热作用过程中生物组织特性变化的光学监测

基于热作用下生物组织特性的理论，描述了最新的理论研究进展，介绍了将光学监测技术用于热致组织特性变化研究的原理与方法，并给出了典型的实验结果；生物组织的散射系数与损伤特性的关联：生物组织的吸收系数对脱水量的依赖性；热作用下血液灌注的光学成像监测。将光电技术用于热作用过程中生物组织特性变化的监测，对进一步完善热疗理论、实现热疗的在体监测具有重要的理论意义与实践意义。     

生物传热基本方程的研究

本文分析了已有的生物传热基本方程,采用多孔体模型导出了相应的基本方程,在此基础上,分析了生物组织的有效参数与骨架组织和血流参数之间的关系,这为测量在体组织热物性提供了有希望的前景。本文利用所提出的生物传热模型,按Pennes原文采用的数据资料对人臂径向温度分布进行了试算。结果表明,该模型相当适合Pennes原实验测试记录。     

激光诱导间质肿瘤热疗的数值模拟和实验研究

本文在考虑生物组织物性动态变化的情况下建立了激光诱导间质肿瘤热疗(LITT)的物理数学模型,采用MonteCarlo方法数值模拟了LITT中激光能量在生物组织内的传输过程,基于Pennes生物传热方程和Arrhenius方程数值求解了组织内的温度分布和热损伤体积的变化,分析了热物性及血液灌注率的动态变化对LITT过程的影响,并与相应的离体实验结果进行了对比。数值模拟结果表明,组织的热物性及血液灌注率的动态变化对于热损伤体积的变化具有重要的影响。因此在激光诱导间质肿瘤热疗的数值模拟中应该考虑热物性及血液灌注率的动态变化以期为临床治疗方案的制定提供更为准确的依据。     

聚焦超声源对生物媒质加热的理论研究

用差分法求解生物热传导方程,研究了凹球面聚焦超声换能器用于热疗时在人体组织内产生的稳态温度场.引入热焦距及等温线,分析了换能器参数、生物组织特性参数对有效治疗区的影响,并对声场和温度场特征进行了比较 关键词： 聚焦超声 热疗 生物组织 温度场     

用阶跃温升法测量生物组织的热物理参数

生物体的热物性是研究生物组织热物理问题的基本参数。本文设计制作了以热敏电阻为探头的生物探针,基于阶跃温升法研制了相应的测量电路和计算机采集和控制系统,测量了生物组织的导热率,分析了组织试样尺寸对测量的影响。离体实验表明,阶跃温升法能够可靠地测量生物组织的热物性。     

光学遥感器轻质反射镜的结构—热优化设计

针对在轻质反射镜结构设计中通常只根据力学性能对镜体结构参数进行优化的现状,提出了对轻质反射镜进行结构 热优化设计的理论与方法。通过建立反射镜体的参数化有限元模型,在保证一定的轻量化率和较小的自重变形的前提下,以减小反射镜体的热变形为优化目标,对镜体结构参数进行二次优化设计,结果表明经过结构 热优化设计的镜体相比于原设计方案,在相同的波面误差指标下能够承受更大的温度载荷,热稳定性得到显著提高。     

高强度聚焦超声螺旋扫描形成的组织损伤研究

为满足高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗对组织损伤均匀性和高效性的需求,理论及实验研究了连续扫描模式下HIFU沿螺旋扫描路径形成的组织损伤。基于Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov方程和生物传热方程建立了声热耦合模型,数值模拟了螺旋路径栅格距离为3 mm和4 mm时不同扫描速度下HIFU辐照体模的温度场和组织损伤分布,并采用凝胶体模进行了实验验证。结果表明,采用连续螺旋模式可以使热扩散均匀化,产生分布均匀的热损伤;选择适当的栅格距离和扫描速度,发挥螺旋路径内外圈热扩散的相互影响,可以产生大范围的整体性的热损伤,同时提高治疗效率。本文工作对优化HIFU治疗效果具有指导意义。      

基于三点法的柱状生物组织热特性参数估计

针对柱状生物活体组织,提出了通过测量组织表面三个测量点的温度变化,同时确定多个热特性参数的新的非稳态无损测量方法。基于Pennes生物传热方程,建立了描述三点法测量系统传热过程的数学模型,进行了正问题的求解。根据数值计算以及参数灵敏度分析的结果,采用改进的高斯方法,对生物活体组织的热特性参数估计进行了模拟计算及分析。结果表明,采用三点测温同时确定活体生物组织的导热系数、血液灌注率、综合换热系数的测量方法是有效和可行的。     

1064 nm激光不同辐照时间对小鼠皮肤热损伤的实验与理论研究

通过实验和理论分析的方法研究1064 nm激光不同辐照时间对小鼠皮肤的热损伤规律。利用皮肤镜图像和光学相干断层图像评估小鼠皮肤组织热损伤程度,利用Arrhenius热损伤方程计算热损伤参数,建立激光诱导皮肤组织热损伤模型,并与实验结果进行对比。结果表明,在靶功率密度为30 W/mm2的1064 nm激光辐照下,0～100 ms辐照时间内,小鼠皮肤组织损伤可恢复;150～280 ms辐照时间内,小鼠皮肤组织出现水肿现象和热凝固损伤;280～550 ms辐照时间内,小鼠皮肤表皮层出现汽化现象,损伤斑周围出现焦痂,真皮层发生变性;660 ms辐照时间以上,小鼠皮肤表皮层和真皮层出现汽化现象,伤口渗出组织液,皮下组织发生变性。理论分析与实验结果一致,建立的热损伤模型能够验证小鼠皮肤热损伤程度。     

热作用下蛋白及全血光学特性变化的实验研究

利用自行研制的双积分球系统 ,对不同温度 (37℃～ 80℃ )加热后的蛋白及人全血的光学特性参数 (对波长为 6 32 8nm的光而言 )进行了实验研究。结果表明 :热作用下生物样品生理特性的改变可用光学特性参数的变化来描述。不同的热剂量作用下 ,样品形态及结构的改变是不同的 ,相应的光学特性参数 (吸收系数与散射系数 )变化也不同 ;相同热作用下 ,样品成分的不同 ,导致样品光学特性参数的改变也存在差别。光学检测技术可望为热疗的实时无损监测提供一种新的手段。     

Estimation of temperature elevation generated by ultrasonic irradiation in biological tissues using the thermal wave method

In most previous models,simulation of the temperature generation in tissue is based on the Pennes bio-heat transfer equation,which implies an instantaneous thermal energy deposition in the medium.Due to the long thermal relaxation time τ(20 s-30 s) in biological tissues,the actual temperature elevation during clinical treatments could be different from the value predicted by the Pennes bioheat equation.The thermal wave model of bio-heat transfer(TWMBT) defines a thermal relaxation time to describe the tissue heating from ultrasound exposure.In this paper,COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a,a finite element method software package,is used to simulate the temperature response in tissues based on Pennes and TWMBT equations.We further discuss different factors in the bio-heat transfer model on the influence of the temperature rising and it is found that the temperature response in tissue under ultrasound exposure is a rising process with a declining rate.The thermal relaxation time inhibits the temperature elevation at the beginning of ultrasonic heating.Besides,thermal relaxation in TWMBT leads to lower temperature estimation than that based on Pennes equation during the same period of time.The blood flow carrying heat dominates most to the decline of temperature rising rate and the influence increases with temperature rising.On the contrary,heat diffusion,which can be described by thermal conductivity,has little effect on the temperature rising.     

Electroporation of cells and tissues

Electrical pulses that cause the transmembrane voltage of fluid lipid bilayer membranes to reach at least U_m≈0.2 V, usually 0.5-1 V, are hypothesized to create primary membrane “pores” with a minimum radius of -1 nm. Transport of small ions such as Na⁺ and Cl^- through a dynamic pore population discharges the membrane even while an external pulse tends to increase U_m, leading to dramatic electrical behavior. Molecular transport through primary pores and pores enlarged by secondary processes provides the basis for transporting molecules into and out of biological cells. Cell electroporation in vitro is used mainly for transfection by DNA introduction, but many other interventions are possible, including microbial killing. Ex vivo electroporation provides manipulation of cells that are reintroduced into the body to provide therapy. In vivo electroporation of tissues enhances molecular transport through tissues and into their constitutive cells. Tissue electroporation, by longer, large pulses, is involved in electrocution injury. Tissue electroporation by shorter, smaller pulses is under investigation for biomedical engineering applications of medical therapy aimed at cancer treatment, gene therapy, and transdermal drug delivery. The latter involves a complex barrier containing both high electrical resistance, multilamellar lipid bilayer membranes and a tough, electrically invisible protein matrix     

热凝固对生物组织热物性影响的实验研究

本文以蛋清为实验对象,研究了热凝固对生物组织热物性的影响,测量方法为阶跃温升法。实验结果表明,热 凝固后,蛋清的热导率平均上升了6.60％。因此,生物组织的热物性不但与其化学组成有关,还与其物理状态有关;采用 热凝固的方法治疗肿瘤时,应考虑热凝固对其热物性的影响,从而实现更加有效的治疗。     

充电栅压对聚四氟乙烯多孔膜驻极体储电能力的影响

利用室温下栅控恒压电晕充电、热脉冲技术、开路热刺激放电电流谱以及对在充电过程中通过样品电流的监测等方法，系统地研究了充电栅压对具有开放性孔洞结构的聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）多孔膜储电能力的影响，并讨论了导致这类影响的电荷动力学特性和材料的微结构根源 .结果显示，过高的充电栅压会导致沉积电荷密度下降和电荷衰减加剧，不利于这类新结构 功能材料压电活性的提高及其热稳定性的改善.合理的优化充电条件能使负极性充电PTFE多 孔膜驻极体在有机聚合物材料中显示优异的储电能力及电荷稳定性，并改善其作为双极性空 间电荷型压电传 关键词： 聚四氟乙烯 驻极体 储电能力 多孔膜     

Lorentz force electrical impedance tomography using pulse compression technique

Lorentz force electrical impedance tomography(LFEIT) combines ultrasound stimulation and electromagnetic field detection with the goal of creating a high contrast and high resolution hybrid imaging modality. In this study, pulse compression working together with a linearly frequency modulated ultrasound pulse was investigated in LFEIT. Experiments were done on agar phantoms having the same level of electrical conductivity as soft biological tissues. The results showed that:(i) LFEIT using pulse compression could detect the location of the electrical conductivity variations precisely;(ii)LFEIT using pulse compression could get the same performance of detecting electrical conductivity variations as the traditional LFEIT using high voltage narrow pulse but reduce the peak stimulating power to the transducer by 25.5 dB;(iii)axial resolution of 1 mm could be obtained using modulation frequency bandwidth 2 MHz.     

Controlled tissue emulsification produced by high intensity focused ultrasound shock waves and millisecond boiling

In high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) applications, tissue may be thermally necrosed by heating, emulsified by cavitation, or, as was recently discovered, emulsified using repetitive millisecond boiling caused by shock wave heating. Here, this last approach was further investigated. Experiments were performed in transparent gels and ex vivo bovine heart tissue using 1, 2, and 3 MHz focused transducers and different pulsing schemes in which the pressure, duty factor, and pulse duration were varied. A previously developed derating procedure to determine in situ shock amplitudes and the time-to-boil was refined. Treatments were monitored using B-mode ultrasound. Both inertial cavitation and boiling were observed during exposures, but emulsification occurred only when shocks and boiling were present. Emulsified lesions without thermal denaturation were produced with shock amplitudes sufficient to induce boiling in less than 20 ms, duty factors of less than 0.02, and pulse lengths shorter than 30 ms. Higher duty factors or longer pulses produced varying degrees of thermal denaturation combined with mechanical emulsification. Larger lesions were obtained using lower ultrasound frequencies. The results show that shock wave heating and millisecond boiling is an effective and reliable way to emulsify tissue while monitoring the treatment with ultrasound.     

基于磁隔离驱动的亚微秒高压脉冲电源

为满足不可逆电穿孔对高压纳秒脉冲电源的需求,并且突破电源模块耐压的限制,提出了一款以正极性Marx为主电路、具有ns级前沿的高重复频率的亚微秒高压脉冲电源。该脉冲电源使用光纤传输信号,经过驱动芯片放大信号后,利用磁芯变压器传递驱动信号给MOSFET。磁芯变压器给电路提供了磁隔离,使驱动电路不会受高压输出的影响,提高了电路的耐压水平。驱动电路设计简单,所需元器件较少,可提供负压偏置,使开关管可靠关断,提高电路的抗电磁干扰能力,保障电路稳定运行。此电源由16级电路构成,实验表明:在10 kΩ纯阻性负载上,当输入电压为630 V时,即可得到10 kV的高压输出。其最小脉宽为300 ns,频率1 Hz～10 kHz可调。该脉冲电源结构紧凑,能够做到输出电压、脉宽、频率可调。研究了磁芯材料和匝数对驱动脉宽的影响。结果表明:匝比的增加会影响信号脉宽,在一定的条件下,单匝电感量的差异和磁芯材料的不同对信号脉宽的影响较小。     

Laser-induced thermal stresses on steel surface

In laser heat treatment of steels, a thin surface layer of austenite forms during heating and subsequent phase change process in the cooling period. However, thermal stress develops due to high-temperature gradient attainment in the surface vicinity which in turn results in microcrack development at the surface. The present study is carried out to compute the temperature profiles due to step input pulse laser radiation and determine the resulting thermal stresses. The study is extended to include three-step input pulses having the same energy content. This provides the comparison for the influence of the pulse length on the resulting thermal stresses. To validate the theoretical predictions, an experiment is conducted to irradiate the AISI 4142 steel surface by an Nd–YAG laser. Microphotography and EDS analysis of the heated regions are carried out. It is found that considerable thermal stress is eveloped at the workpiece surface due to attainment of high-temperature gradient in this region. In addition, microcracks are observed at the surface of the irradiated spot.