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1.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous intercellular messenger with a wide range of neural functions. NO is synthesized by activation of different isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOS). At present NOS immunoreactivity has been described in mouse brain in restricted and definite areas and no detailed mapping studies have yet been reported for NOS immunoreactivity. We have studied the distribution of neuronal NOS-containing neurons in the brain of three months male mice, using a specific commercial polyclonal antibody against the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Neuronal cell bodies exhibiting nNOS immunoreactivity were found in several distinct nuclei throughout the brain. The neurons that were positively stained exhibited different intensities of reaction. In some brain areas (i.e., cortex, striatum, tegmental nuclei) neurons were intensely stained in a Golgi-like fashion. In other regions, immunoreactive cells are moderately stained (i.e., magnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure, amygdaloid nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, lateral periaqueductal gray) or weakly stained (i.e., vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, hippocampus, inferior colliculus, reticular nucleus). In the mouse, the NO-producing system appears well developed and widely diffused. In particular, nNOS immunoreactive neurons seem chiefly present in several sensory pathways like all the nuclei of the olfactory system, as well as in many regions of the lymbic system. These data suggest a widespread role for the NO system in the mouse nervous system. 相似文献
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近年来,多模式成像技术飞速发展。PET/MRI作为刚刚走入临床的多模式分子成像技术组合,成为医学分子影像领域的关注焦点,倍受期待。同机融合PET/MRI的出现依赖于PET和MRI系统各自的技术革新,以及基于MRI数据的衰减校正方法的完善。作为解剖、功能、代谢显像的综合体,PET/MRI较传统显像手段和其他成功的多模式成像技术,如PET/CT和SPECT/CT有更多、更新的应用优势,并已积累临床前和初步临床应用的经验。然而,正在走向商品化的PET/MRI仍有很多方面亟待改进和完善,需要通过不断发展、验证才能成为未来辅助临床诊断和指导治疗决策的有力工具。 相似文献
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成核剂对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的结晶行为影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在HAAKE转矩流变仪中进行了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和不同类型成核剂的熔融共混,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了不同粘度纯PET、纯PBT及添加小分子成核剂、高分子成核剂、复合成核剂的PET非等温结晶过程。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、热台偏光显微镜(POM)和扫描电镜(SEM)对添加成核剂前后PET的结晶形貌进行对比分析。结果表明低粘度PET的结晶能力较中粘度和高粘度的PET结晶能力强,添加成核剂后PET的结晶峰温移向高温、半结晶时间缩短、结晶速率常数增大。其中高分子成核剂、复合成核剂对PET结晶行为改善效果更好,其成核机理为化学成核,但高分子成核剂不会造成PET分子链的降解。 相似文献
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设计了一种新型取胚机械手用瓶胚冷却装置,该冷却装置主要是对冷却销的结构和功能作进一步的改善,使冷却销附有叶片,通过设计新型冷却销驱动机构,使数十个,甚至上百个带有叶片的冷却销同步转动.文中对该新型冷却装置的结构和原理进行了分析.在该装置中,由于各个瓶胚和冷却销有相同的效应,因此对该装置的仿真分析,只需建立一个瓶胚和冷却销相对应的简化模型即可.利用建模软件SolidWorks和与其无缝集成的流体分析软件COSMOS-FloWorks,建立了该简化装置的有限元分析模型,分别对该装置在一定流量、不同转速和一定转速、不同流量下的冷却效果进行了瞬态仿真分析.通过显示冷却5 s后的瓶胚内表面温度场,表明该冷却装置与传统配有不转动的冷却销的冷却装置相比,该装置有更高的冷却效率和更好的冷却效果.结果还显示了冷却销的转速越高,流体的流量越大,瓶胚的冷却效率越高,冷却效果越好. 相似文献
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听觉诱发电位信号的小波消噪方法研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本文对听觉诱发电位(auditory brainstem response,ABR)的信号消噪方法进行研究,采用Daubechies5(DB5)小波分析方法进行去噪处理。首先在MATLAB中对信号进行频谱分析,然后再利用小波工具箱找到DB5是适合于分析ABR信号的最优小波基,结合频谱分析结果提出小波系数的选取算法。研究表明选用DB5小波对测量信号进行变换处理,该分析方法不仅大大减少了叠加次数,同时也得到了更好的去噪效果。最后,在程序中实现了上述小波消噪算法,并依照临床感兴趣的Ⅰ-Ⅴ五波的波间潜伏期设计出波形评估程序,从而进一步证实了上述理论的可靠性。 相似文献
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Headache as a cardinal symptom of acute meningitis reflects activation of trigeminal afferents from the meninges. With their perivascular endings, these fibers form the so-called trigeminovascular system (TVS), which releases proinflammatory neuropeptides upon nociceptive stimulation. In the present article, we review a role of the TVS in enhancing the early inflammatory response of bacterial meningitis. Furthermore, we discuss inhibition of neuropeptide release from the TVS using 5HT(1B/D) agonists as a potential new anti-inflammatory treatment strategy for early bacterial meningitis. 相似文献
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Ar+刻蚀应用于聚合物的深度剖析中时,通常会造成聚合物表面结构的损伤,从而无法得到真实的聚合物结构信息。本实验结合X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析测试技术,以聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)为对象,研究Ar+刻蚀对其表面结构的损伤,以及Ar+刻蚀参数对其损伤作用的影响。 相似文献
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Recent advances in gene technology have helped to identify novel proteins and allowed study of their distribution and functions in the mammalian brain. One class of these proteins is that of transporters, which exist in plasma and organellar membranes of neurons and other cells to move substances selectively across membranes. These transporters can be categorized further into subclasses by their structural property, substrate selectivity, and site of action. Some of them have been identified in the hypothalamus, which is the only brain site where a neural signal is converted to a humoral one, namely, a hormone for a target organ. This unique neural mechanism has long attracted attention as the neuroendocrine system, part of which has been extensively studied as the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system involved in secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin. However, transporters in this system have been less well studied. A morphological examination of novel transporters would give us cues to a better understanding of the neuronal organization and function of the system. In this review, we first summarize recent findings on expression of transporter gene and immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus. In the second part, we explain our observations on two vesicular glutamate (inorganic phosphate) transporters (BNPI and DNPI) in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and neurohypophysis. Further study of these and other transporters will provide a basis on which to reevaluate the organization and function of the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system. 相似文献
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Oishi T Yamao M Kondo C Haida Y Masuda A Tamotsu S 《Microscopy research and technique》2001,53(1):43-47
Photoperiodism and circadian rhythms have been studied intensively in birds because Aves are typical seasonal breeders and diurnal animals. Light is the most important environmental factor involved in entrainment of circadian rhythms and photoperiodism. The eyes and the extraocular photoreceptors, such as the pineal organ and hypothalamus, are reported to have an important function not only for photoreception but also for circadian organization in nonmammalian vertebrates, including birds. In this report, we review the roles of the eyes, pineal organ, and deep brain as the components of the multiphotoreceptor and multioscillator system in avian circadian organization. 相似文献
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目的 :观察偏头痛患者脑血管情况及颅内病变情况。方法 :以住院偏头痛患者为研究对象、同一时期无偏头痛患者为对照,进行神经影像学比较。结果 :58例偏头痛患者中,有脑腔梗病灶19例(32.76%),有脑白质变性17例(29.31%),有脑血管异常37例(63.79%)。61例对照组中有脑腔梗病灶9例(14.75%),有脑白质变性5例(8.20%),有脑血管异常13例(21.31%)。2组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:偏头痛与脑白质病变、脑腔梗有关,血管因素可能参与偏头痛的发作。 相似文献
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Knyihár-Csillik E Tajti J Chadaide Z Csillik B Vécsei L 《Microscopy research and technique》2001,53(3):193-211
The supratentorial cerebral dura of the albino rat is equipped with a rich sensory innervation both in the connective tissue and around blood vessels, which includes nociceptive axons and their terminals; these display intense calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity. Stereotactic electrical stimulation of the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion, regarded as an experimental migraine model, caused marked increase and disintegration of club-like perivascular CGRP-immunopositive nerve endings in the dura mater and induced an apparent increase in the lengths of CGRP-immunoreactive axons. Intravenous administration of sumatriptan or eletriptan, prior to electrical stimulation, prevented disintegration of perivascular terminals and induced accumulation of CGRP in terminal and preterminal portions of peripheral sensory axons. Consequently, immunopositive terminals and varicosities increased in size; accumulation of axoplasmic organelles resulted in the \"hollow\" appearence of numerous varicosities. Since triptans exert their anti-migraine effect by virtue of agonist action on 5-HT(1D/B) receptors, we suggest that these drugs prevent the release of CGRP from perivascular nerve terminals in the dura mater by an action at 5-HT(1D/B) receptors. Nitroglycerine (NitroPOHL), given subcutaneously to rats, induces increased beading of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the supratentorial cerebral dura mater, and an apparent increase in the number of NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the dural areas supplied by the anterior and middle meningeal arteries, and the sinus sagittalis superior. Structural alterations of nitroxidergic axons innervating blood vessels of the dura mater support the idea that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the induction of headache, a well-known side effect of coronary dilator agents. 相似文献
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This review summarizes our recent studies using the viral transneuronal tracing technique to identify sites in the central nervous system (CNS) that are connected with the ovary. A neurotropic virus (pseudorabies virus) was injected into the ovary and various times after the inoculation the spinal cord and brain were examined for virus-infected neurons identified by immunocytochemistry. Such neurons could be detected in well-defined cell groups of the spinal cord (intermediolateral cell column), brain stem (vagal nuclei, area postrema, parapyramidal nucleus, caudal raphe nuclei, A1, A5, A7 noradrenergic cell groups, locus coeruleus, Barrington's nucleus, periaqueductal gray), hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus, anterior hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, zona incerta), and, at longer survival time, in some telencephalic structures (amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis). These findings provided the first neuromorphological evidence for the existence of a multisynaptic neuronal pathway between the brain and the ovary presumably involved in the neuronal control of the organ. The observations indicate that there is a significant overlap of CNS structures connected with the ovary, the testis, other organs and organ systems, suggesting similar neuronal circuitries of the autonomic nervous system innervating the different organs. The known descending neuronal connections between the CNS structures labeled from the ovary by the viral transneuronal tracing technique and the findings suggesting a pituitary independent interplay between certain cerebral structures such as the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the ovary are also summarized in this review. 相似文献
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The brainstems of frogs contain many of the neurochemicals that are found in mammals. However, the clustering of nuclei near the ventricles makes it difficult to distinguish individual cell groups. We addressed this problem by combining immunohistochemistry with tract tracing and an analysis of cell morphology to localize neuropeptides within the brainstem of Rana pipiens. We injected a retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold, into the spinal cord, and, in the same frog, processed adjacent sections for immunohistochemical location of antibodies to the neuropeptides enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), and somatostatin (SOM). SOM+ cells were more widespread than cells containing immunoreactivity (ir) to the other substances. Most reticular nuclei in frog brainstem contained ir to at least one of these chemicals. Cells with SOM ir were found in nucleus (n.) reticularis pontis oralis, n. reticularis magnocellularis, n. reticularis paragigantocellularis, n. reticularis dorsalis, the optic tectum, n. interpeduncularis, and n. solitarius. ENK-containing cell bodies were found in n. reticularis pontis oralis, n. reticularis dorsalis, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the tectum. The midbrain contained most of the SP+ cells. Six nonreticular nuclei (griseum centrale rhombencephali, n. isthmi, n. profundus mesencephali, n. interpeduncularis, torus semicircularis laminaris, and the tectum) contained ir to one or more of the substances but did not project to the spinal cord. The descending tract of V, and the rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and solitary tracts contained all three peptides as did the n. profundus mesencephali, n. isthmi, and specific tectal layers. Because the distribution of neurochemicals within the frog brainstem is similar to that of amniotes, our results emphasize the large amount of conservation of structure, biochemistry, and possibly function that has occurred in the brainstem, and especially in the phylogenetically old reticular formation. 相似文献
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Michael V Ugrumov 《Microscopy research and technique》2002,56(2):164-171
This review is devoted to the development, functional activity, and regulation of the magnocellular vasopressin (VP) system in ontogenesis. Magnocellular VP neurons originate in embryos from the neuroepithelium of the third ventricle and migrate first to the supraoptic nucleus and then to the paraventricular nucleus and accessory nuclei. The preproVP gene and synthesis are expressed simultaneously in the newly formed neurons either during migration or just after arrival in magnocellular nuclei. Still, a number of VP-immunoreactive neurons increase in immature mammals to prepuberty, which is explained by VP expression in the initially \"silent\" neurons, or by an increase of VP synthesis that makes a cell distinguishable by immunocytochemistry. An enzymatic processing of preproVP is slightly delayed compared to the onset of preproVP synthesis. Axons of magnocellular neurons reach the pituitary posterior lobe before or just after the neuron arrival in magnocellular nuclei. The mechanisms of VP release from the axon terminals are developed in immature animals over the perinatal period. The VP neurons begin to react to functional (osmotic) stimulation by increased synthesis of VP mRNA and VP in immature animals from the end of fetal life. A functional maturation of the VP system is under control by neural afferents, neuropeptides, and some hormones of endocrine glands. Namely, glucocorticoids, VP, catecholamines, glutamate, and opioids provide short-term or long-lasting effects on differentiating VP neurons. Most of the intercellular signals inhibit the specific phenotype expression of differentiating VP neurons: VP gene and synthesis in normal conditions, as well as TH gene and synthesis under functional stimulation. 相似文献
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The interface region between articular cartilage and bone by μMRI and PLM at microscopic resolutions
This dual-modality microscopic imaging study quantifies the interface region between the noncalcified cartilage and the subchondral bone plate, which includes the deep portion of the noncalcified articular cartilage and the zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC). This interface region is typically not visible in routine MRI but becomes visible in MRI with the application of an ultra-short echo time (UTE) sequence. A number of cartilage-bone blocks from a well-documented canine humeral head were harvested for imaging by microscopic MRI (μMRI) and PLM (polarized light microscopy). In μMRI, T2 anisotropic images were acquired by 2D gradient-echo, magnetization-prepared spin-echo and UTE sequences at the 0° and 55° (the magic angle) orientations at 11.7 μm/pixel resolution. In PLM, quantitative optical retardation (nm) and collagen orientation (°) were mapped from the thin sections from the same μMRI specimens at 0.5–2 μm pixel resolutions. The orientational and organizational architecture of the collagen matrix in this interface region was quantified and correlated between the complementary imaging. The magic angle effect as seen in the noncalcified cartilage was statistically confirmed in ZCC in μMRI, which was further supported by quantitative PLM. With an enhanced understanding of the tissue properties in this important interface region, it will potentially be possible to monitor the changes of this tissue region which is instrumental to the initiation and development of osteoarthritis and other joint diseases. 相似文献
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