A comparison of immunotherapy delivery methods for allergen immunotherapy

Background: Allergic diseases are among the most common diseases in humans. Besides allergen avoidance, allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only causative treatment option. During recent years, many innovations of this therapy have emerged. Methods: Selective literature research in Medline and PubMed, under the inclusion of national and international guidelines and Cochrane meta analyses. Results: In several meta-analyses, the clinical efficacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) has been largely demonstrated. Recently, major research activities in mucosal immunotherapies focused on the sublingual application route. There are well-documented clinical data on the efficacy and safety of this form of immunotherapy. New application routes as well as new immune-modifying agents such as virus-like particles or CpG-motifs have also been investigated. Conclusion: SIT is accepted to be the only causative treatment option for allergies. New application routes and new immune-modifying agents will allow for different delivery methods in the future.     

Ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex in burns

Submicroscopic changes in adrenocorticocytes and sinusoidal capillaries were studied in experiments on sexually mature male guinea pigs on the 1st–2nd, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after burns. During the first week the hormone-forming cells of the gland were dominated by hyperplasia, which took place against the background of functionally excited sinusoids. On the 14th day, besides hyperplasia and hypertrophy, destruction of organelles was considerably increased in parenchymatous and endothelial cells. Increasing disorganization and death of membranous components of the cells led to a subsequent sharp disturbance of vaso-parenchymatous relations and to the development of profound dystrophic changes and necrobiotic lesions of the adrenal cortex.Department of Histology and Embryology, Ternopol' Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. V. Smol'yannikov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 63–66, January, 1980.     

积分加权法评价磷化学烧伤实验病理的意义与应用

目的：积分加权法在病理组织学检查中的应用，方法：在常规病理描述基础上，采用积分加权法将病理结果予以定量，综合评价致伤后实验动物的主要脏器，结果：实验动物同等面积的磷酸烧伤各脏器积分降低，钙治疗后则显著改善，均与其它方面报道的资料一致，结论：积分加以数值使各脏器损伤程度一目了然，对不同脏器间的损伤情况有可比性，从而有助于了解主要受损脏器与总体的关系以及药物的治疗效果。     

Food allergy immunotherapy: Oral immunotherapy and epicutaneous immunotherapy

IgE-mediated food allergy remains a significant and growing problem across the globe. Of the various treatment modalities, oral immunotherapy (OIT) and epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) have been the best studied. Across various studies of OIT for egg, milk, and peanut allergy, strong levels of desensitization have been shown. With egg and peanut OIT, a limited remission, or sustained unresponsiveness (SU), has further been demonstrated. These advances have been further validated by successful phase 2 and phase 3 studies of peanut OIT. EPIT, using daily administrations of a proprietary patch, demonstrated efficacy as well as safety and tolerability in parallel phase 2 studies; however, its phase 3 study did not meet its primary efficacy outcome. Despite its good track record of desensitization, the safety and tolerability of OIT has remained a question. EPIT, on the other hand, has proven safe and tolerable; however, the adequacy of its desensitization has remained to be determined. As OIT and EPIT continue their march toward regulatory review, optimizations for immunotherapy and novel therapies continue to be developed providing hope for food allergy patients everywhere.     

Intravital microscopy and histochemical investigation of the autonomic nervous system of the small intestine of animals with thermal burns

It was shown by intravital microscopy that oxidoreductases can be demonstrated histochemically and changes in their activity studied in the intramural nervous plexuses of the small intestine in the living animal. Severe thermal injury was shown to disturb the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes of the nerve cells of Auerbach's plexus in animals, as a result of which the activity of the oxidoreductases located inside the mitochondria is modified. Lumbar procaine block, carried out immediately after burning, was shown to restore the normal state of the mitochondrial membranes of the nerve cells.A. V. Vishnevskii Institute of Surgery, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. A. Kraevskii.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 476–478, April, 1978.     

A comparison of immunotherapy schedules for injection treatment of ragweed pollen hay fever

In 44 patients highly sensitive to ragweed, we compared weekly injections of single doses of ragweed extract (RW-Wk, 15 patients) with clustered doses of ragweed extract at 3-wk intervals (RW-Cl, 18 patients) and with placebo (11 patients) for effects on ragweed hay fever symptom-medication scores and immunologic variates. Patients were matched and randomly assigned to treatment groups. Ragweed doses were advanced to the highest tolerated dose. Doses and number of visits were lower in the RW-Cl group than in the RW-Wk group. Despite lower doses, systemic reactions were not reduced and antiragweed IgE levels increased significantly more in the RW-Cl group than those in the RW-Wk group. Both the RW-Cl and RW-Wk groups had significant increases in antiragweed IgG levels, decreases in seasonal rise in antiragweed IgE levels, and lower symptom-medication scores (p < 0.01) in comparison with the placebo group. We conclude that the RW-Cl regimen offered no important advantage over RW-Wk. Seventeen patients had previously received Rinkel-method immunotherapy with 0.5 ml of end-point dilution of ragweed extract for 1 to 2 yr without significant clinical improvement or immunologic changes. After adequate treatment with either RW-Wk or RW-Cl, these patients had significantly lower symptom-medication scores than those of the placebo group and immunologic changes similar to those of the entire active-treatment group. Therefore, treatment failures on Rinkel immunotherapy respond well to adequate dose immunotherapy by either schedule.     

CD3AK细胞过继免疫治疗的实验研究

目的: 分析抗CD3分子的单克隆抗体 (mAb)yCD3的免疫学特性和生物学活性, 观察其激活的免疫活性细胞CD3AK体外及动物体内的抑瘤作用。方法: 用流式细胞术(FCM)测定yCD3的特异性, 以及CD3AK细胞的免疫表型和产生细胞因子的情况。用 3H -TdR法测定yCD3对淋巴细胞转化的作用; 乳酸脱氢酶法 (LDH)测定CD3AK细胞的体外细胞毒活性。建立荷瘤小鼠模型, 观察静脉注射CD3AK细胞后肿瘤生长的情况、转移灶数量和小鼠存活天数。结果: yCD3与T细胞呈特异性反应, 5μgyCD3可竞争抑制 70%的标准抗CD3抗体与细胞表面CD3分子的结合。yCD3刺激外周血淋巴细胞增殖的有效浓度为 8μg/L, 并与IL- 2、抗CD28抗体有协同作用。活化的CD3AK细胞中CD3 、CD8 和CD25 细胞增多; 产生IL- 2和IFN γ的CD3 细胞均有不同程度的增加, 在抗CD28抗体协同刺激下分别增加 3. 29和 2. 47倍。当效靶细胞比为 80∶1时, CD3AK细胞对体外肿瘤细胞杀伤的百分率为 57. 54%。分组观察荷瘤动物, CD3AK细胞治疗组的抑瘤率为 33. 17%, 对小鼠肿瘤肺转移的抑制率为39. 70%, 与LAK细胞联合治疗的疗效更显著。结论: yCD3可活化T细胞, 诱导的CD3AK细胞在体外及动物体内显示抑制肿瘤的作用, 在临床抗肿瘤过继性免疫治疗中具有重要意义。     

Disturbance of glycolytic oxidoreduction in the liver in experimental burns

The intensity of glycolytic oxidoreduction in the rat liver was investigated 3, 6, 12, and 24 days after the production of an experimental burn. Burns were shown to depress glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activity and to reduce the formation of 3-phosphoglyceric acid in the liver of the animals, the effect being most marked during the period of burn trauma (6th day). The factor limiting the course of this reaction after burns is NAD deficiency in the cell. Disturbance of the course of this reaction is one of the causes of the decrease in intensity of the whole glycolytic pathway of carbohydrate breakdown and the decrease in the energy-supplying role of glucose in burns.Department of Biochemistry, Ivanovo Medical Institute. Department of Biochemistry, Chelyabinsk Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. N. Orekhovich.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 84, No. 8, pp. 171–173, August, 1977.     

兔眼表碱烧伤后复明治疗的实验

目的:评估角膜缘移植、丝裂霉素、血管抑素对眼表碱烧伤术后免疫排斥反应的抑制作用。方法:建立兔眼表碱烧伤模型,5个实验组分别行角膜移植、角膜缘移植、丝裂霉素、血管抑素及联合治疗。观察180d的角膜新生血管、混浊度、水肿度、免疫排斥反应情况并行免疫组织化学检测。结果:新生血管、角膜混浊度、角膜水肿度、角膜排斥反应指数、角膜生存率各组均具有显著性差异;免疫反应指数大于9的样本均检测到IgG型免疫复合物沉积于角膜组织中,正常角膜未见IC的沉积。结论:角膜缘移植联合丝裂霉素和血管抑素治疗眼表碱烧伤具有良好的疗效。     

History of immunotherapy: the first 100 years

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) defines and distinguishes the modern practice of clinical allergy and immunology as the 100th anniversary of this pioneering technique is celebrated. Despite the tremendous advancements made in therapeutics, pharmacology, and the basic science of allergy, SIT remains the only treatment modality that offers a potential cure for atopic diseases rather than simply an amelioration of symptoms. A historical perspective not only offers an opportunity to tell some of the fascinating stories that led to the conception of SIT but also gives an occasion to recognize, remember, and honor those individuals who have contributed to its development.     

47例烧伤外科儿童手术的临床分析

目的探讨烧伤外科儿童手术的临床特点及治疗效果。方法对2006年1月至2012年3月我院施行的烧伤外科手术病例进行回顾性分析,其中儿童组47例,成人组244例,比较儿童手术与成人手术的不同之处。结果我院烧伤外科实施的儿童手术中女性患者比例高于成人组,手术种类以烧伤手术（特别是烧伤畸形整形手术）和皮片修复手术居多,创面修复手术、感染手术较少。儿童组和成人组的术前生理指标差异不大,手术疗效相似。结论通过积极有效的术前准备,可积极开展烧伤外科儿童手术,并能够取得较好的效果。