OPAL不透明度对恒星结构和演化模型的影响

本利用国际上最新公司的ＯＰＡＬ不透明度表及相应的化学丰度，计算了三颗不同初始质量的星族Ｉ恒星的非守恒演化模型，并和过去长期采用的ＬＡＯＬ不透明度的结果进行详细比较，得出以下主要结论：（１）恒星ＨＲ图中的演化轨迹光度降低，主序位置明显向红方向移动；（２）恒星中心Ｈ，Ｈｅ燃烧寿命大大延长了；（３）小质量星氢燃烧核和对流核都变小，大、中质量星的中心对流核和燃烧核都有所增大；（４）恒星中心温度－密度关系     

新不透明度下对流超射对大中质量恒星演化的影响

本文采用国际上最新的辐射不透明度表，计算了有对流超射的两颗大中质量星从主序到中心氦燃烧结束阶段的演化，并和经典对流条件下的演化结果进行比较，发现恒星在赫罗图中的演化轨迹，中心氢、氦燃烧寿命，氢壳层源的特性都有明显变化，还注意到中等质量恒星的Tc-ρc关系对是否有对流超射较为敏感，并对这些变化进行了理论分析．     

新不透明度下对流超射对大中质量恒星演化的影响

本采用国际上最新的辐射不透明度表，计算了有对流超射的两颗大中质量星从主序到中心氦燃烧结束阶段的演化，并和经典对流条件下的演化结果进行比较，发现恒星在赫罗图中的演化轨迹，中心氢、氦燃烧寿命，氢壳层源的特性都有明显变化，还注意到中等质量恒星的Ｔｃ－ρｃ关系对是否有对流超射较为敏感，并对这些变化进行了理论分析。     

转动恒星结构与演化研究

恒星的自转，是恒星结构和演化理论的难点。近年来有许多观测事实，特别是早型大质量星的观测事实，预示恒星的自转效应可能引起恒星内部的物质向外转移，造成恒星表面一些元素丰度超丰，并且对恒星结构和演化产生重要影响，因此，恒星的自转问题受到了越来越多的关注。考虑自转效应后，恒星结构和演经模型将是二维模型，本文综述了诸多作者如何将二维的恒星结构和演化模型简化为一维模型。作者在研究了以上作者的简化方法后，提出了一种比较简单的新方法。这种方法基于如下假设：假设在等势面上的温度，密度，压强，光度，化学组成和角速度等物理和化学量近似于均匀分布，并且这些量与等价球面上的量相同。（等价球面是假想的球面，它包围的体积与等势面包围的体积相等。）我们在等价球面上推出新的转动恒星结构和演化方程，构造出新的演化模型。这个模型与不考虑转动效应的演化模型相比，有以下变化：流体静力学平衡方程变化；辐射温度梯度变化，并引起对流判据变化；星风物质损失和角动量损失增大。作为转动恒星结构和演化模型的应用，我们研究了中，小质量星中心氦燃烧阶段在赫罗图中的演化轨迹发生来回摆动（又称为蓝回绕）的物理机制问题。有诸多作者曾经研究了可以影响蓝回绕的各种因素。但是不知道这些因素之间的内在联系，更无法判断这些因素中哪些因素是主要的。我们根据前人已经知道的对流超射效应与自转效应对蓝回绕的影响正好相反的事实，想到对比对流超射效应和自转效应对于同一颗星和同一化学组成所造成的内部结构的不同，以发现有哪些物理因素对于产生蓝回绕起主要作用以及各种物理因素之间的关系。初步分析的结果认为：蓝回绕的形状和中心氦燃烧阶段的总产能率的变化相关联。当总产能率主要由壳层氢产能率的变化所提供时，蓝回绕主要与氢丰度变化区（μ－梯度区）的氢丰度分布轮廓（X－profile)，μ－梯度区的温度，以及对外流区的深入程度密切相关。当总产能率由氢燃烧壳层和氦核的产能率变化所提供时，蓝回绕不仅与μ－梯度区的特性腾，还与氦核的大小和温度密切相关。另外，本文也分析了转动恒星中的物理机制，确定了今后的研究方向。     

8M⊙恒星演化过程中湍流应力作用效果的分析

以恒星结构与演化理论中常用的混合程理论为基础，将湍流作用表现出来的宏观应力引入恒星结构与演化模型中的流体静力学平衡方程．通过计算8M⊙恒星从主序星到早期AGB星演化过程中湍流应力梯度与引力的比值来研究湍流作用对恒星演化与结构的影响．结果发现：在核燃烧阶段其比值很小，湍流作用几乎可以忽略；但在RGB和早期AGB演化阶段，发现在恒星外部存在一个湍流应力梯度为引力的几倍到几十倍的很小区域，而该小区域以外的对流区内湍流作用力能达到引力的65％，这些对AGB星的中心温度变化与热脉动发生的时间等恒星结构与演化规律有不同程度的影响．     

8M_■恒星演化过程中湍流应力作用效果的分析

以恒星结构与演化理论中常用的混合程理论为基础,将湍流作用表现出来的宏 观应力引入恒星结构与演化模型中的流体静力学平衡方程．通过计算8M(?)恒星从主序星 到早期AGB星演化过程中湍流应力梯度与引力的比值来研究湍流作用对恒星演化与结构 的影响．结果发现:在核燃烧阶段其比值很小,湍流作用几乎可以忽略;但在RGB和早 期AGB演化阶段,发现在恒星外部存在一个湍流应力梯度为引力的几倍到几十倍的很小 区域,而该小区域以外的对流区内湍流作用力能达到引力的65％,这些对AGB星的中心 温度变化与热脉动发生的时间等恒星结构与演化规律有不同程度的影响．     

转动恒星结构与演化研究

恒星的自转 ,是恒星结构和演化理论的难点。近年来有许多观测事实 ,特别是早型大质量星的观测事实 ,预示恒星的自转效应可能引起恒星内部的物质向外转移 ,造成恒星表面一些元素丰度超丰 ,并且对恒星结构和演化产生重要影响 ,因此 ,恒星的自转问题受到了越来越多的关注。考虑自转效应后 ,恒星结构和演化模型将是二维模型 ,本文综述了诸多作者如何将二维的恒星结构和演化模型简化为一维模型。作者在研究了以上作者的简化方法后 ,提出了一种比较简单的新方法。这种方法基于如下假设 :假设在等势面上的温度 ,密度 ,压强 ,光度 ,化学组成和角速度等物理和化学量近似于均匀分布 ,并且这些量与等价球面上的量相同。 (等价球面是假想的球面 ,它包围的体积与等势面包围的体积相等。)我们在等价球面上推出新的转动恒星结构和演化方程 ,构造出新的演化模型。这个模型与不考虑转动效应的演化模型相比 ,有以下变化 :流体静力学平衡方程变化 ;辐射温度梯度变化 ,并引起对流判据变化 ;星风物质损失和角动量损失增大。作为转动恒星结构和演化模型的应用 ,我们研究了中 ,小质量星中心氦燃烧阶段在赫罗图中的演化轨迹发生来回摆动 (又称为蓝回绕 )的物理机制问题。有诸多作者曾经研究了可以影响蓝回绕的各种因素。但是不知     

2.8M⊙碳AGB星的形成和演化

在混合程对流理论基础上建立了湍流压的恒星结构与演化理论,以及在对流外壳中出现动力学非稳定性的判据。在此基础上研究了初始质量为2.8M⊙的星族I恒星从主序星到碳AGB星的质量非守恒演化。结果表明,在RGB星和AGB星阶段,靠近恒星表面区域内湍流压可以达到总压强的30％。且湍流压效应可能是导致RGB星和AGB星靠近表面区域产生了动力学非稳定性,从而造成物质向外逃逸的原因,我们认为湍流压效应可能就是造成有效温度低因而辐射压也低的RGB星产生强星风,以及AGB星产生超星风的物理原因,还发现当氦燃烧层源厚度与层源质量的比值小于0.04R⊙／M⊙时,层源内会出现热核反应的非稳定现象,即出现热脉动,且2.8M⊙AGB星经过6次热脉动后,恒星表面的C／O超过1,恒星演化成碳AGB星。     

恒星内部的超声速对流区

依传统的局部混合长理论进行了对流包层模型计算,在黄红巨星和超巨星对流区的顶部出现超声速对流的情况,这与局部对流理论本身是不自恰的．文章详细分析了恒星大气超声速对流的成因,并按照星族Ⅰ恒星的演化轨迹,在赫罗图上给出了出现超声速对流的区域．其结果是。在演化过程中, (1)低质量星基本不出现超声速对流; (2)中等质量星的超声速对流主要出现在3．6相似文献   

AGB星氦燃烧壳层源出现非稳定热核反应的判据

建立了热脉动AGB星氦燃烧壳层源出现非稳定热核反应的判据,新判据包含 了丰富的物理信息,它不仅与热脉动AGB星氦燃烧壳层源的几何性质有关,而且与氦燃 烧壳层源的力学、热学和化学的性质都有关． 提出了热脉动AGB星氦燃烧壳层源非稳定热核反应的发生和消失的机理,它可表述 为:热脉动AGB星氦燃烧壳层源的局部区域出现对流不稳定区会触发非稳定热核反应的 发生,非稳定热核反应会促使氦燃烧壳层源急速膨胀,氦燃烧壳层源的急速几何形变会消 除非稳定热核反应． 用改进后的Kippenhahn恒星演化程序对5M(?)恒星进行了从主序星到热脉动AGB 星的演化模型计算,结果表明新判据能很好地反映5M(?)AGB星氦燃烧壳层源的热核反应 情况．并得出5M(?)热脉动AGB星在第6次热脉动周期阶段,被挖掘到热脉动AGB星 表面的元素主要是在温度lgT2／K<8．155和密度4．0相似文献   

Current rate of nucleosynthesis and its implications

The current rate of nucleosynthesis in the solar neighbourhood is re-evaluated on the basis of Arnett’s (1978) stellar yields, the mass loss models of Chiosi, Nasi and Sreenivasan (1978) and the initial mass function determined by Lequeux (1978). If massive stars are held responsible for most of the metals we observe, a higher birthrate of these stars in the past is indicated in view of the low current rate of nucleosynthesis. The intermediate mass stars may not supply the bulk of the metals unless total disruption of their carbon core takes place. While a declining birthrate is in conflict with the result obtained from the age-metallicity relation of stars, it is supported by some galactic evolution models which interpret successfully the white dwarf mass distribution data. If the constraint of a nearly time-invariant birthrate were strictly accepted, then models of the prompt initial enrichment type are required to explain the observed abundances in terms of nucleosynthesis in massive stars.     

The influences of convective overshooting and semiconvection on the chemical evolution of massive stars

In massive stars,convection in the interior is different from that of intermediate and small mass stars. In the main-sequence phase of small mass stars,there is a convective core and a radiative envelope,between which are the radiative intermediate layers with uneven chemical abundances. Semiconvection would occur in the intermediate layers between the convective core and the homogeneous envelope in massive stars. We treat core convective overshooting and semiconvection together as a process. We found that when decreasing overshooting,the semiconvection is more pronounced. In these two processes,we introduce one diffusive parameter D,which is different from other authors who have introduced different parameters for these two zones. The influences of the turbulent diffusion process on chemical evolution and other quantities of the stellar structure are shown in the present paper.     

Can mass loss and overshooting prevent the excitation of g-modes in blue supergiants?

Thanks to their past history on the main-sequence phase, supergiant massive stars develop a convective shell around the helium core. This intermediate convective zone (ICZ) plays an essential role in governing which g-modes are excited. Indeed, a strong radiative damping occurs in the high-density radiative core but the ICZ acts as a barrier preventing the propagation of some g-modes into the core. These g-modes can thus be excited in supergiant stars by the κ-mechanism in the superficial layers due to the opacity bump of iron, at  log  T = 5.2  . However, massive stars are submitted to various complex phenomena such as rotation, magnetic fields, semiconvection, mass loss, overshooting. Each of these phenomena exerts a significant effect on the evolution and some of them could prevent the onset of the convective zone. We develop a numerical method which allows us to select the reflected, thus the potentially excited, modes only. We study different cases in order to show that mass loss and overshooting, in a large enough amount, reduce the extent of the ICZ and are unfavourable to the excitation of g-modes.     

Early Pre-Main Sequence Evolution of Low Mass Stars

Evolution of the gravitational contraction phase of stars having masses 0.3 < M/M⊙ < 1.5 were studied along with deuterium burning. The equation of state developed by Mihalas et al. (1988) and OPAL opacity tables were used in our investigation. The theoretical time lines were compared with observations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Color functions of stellar systems

Model calculations of the photometric evolution of rather dense stellar systems, such as globular clusters, are presented. On “luminosity-effective temperature” diagrams of these systems, low-mass stars are concentrated near the minimum and maximum temperatures for a given luminosity and are deficient in the intermediate region. This sort of double-peaked distribution of the stars can be avoided in open models with ejection of excess metals into the surrounding medium. The distributions of the stars with respect to effective temperature on a “ luminosity-effective temperature” diagram are sensitive to the history of star formation in the system and to possible time variations in the initial mass function. In open systems with a single-peak distribution function, the asymmetry in the distribution varies over wide limits with the lower bound for the initial mass function and this can be used to establish whether the first generations of stars might have been more massive than in the present epoch. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 139–150 (February 2006).     

On rejuvenation in massive binary systems

We introduce a set of stellar models for massive stars whose evolution has been affected by mass transfer in a binary system, at a range of metallicities. As noted by other authors, the effect of such mass transfer is frequently more than just rejuvenation. We find that, whilst stars with convective cores which have accreted only H-rich matter rejuvenate as expected, those stars which have accreted He-rich matter (e.g. at the end stages of conservative mass transfer) evolve in a way that is qualitatively similar to rejuvenated stars of much higher metallicity. Thus, the effects of non-conservative evolution depend strongly on whether He-rich matter is amongst the portion accreted or ejected. This may lead to a significant divergence in binary evolution paths with only a small difference in initial assumptions. We compare our models to observed systems and find approximate formulae for the effect of mass accretion on the effective age and metallicity of the resulting star.     

Long gamma-ray burst progenitors: boundary conditions and binary models

The observed association of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts (LGRBs) with peculiar Type Ic supernovae gives support to Woosley‘s collapsar/hypernova model, in which the GRB is produced by the collapse of the rapidly rotating core of a massive star to a black hole. The association of LGRBs with small star-forming galaxies suggests low-metallicity to be a condition for a massive star to evolve to the collapsar stage. Both completely-mixed single star models and binary star models are possible. In binary models the progenitor of the GRB is a massive helium star with a close companion. We find that tidal synchronization during core-helium burning is reached on a short timescale (less than a few millennia). However, the strong core-envelope coupling in the subsequent evolutionary stages is likely to rule out helium stars with main-sequence companions as progenitors of hypernovae/GRBs. On the other hand, helium stars in close binaries with a neutron-star or black-hole companion can, despite the strong core-envelope coupling in the post-helium burning phase, retain sufficient core angular momentum to produce a hypernova/GRB.     

Asynchronous Rotation of a Massive Star in Close Binary Systems

Astrophysics - The problem of asynchronous rotation of massive stars in close binary systems is investigated in this paper. A massive star with twice the sun’s mass, a convective core, and an...     

Dynamo model with a small number of modes and magnetic activity of T Tauri stars

We suggest a model based on the representation of the stellar magnetic field as a superposition of a finite number of poloidal and toroidal free decay modes to describe the dynamo action in fully convective stars. For the adopted law of stellar differential rotation, we determined the dynamo number in exceeding which the generation of a cyclically varying magnetic field is possible in stars without a radiative core and derived an expression for the period of the cycle. The dynamo cycles in fully convective stars and in stars with thin convective envelopes are shown to differ qualitatively: first, the distributions of spots in latitude during the cycle are different for these two types of stars and, second, the model predicts a great weakening of the spot formation in fully convective stars at certain phases of the cycle. To compare the theory with observations, we have analyzed the historical light curve for the weak-line T Tauri star V410 Tau and found that its long-term activity is not a well-defined cycle with a definite period—its activity is more likely quasi-cyclic with a characteristic time of ～4 yr and with a chaotic component superimposed. we have also concluded that a redistribution of spots in longitude is responsible for the secular brightness variations in the star. This does not allow the results of photometric observations to be directly compared with predictions of ourmodel, in which, for simplicity, we assumed a symmetry in longitude and investigated the temporal evolution of the spot distribution in latitude. Therefore, we discuss the questions of what and how observations can be compared with predictions of the dynamo theory.