北京东灵山地区辽东栎林种群空间分布分形分析

通过植物个体的坐标点与模拟冠幅的分形维数的分析,对辽东栎林内不同种群沿海拔梯度变化的空间分布格局和种群动态进行了比较和讨论。结果表明:模拟冠幅分形分析方法更适于分析具有大小不等、复杂多样的冠幅的植物个体空间分布格局。随着海拔的升高,不同种群的空间占据能力也随之变化。辽东栎种群的空间分布占绝对优势地位,分形维数可达1.9811;五角枫种群则逐步下降,分形维数最低为0.1170。低海拔山坡六道木种群空间占据能力较强,高海拔山坡照山白种群有较大的空间占据能力。在一定的环境条件下,不同的种群可能具有相近的空间占据能力,但对乔木层与灌木层来说,相同的分形维数的内涵是不同的。冠幅的分形维数作为表征植物种群空间占据能力的工具,是种群动态分析和种群分布格局研究的的重要指标之一。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒高原大针茅种群分株构件数量性状的地理变异研究

采用单因素方差分析、变异组分分析和分形几何学的原理和方法,对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟不同气候条件下的三个大针茅种群分株构件数量性状进行了研究,并结合它们所在生境特点对所得结果进行了分析。结果显示：（1）整个生长季内,不同种群大针茅营养枝高度的生长模式不同;营养枝高度和生殖枝高度在种群间差异显著,且多数变异存在于种群之间;（2）在不同生长期内,大针茅种群地上部干重与植株高度之间存在显著的分形关系;在无强度干扰的情况下,大针茅种群营养枝分形维数的大小与大针茅营养枝地上部干重的累积程度是一致的;但在长期严重干旱条件下,分形维数值表现为快速增加;（3）整个生长季内,同一生境条件下大针茅种群营养枝地上部干重与植株高度之间也存在显著的分形关系,且不同样地间分形维数值差异显著。不同生境条件下大针茅种群分株构件数量性状的差异是对所在生境长期适应、自然选择的结果。     

分形理论在微生物研究中的应用及展望

分形理论是以局部的某些特征来解释整体,微生物的生长形态可以用分形维数来定量描述。就微生物的菌落分形、菌丝分形的现象和机制开展讨论,并认为环境因素,如土壤、水、恶劣环境和抗生素环境均可对微生物的分形产生影响,为在不同土壤团聚体粒径中微生物的分布特点研究找到相关基础。同时介绍了计算机在微生物分形上的应用,指出研究中存在的问题和与土壤科学相结合的研究方向。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒高原大针茅种群分株构件数量性状的地理变异研究

采用单因素方差分析、变异组分分析和分形几何学的原理和方法,对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟不同气候条件下的3个大针茅种群分株构件数量性状进行了研究,并结合它们所在生境特点对所得结果进行了分析。结果显示：（1）整个生长季内,不同种群大针茅营养枝高度的生长模式不同;营养枝高度和生殖枝高度在种群间差异显著,且多数变异存在于种群之间;（2）在不同生长期内,大针茅种群地上部干重与植株高度之间存在显著的分形关系;在无强度干扰的情况下,大针茅种群营养枝分形维数的大小与大针茅营养枝地上部干重的累积程度是一致的;但在长期严重干旱条件下,分形维数值表现为快速增加;（3）整个生长季内,同一生境条件下大针茅种群营养枝地上部干重与植株高度之间也存在显著的分形关系,且不同样地间分形维数值差异显著。不同生境条件下大针茅种群分株构件数量性状的差异是对所在生境长期适应、自然选择的结果。     

红树植物木榄种群高度结构的分形特征

 采用计测等值线分形维数的方法,探讨山口国家级红树林自然保护区内的木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)种群高度结构的特征。结果表明,木榄种群的高度结构具有分形的特征,其计盒维数介于1.61～1.90之间,信息维数介于1.63～1.84之间,分形维数的高低主要与幼树个体的数量、个体的集聚程度和高度层次结构的复杂程度等密切相关。计盒维数定量描述种群占据垂直空间的能力和程度,而信息维数揭示种群高度层次细节的尺度变化强度和个体高度分布的非均匀性程度。分析表明,等值线法能够有效地表征木榄种群高度结构的分     

菌落形态的计算机识别法用于菌种的分离筛选*

菌落形态是鉴别和分类菌种的重要特征之一。以分形和多重分形理论为基础,以计算机图像识别技术为手段,考察霉菌（绿僵菌）菌落形态的定量描述,分别测定各菌落样本的分形特征（覆盖维）和多重分形特征（多重分形谱）。研究表明,多重分形特征与菌种性能的相关性更大。以多重分形特征ａ－ｒｉｇｈｔ、ａ－ｗｉｄｔｈ和ｆ－ｓｔａｒｔ为依据设计的分类器,可以用于优良菌种的自动识别,速度快,与人工分离筛选的实验数据相吻合。     

茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林树种的空间分布格局及其分形特征

分析种群的空间分布格局有助于推断格局形成的潜在生态过程和机制,是生态学研究的重要内容。采用4种格局强度指数(聚块性指数、格林指数、扩散系数和负二项参数)以及分形维数中的计盒维数(D_b)和信息维数(D_i)对贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区亚热带喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林中30种乔木的种群空间分布格局及其分形特征进行了分析,同时分析了不同生长阶段(幼树、中树和成树)空间分布的分形维数变化,比较了2种分形维数与5种种群结构参数和4种格局强度指数间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)30种树种中,除皱叶海桐(Pittosporum crispulum)和油柿(Diospyros oleifera)外,其余28种乔木树种的种群空间分布格局均呈现聚集分布,这种普遍的聚集性与喀斯特生境的高度异质性和种子扩散限制密切相关;(2)30种树种空间分布的D_b值介于0.589-1.870,D_i值介于0.498-1.711。分形维数值越大,表征种群对空间环境的占据利用能力越强,个体空间聚集强度越强,在群落中往往处于优势地位;反之则表明其对环境的占据能力弱,个体聚集程度越低,往往处于伴生地位;(3)从幼树、中树到成树阶段,30种树种空间分布的D_b和D_i平均值呈极显著的降低趋势,这可能与种内和种间的密度制约性死亡效应有关,导致种群随年龄的增加其聚集度和空间占据能力逐渐减弱;(4)相关分析表明,30种树种的种群多度和重要值与D_b和D_i均呈现显著正相关关系,表明种群多度和重要值的变化与种群空间占据能力和聚集程度存在密切关系。4种格局强度指数中,除聚块性指数外,其余3种指数与D_b和D_i值呈现显著或极显著相关性,表明分形维数D_b和D_i值可以用于表征种群空间分布的聚集程度。利用格局强度指数和分形维数准确量化了茂兰喀斯特森林树种的空间分布格局,其结果有助于揭示喀斯特森林群落物种共存的潜在维持机制。     

羊草种群地上部生物量与株高的分形关系

应用分形几何学（Ｆｒａｃｔａｌ ｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｙ）的原理和方法对羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍ ｃｈｉ－ ｎｅｎｓｅ）种群地上部生物量与株高的关系进行了研究．结果表明．羊草种群的地上部生物量 与株高存在很好的静态分形关系,所得分形维数是对地上部生物量在各器官中积累规律 （生物量配比）的表征;羊草种群地上部生物量与株高的动态分形关系表明在整个生长季 内该种群地上部生物量的增长具有自相似性．是一个分形生长过程,增长规律为分形维数 值Ｄ;在此基础上建立了羊草种群的分形生长模式．认为成熟植株可以看作是其幼苗经生 长放大过程而得到的．     

基于线粒体COI基因的南海浮游介形类斜突浮萤(Proceroecia procera)单倍型与种群遗传结构研究

介形类是一类小型的双壳甲壳类动物, 其海洋浮游种类就超过200余种, 是海洋浮游动物中主要组成部分, 也是海洋生态系统中物质循环与能量流动的关键环节。以线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(mtCOI)基因为标记, 分析南海浮游介形类中的广布种斜突浮萤(Proceroecia procera)的单倍型多样性与种群遗传结构在空间上的分布, 并结合环境选择压力对种群的遗传多样性与结构分化的影响。结果显示, 38个个体共检出18种单倍型, 广布的单倍型在6个种群中都有分布, 说明P.procera种群可以实现远距离扩散, 最远超过700 km。P.procera种群呈现中度的遗传分化(平均FST = 0.186)。种群间遗传分化系数与地理距离无相关性(r=0.17, p=0.15), 种群未呈现空间距离隔离。远距离分布的单倍型并没有带来强劲的基因流, 相邻种群间甚至呈现出明显的遗传分化。RDA分析结果显示, 空间与环境并不是决定P. procera种群遗传结构的主要因素, 推测历史上种群扩展带来的拓殖隔离可能是主要解释。     

辽东栎林乔木种群龄级结构动态的量化分析

应用分形维数对样带内乔木种群的龄级结构进行研究, 探讨了植物种群龄级结构动态干扰条件下的敏感性, 进行了种群龄级结构的稳定、衰退、增长变化分析。研究结果表明:样带各地段辽东栎种群均为优势种群, 各龄级个体空间占据能力强于其它种群;大叶白蜡种群的龄级随海拔升高趋于丰富、五角枫种群的龄级趋于单一。所有乔木种群的龄级结构均为年轻的增长型, 种群增长性(V_pi)、干扰敏感性大小差异很大, 与龄级数量和空间分布呈负相关。     

Diversity of the growth patterns of Bacillus subtilis colonies on agar plates

Abstract A Bacillus subtilis strain showed a variety of colony growth patterns on agar plates. The bacterium grew to a fractal colony through the diffusion-limited aggregation process, a round colony reminiscent of the Eden model, a colony with a straight and densely branched structure similar to the dence branching, morphology, a colony spreading without any openings, and a colony with concentric rings, on plates with various agar and nutrient concentrations. The microstructures of these colonies were also characteristic and dynamic. The patterns of these bacterial colonies were thought to grow in relation to the diffusion of nutrient in the agar plate.     

Self-similar colony morphogenesis by gram-negative rods as the experimental model of fractal growth by a cell population.

The ability to form a fractal colony was shown to be common among several species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Bacterial spreading growth in a two-dimensional field of nutrient concentration was indicated to be important for this experimental self-similar morphogenesis. As a basic analogy, the diffusion-limited aggregation model was suggested. Fractal dimensions of colonies were mostly in the range of values from 1.7 to 1.8, similar to those of the two-dimensional diffusion-limited aggregation model. Bacterial characteristics and culture conditions inducing changes in fractal patterns and growth rates were identified. The contribution of the bacterial multicellular nature to fractal morphogenesis is discussed.     

Self-similar colony morphogenesis by gram-negative rods as the experimental model of fractal growth by a cell population.

The ability to form a fractal colony was shown to be common among several species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Bacterial spreading growth in a two-dimensional field of nutrient concentration was indicated to be important for this experimental self-similar morphogenesis. As a basic analogy, the diffusion-limited aggregation model was suggested. Fractal dimensions of colonies were mostly in the range of values from 1.7 to 1.8, similar to those of the two-dimensional diffusion-limited aggregation model. Bacterial characteristics and culture conditions inducing changes in fractal patterns and growth rates were identified. The contribution of the bacterial multicellular nature to fractal morphogenesis is discussed.     

Living on a surface: swarming and biofilm formation

Swarming is the fastest known bacterial mode of surface translocation and enables the rapid colonization of a nutrient-rich environment and host tissues. This complex multicellular behavior requires the integration of chemical and physical signals, which leads to the physiological and morphological differentiation of the bacteria into swarmer cells. Here, we provide a review of recent advances in the study of the regulatory pathways that lead to swarming behavior of different model bacteria. It has now become clear that many of these pathways also affect the formation of biofilms, surface-attached bacterial colonies. Decision-making between rapidly colonizing a surface and biofilm formation is central to bacterial survival among competitors. In the second part of this article, we review recent developments in the understanding of the transition between motile and sessile lifestyles of bacteria.     

Method for Assessment of Viability and Morphological Changes of Bacteria in the Early Stage of Colony Formation on a Simulated Natural Environment

A quantitative analysis of changes in the physiological status of bacterial cells is a fundamental type of study in microbiological research. We devised a method for measuring the viability of bacteria in the early stage of colony formation on a simulated natural environment. In this method, a solid medium containing soil extract was used, and the formation of bacterial microcolonies on a membrane filter was determined by use of a laser scanning cytometer combined with live-dead fluorescent dyes. A polychlorinated biphenyl degrader, Comamonas testosteroni TK102, was used in this study. Surprisingly, approximately 20% of the microcolonies had their growth stopped and eventually died. In the presence of biphenyl, the growth arrest was increased to 50%, and filamentous cells were observed in the colonies. Predicted intermediate metabolites of biphenyl were added to the medium to determine the relationship between the change of viability and the production of metabolites, and the addition of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl showed low viability. The arrest was not observed to occur on nutrient-rich medium, suggesting that the change in viability might occur in a nutrient-poor natural condition. The results of this study demonstrated that toxic metabolites of xenobiotics might change cell viability in the natural environment.     

Bacterial colonization and biofilm development on minimally processed vegetables

Bacterial biofilms have been observed and reported on food and food-processing surfaces and can contribute to increased risks for product quality and food safety. The colonization of fruit and vegetables by pectynolitic bacteria like Pseudonomas fluorescens attributable to conditions such as soft rot, can also manifest as biofilms. A developed biofilm structure can provide a protective environment for pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes reducing the effectiveness of sanitisers and other inhibitory agents. Understanding the colonization of bacteria on leaf surfaces is essential to the development of a better understanding of the leaf ecology of vegetable products. Studies of microbial colonization of leaf surfaces have been conducted using SEM and more recently using confocal microsocpy techniques. In the current study, a Leica TCS NT laser scanning confocal microscope was used to investigate biofilm formation using vital fluorescence staining on intact vegetable leaves. Reflection contrast and fluorescence three-dimensional imaging successfully delineated bacterial and biofilm morphology without disturbing the bacterial or leaf surface structure. The results demonstrate the presence and development of biofilm on the surface of lettuce. The biofilms appeared to originate on the cuticle in distinct micro-environments such as in the natural depression of the stomata, or in the intercellular junction. Bacteria also adhered to and developed biofilm colonies within an hour of contact and with clean stainless steel surfaces. Our study investigates the progression of biofilm formation from leaf colonization, and will assist in characterising the critical mechanisms of plant/host interaction and facilitate the development of improved preservation, sanitising and packaging strategies for minimally processed vegetable products.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ACTIVE AND RESTING COLONIES OF BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

The ultrastructure of resting state colonies of Botryococcus braunii Kützing from two localities is compared to active state colonies maintained in the laboratory. Qualitative hydrocarbon analyses confirmed the physiological status of each sample according to the precedent in the literature; resting state colonies contained botryococcenes, while active state colonies contained a predominance of straight-chain olefins. The ultrastructure of resting and active state colonies is fundamentally similar. The chloroplast of resting state cells contains fewer thylakoids and larger relative numbers of plastoglobuli than the chloroplast of active state cells maintained under favorable growth conditions. Previously undescribed phenomena include the cytochemical demonstration of polyphosphate bodies microbody-like organelles and ER-ribosomal-mitochondrial complexes. Attempts to elicit the transition of active to resting state colonies utilizing different light intensities and/or nitrogen deficient media were unsuccessful. Instead, these experiments induced the formation of yellow or whitish-brown senescent colonies which always contained a predominance of olefins. Senescent cells contain reduced, peripherally displaced organelles. Most of the cytoplasm is occupied by vacuoles and lipid (probably hydrocarbon) inclusions. Morphologically identifiable polyphosphate bodies are usually small or absent. Observations pertinent to the mechanism of hydrocarbon secretion were in basic agreement with previously published information. The outer cell wall, or trilamellar structure (TLS), was recently as the primary site of hydrocarbon accumulation and production. The role of the TLS in hydrocarbon biosynthesis, however, should be cautiously regarded without additional evidence.     

微囊藻与水体细菌相互关系的研究进展

近年来, 微生物群落在水生态系统中的结构和功能受到了越来越多的关注。在富营养化水体中细菌在微囊藻水华的发生、发展及衰亡、降解过程中发挥着重要的作用。文章总结了水体中微囊藻与细菌独有的群落结构特征,以及微囊藻与细菌群落对环境因素变化的响应等方面的研究成果。在微囊藻与细菌的相互作用方面, 从藻细胞微环境中附着细菌对微囊藻生长的促进或抑制作用, 细菌在微囊藻群体的形成和维持过程的作用, 细菌参与的微囊藻水华的聚集和降解过程, 细菌对微囊藻毒素的降解作用等方面进行了综述。文章还对未来微囊藻与细菌相互关系的研究热点以及可利用的组学技术等进行了展望。     

保安湖莲群丛分布格局分形特征的初步研究

应用非线性科学中的分形几何理论,以保安湖扁担塘湖汊中的莲群丛为对象,研究该群丛小尺度水平格局的分形特征。主要应用计盒维数和信息维数公式计算群丛中莲种群和菱种群的个体分布格局的分维值,莲的计盒维数为1.92,信息维数为1.88;菱的计盒维数为1.04,信息维数为1.11.表明在采样区莲的空间占有程度远大于菱,是该时期的优势种,而菱则成为伴生种。莲在各尺度上的分布较均匀。最后讨论了莲的分维值在连续样方上的变化。