A New Wetting and Drying Method for Moving Boundary in Shallow Water Flow Models

To deal with the moving boundary hydrodynamic problems of the tidal flats in shallow water flow models,a new wetting and drying (WD) method is proposed.In the new method,a "predicted water depth" is evaluated explicitly based on the simplified shallow water equations and used to determine the status (wet or dry) together with the direction of flow.Compared with previous WD method,besides the water elevation,more factors,such as the flow velocity and the surface shear stress,are taken into account in the new method to determine the moving boundary.In addition,a formula is deduced to determine the threshold,as critical water depth,which needs to be preset before simulations.The new WD method is tested with five cases including three 1D ones and two 2D ones.The results show that the new WD method can simulate the wetting and drying process,in both typical and practical cases,with smooth manner and achieves effective estimation of the retention volume at shallow water body.     

POM模式在厦门湾三维水动力环境模拟中的应用

本文基于采用干湿网格动边界技术的POM模式,模拟了厦门湾全海域潮流场和温盐场的三维结构特征.结果表明,该模式可较好地模拟具有大量浅滩和复杂地形的厦门湾海域的三维水文动力环境.     

Simulation of nearshore wave processes by a depth-integrated non-hydrostatic finite element model

This paper presents CCHE2D-NHWAVE, a depth-integrated non-hydrostatic finite element model for simulating nearshore wave processes. The governing equations are a depth-integrated vertical momentum equation and the shallow water equations including extra non-hydrostatic pressure terms, which enable the model to simulate relatively short wave motions, where both frequency dispersion and nonlinear effects play important roles. A special type of finite element method, which was previously developed for a well-validated depth-integrated free surface flow model CCHE2D, is used to solve the governing equations on a partially staggered grid using a pressure projection method. To resolve discontinuous flows, involving breaking waves and hydraulic jumps, a momentum conservation advection scheme is developed based on the partially staggered grid. In addition, a simple and efficient wetting and drying algorithm is implemented to deal with the moving shoreline. The model is first verified by analytical solutions, and then validated by a series of laboratory experiments. The comparison shows that the developed wave model without the use of any empirical parameters is capable of accurately simulating a wide range of nearshore wave processes, including propagation, breaking, and run-up of nonlinear dispersive waves and transformation and inundation of tsunami waves.     

深圳湾海域环境容量及污染总量控制研究——I.潮汐、潮流数值模拟

基于美国普林斯顿大学的POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模型,将干湿网格技术引入到模型中,利用模型的外模式(二维)对深圳湾海域的潮汐、潮流和余流进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果与实测值吻合较好。计算结果表明:深圳湾海域属不正规半日潮,水平潮流具有明显的往复流性质,主要呈西南—东北走向;落潮流速略大于涨潮流速;受地形及陆地河流径流的影响,湾中到湾口及航道附近流速较大,湾顶和靠近香港的滩涂部分流速较小;深圳湾余流场较弱,余流流向指向湾外;整个深圳湾水交换较弱,海域自净能力较差。     

窄缝法在河口区悬沙输运数值计算中的应用

窄缝法作为动边界问题的一种处理方法，已被用于潮流及污染物扩散的数值模拟中，并取得了较好的效果，本文将窄缝法应用于悬沙输运数值计算中，推导出了考虑窄缝时的泥沙输运方程，建立了一种具有动边界功能的泥沙输运模型，计算结果与实测值吻合较好，表明该模型在模拟河口区悬沙输运方面是正确可行的。     

Approach of moving boundary and its application in 3D tidal current simulation of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary based on ECOMSED model

Considering three-dimensional model ECOMSED can not simulate wetting-drying of shoal with its fixed boundary, an approach to represent moving boundary in the model is introduced here. This approach smoothly joints the internal and external mode by making use of wetting and drying technique and is verified by a numerical test which presents a good agreement with the previous test results obtained by other researchers. A three dimensional numerical model is established to simulate the hydrodynamics in spring tide in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary by this modified ECOMSED model which is also validated through the observed field data, the simulation presents a good periodic tidal change. It also successfully simulates the tidal current of computational areas and reproduces the tidal flat intermittent appearance.     

深海钢悬链立管触地点动力响应分析

研究深海钢悬链立管(SCR)在海洋环境载荷作用下的动力响应.利用非线性弹簧模拟立管与海床触地点的耦合模型,通过模态分析得到钢悬链立管的动力特性参数;时域动力响应分析获得不同工况下触地点及典型部位的位移、弯矩和应力时程.比较分析表明:浮体垂荡运动对触地点的应力状态影响较大,触地点附近存在钢悬链立管动力响应过程中的位移极值点和弯矩极值点.所提方法为触地点区域模拟分析提供了新思路,给出的分析结论对钢悬链立管设计有一定借鉴意义.     

Numerical Simulation of Water Exchange Characteristics of the Jiaozhou Bay Based on A Three-Dimensional Lagrangian Model

Based on theory of three-dimensional hydrodynamics,an Euler-Lagrangian particle model is established to study the transport and water exchange capability in the Jiaozhou Bay.The three-dimensional hydrodynamic model,driven by tide and wind,is used to study the effects of wetting and drying of eatuarine intertidal flats by the dry-wet grid technology based on the Estuarine,Coastal and Ocean Model (ECOM).The particle model includes the advection and the diffusion processes,of which the advection process is simulated with a certain method,and the diffusion process is simulated with the random walk method.The effect of the intertidal zone,the turbulent diffusion and the timescales of the water exchange are also discussed.The results show that a moving boundary model can simulate the transport process of the particle in the intertidal zone,where the particles are transported for a longer distance than that of the stationary result.Simulations with and without the turbulent random walk show that the effect of turbulent diffusion is very effective at spreading particles throughout the estuary and speeding up the particle movement.The spatial distribution of residence time is given to quantify the water exchange capability that has very important ramifications to water quality.The effect of wind on the water exchange is also examined and the southeasterly wind in summer tends to block the water exchange near the northeast coast,while the northerly wind in winter speeds up the transport process.These results indicate that the Lagrangian particle model is applicable and has a large potential to help understanding the water exchange capability in estuaries,which can also he useful to simulate the transport process of contaminant.     

用一维水力学方程求取泻湖水位及潮汐汊道断面流速——以海南陵水新村港为例

本文通过一维水力学运动方程及连续性方程,得出一个反映泻湖水位变化的二阶非线性有阻尼的强迫振动方程,采用龙格-库特四步格式进行求解,并以海南陵水新村港为例,计算了泻湖水位及潮汐汊道的断面流速.研究结果表明:(1)一维水力学方程可容易地求得泻湖-潮汐汊道体系中泻湖内的水位及汊道的断面流速,计算简单快捷.(2)一维水力学方程可分析潮汐汊道体系中的一些基本现象.如潮汐汊道对潮波的"过滤器"特征;由于泻湖-潮汐汊道体系的阻尼系数较大所导致的潮波自外向泻湖传播时衰减剧烈;径流对泻湖水位及汊道流速产生有利于落潮优势的影响;风可使泻湖水位抬升或下降等.(3)无论是否考虑泻湖与潮汐汊道面积随水位的变化,一维水力学方程都具有相当大的缺陷.由于其不能反映泻湖内地形的空间变化,也不能解决漫滩与归槽等过程,在外海潮波无次生波的情况下,它本身不能产生次生潮波,因而不能正确地反映潮汐汊道体系的涨落潮历时与流速不对称,从而不能分析泥沙的净输运及潮汐汊道的稳定性问题.(4)新村港泻湖-潮汐汊道体系中潮汐汊道的断面面积大小对整个体系的稳定性及演变趋势起着控制作用.     

洞庭湖地区水系水动力耦合数值模型

针对洞庭湖地区复杂水系和复杂水情下的实际水流运动特征,建立了完全基于水力学方法的洞庭湖地区水系的一、二维耦合的全局水动力学模型,实现了不同水体数值模拟的自动有机衔接。模型包括湖泊、河网水系两部分。对长江干流荆江段、湘资沅澧四水、三口分流河道,运用能够反映河道主槽和边滩不同行洪特征的扩展一维水量模型进行模拟;对于洞庭湖湖区部分,采用二维非结构的有限体积法建立水动力模型;应用重叠投影法实现模型的耦合。模型具有动边界的自动处理,河道分区计算,分洪、溃堤过程实时模拟等功能。剖分的网格较为细致地刻画了湖区的地形,使模型能够模拟"高水湖相、低水河相"的湖流特征。运用1996年7月的实际洪水过程,进行了模型的验证,较为准确地模拟了实际水流特征。     

Description of coastline variations in an ocean general circulation model

A wetting and drying algorithm is considered and implemented in a three-dimensional sigma–z coordinate model of ocean thermo- and hydrodynamics. The algorithm is tested in two idealized experiments simulating the run-up of a tidal wave on the coast and in a realistic experiment simulating the evolution of the Caspian Sea coastline in the 20th century.     

Estuary/ocean exchange and tidal mixing in a Gulf of Maine Estuary: A Lagrangian modeling study

A Lagrangian particle method embedded within a 2-D finite element code, is used to study the transport and ocean–estuary exchange processes in the well-mixed Great Bay Estuarine System in New Hampshire, USA. The 2-D finite element model, driven by residual, semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal constituents, includes the effects of wetting and drying of estuarine mud flats through the use of a porous medium transport module. The particle method includes tidal advection, plus a random walk model in the horizontal that simulates sub-grid scale turbulent transport processes. Our approach involves instantaneous, massive [O(500,000)] particle releases that enable the quantification of ocean–estuary and inter-bay exchanges in a Markovian framework. The effects of the release time, spring–neap cycle, riverine discharge and diffusion strength on the intra-estuary and estuary–ocean exchange are also investigated.The results show a rather dynamic interaction between the ocean and the estuary with a fraction of the exiting particles being caught up in the Gulf of Maine Coastal Current and swept away. Three somewhat different estimates of estuarine residence time are calculated to provide complementary views of estuary flushing. Maps of residence time versus release location uncover a strong spatial dependency of residence time within the estuary that has very important ramifications for local water quality. Simulations with and without the turbulent random walk show that the combined effect of advective shear and turbulent diffusion is very effective at spreading particles throughout the estuary relatively quickly, even at low (1 m²/s) diffusivity. The results presented here show that a first-order Markov Chain approach has applicability and a high potential for improving our understanding of the mixing processes in estuaries.     

干湿交替下水分及氯离子在混凝土中传输的细观数值模拟

氯离子侵蚀已成为影响海洋及近海环境中混凝土结构耐久性的主要因素。考虑材料组成的非匀质特性,将混凝土看作由粗骨料、硬化水泥砂浆及二者界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料的细观层次方法,是开展物质传输过程研究的新途径。建立非饱和混凝土中氯离子传输的一维非线性对流扩散方程,并利用伽略金加权余数法给出了该方程的有限元形式,采用适用于物质传输的细观格构网络模型开展了水分及氯离子在非饱和混凝土中传输过程及分布规律研究,分析了干湿循环周期和循环机制对水分及氯离子传输性能的影响规律。数值计算结果表明,干湿交替下,相同的干燥时间,非饱和混凝土内水分及氯离子的侵入深度主要取决于湿润时间,而干燥时间和循环周期数则影响混凝土表层氯离子含量,并在混凝土表层10 mm处有浓度集中现象。     

缓坡潮间带海湾的污染物输移扩散数值模拟方法研究

采用在缓坡上设置窄缝的方法,处理由于水位变动而导致计算域相应变化的动边界问题,提出了具有动边界功能的二维对流扩散模型的一种新形式,并将污染源作为移动源处理.所提出的方法已应用到渤海湾污染物迁移扩散模拟中,计算结果与实测值吻合良好.     

Numerical study of pollutant transport in the sea-bay with mild slope beach

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胶州湾潮汐潮流动边界数值模拟

基于普林斯顿海洋模式,通过干湿网格判别法引入潮汐潮流的漫滩过程,考虑M₂,S₂,K₁,O₁,M₄和MS₄六个主要分潮,建立了胶州湾潮汐潮流数值模拟和预报模型,研究了该海域潮汐潮流特征,并讨论了漫滩对潮流模拟的影响。与实测资料的对比验证表明,该模式能够对胶州湾的潮汐和潮流做出较为合理的预测。给出了胶州湾潮汐、潮流、余流等分布特征,模拟的潮流场以及余流场涡旋等现象与观测符合良好;计算了潮波能通量,从能量角度探讨了潮波的传播特性;对潮位与潮流场演变规律,以及潮能通量的分析表明,胶州湾内的潮波以驻波为主。通过数值试验发现,漫滩过程的引入对胶州湾潮流速度的模拟至关重要,不考虑漫滩过程的模式会夸大或者低估潮流流速。对于滩涂面积广阔的海域来说,潮流数值模式中考虑漫滩的影响是必要的。     

Agent-Based Marine-Ecosystems Modeling

We propose a new information technology aimed at modeling of biochemical processes in marine ecosystems and based on the use of logical operators of control (intelligent agents) in the dynamic equations of the models. We develop a conceptual model of an ecosystem reflecting the interaction of 17 biochemical processes and 5 external factors. The equations of the model are obtained by the method of adaptive balance of causes (ABC method), which enables one to simulate complex scenarios of the processes running in the investigated systems and guarantees the possibility of robust calculations. Some examples of the behavior of ecosystems under the conditions of deficiency of oxygen caused by the action of natural and anthropogenic factors are presented. As a result, it is possible to make a conclusion that the combined application of the ABC-equations and intelligent agents of control in models of marine ecosystems is quite promising.     

胶州湾多分潮漫滩数值模拟研究

在普林斯顿海洋模式(POM)数值模型的基础上加入了漫滩格式,通过对胶州湾1个月实测潮位资料的调和分析,选取了5个较大的分潮,首次对胶州湾进行了多分潮的潮位和潮流数值模拟,模拟结果与实测资料符合较好。     

0709号台风影响下粤东后江湾海滩地形动力过程研究

基于0709号台风"圣帕"影响下粤东后江湾的现场实测海滩前滨地形资料和水动力、风等资料,采用典型相关分析方法识别了台风影响下海滩前滨地形不同的变化过程,揭示了这些不同变化过程的主要控制因子,并尝试给出了物理解释。研究结果表明:(1)台风影响下海滩前滨地形的主要变化过程是水上滩肩被破坏—水下岸坡略有堆积—水下沙坝泥沙向海搬运,控制这一过程的主要动力因子是风速东向量、最大波高和碎波尺度参数;(2)海滩前滨地形的次要变化过程是海滩前滨泥沙向海搬运而形成水下沙坝,控制这一过程的主要动力因子是最大波周期和海滩地下水位;(3)海滩前滨地形也表现出前滨上部地带堆积、下部侵蚀的变化过程,控制这一过程的主要动力因子是沿岸流、海滩地下水位和最大波高。这些研究结果进一步揭示了台风影响下海滩前滨地形动力过程是由多个不同的地形-动力过程耦合作用而组成。