high-frequency region. It is shown that there exists a forward scattered field which decays slowly along the source-receiver path. Its rate of attenuation depends on the azimuth of the path relative to the direction of the inhomogeneity, but is independent of frequency. The Green's tensor for the above regime is derived in closed form and leads to the quantification of fields of dipolar sources in weak inhomogeneous media. The inhomogeneity at the source creates a source-induced scattering (in addition to path-scattering) having a radiation-pattern that bears the signature of the source. The availability of the analytic Green's tensor, in conjunction with the Huygens-Kirchhoff-Helmholtz formalism, opens new ways to calculate the scattered fields due to various structural inhomogeneities applicable to exploration and earthquake seismology. The theoretical results of this study point to the conclusion that the scalar wave approximation may not always be valid for the propagation of seismic waves in the earth's lithosphere.